Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• surface acts as scaffold for synthesis of nanoparticles [76]. The thiol groups are protonated at neutral pH and can entrap Au(III) ions. When the pH is changed to basic (≈12), Au(III) is reduced to Au and gold nanoparticles are formed [77]. Synthesis of albumin-templated nanomaterials depends upon many

• applications. It forms crosslinked gels and responds to changes in pH and temperature [93]. To escape the RES, ovalbumin nanoparticles are conjugated with polyethylene glycol. Controlling the PEG/OVA ratio allows for fine-tuning of critical physical properties, such as particle size, elasticity, and mesh size

• ferritin. This property was exploited to design redox and pH dual-responsive ferritin nanoparticles. In drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles, ferritin was used as a gating material. It covered the pores to prevent drug release and opened only when activated by redox or pH stimuli [98]. Similarly

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• , such as primary amines and sulfhydryl groups on proteins or other biomolecules. The reactive chemical group is the most important property of a cross-linker. The reactive group establishes the method and mechanism for polymer modification [43][45]. Harsh conditions such as low pH and high temperature

• of Ca(OH)2 (pH 10.2), CaCl2 (pH 7.2), or CaCO3 (pH 8.1) for three days at room temperature, followed by washing with water and drying at 60 °C [140]. In recent years, ultrasmall nanogels have emerged as an innovative drug delivery system, mainly due to their ability to deeply penetrate biological

• suppressions of ear edema, pruritus, high IgE levels, epidermal swelling, and mast cell infiltration in Balb/c mouse model [62]. Temperature- and pH-responsive hydrogels loaded with gallic acid were developed using a combination of biocompatible polymers: Pluronic F-127, N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan, and

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• contamination is always present, and also because the sensitive nature of the intermolecular forces during the measuring conditions (pH, ionic strength, temperature, etc.) can easily affect their magnitude. This was reflected in the obtained adhesion maps (see Figures S5 and S6 of Supporting Information File 1

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• readout (SQUID) elements (Equation 51). Upon substitution into Equation 2–Equation 3, the third term will cause the appearance of terms characteristic of input asymmetry with t = LoutMsq/MoutMin (with ). Substituting further the values Lout = 7.2 pH, Msq = 0.1 pH, Mout = 2.7 pH, and Min = 2.4 pH given in

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• polypropylene oxide (PPO) arranged in a triblock structure. Here, the stability in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2), which is used widely in pharmacology and biomedical experiments, was examined. We evaluated the phototoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticle colloids in vitro against PC12 cells (a cell

• stability of the nanoparticles was evaluated by spectral absorption measurements. 0.2 mL of the prepared colloids was put in 1.8 mL of deionized water, PBS (pH 7, Thermo Fisher scientific), MEM (Sigma-Aldrich, M4655-500ML), or RPMI1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich, R8758-500ML) media, and then the absorption

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• . In this study, the SLGO surface after Cs adsorption was analyzed by surface analytical tools. This enabled us to elucidate the adsorbing sites and electronic state of Cs on SLGO. Additionally, we examined the electronic structure of Cs adsorbed on SLGO in several different solutions with pH values of

• 4, 7, and 9. Both the electronic structure and the normalized amount of Cs adsorbates were dependent on the pH scale. These fundamental aspects provide us important information for developing new adsorbent materials using GO. Results and Discussion Large-area and single-layer graphene oxide growth

• adsorbing mechanism of the Cs atoms to the SLGO sheet, we investigated the electronic structure and chemical properties of adsorbed Cs by changing the pH level of the Cs aqueous solutions. Figure 5 shows Cs 3d XPS spectra of Cs-adsorbed SLGO under three different pH values. No energy shift was observed

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• hydrolytic environments, releasing boron over time. This boron is present in physiological media mostly in the form of boric acid which is the thermodynamically stable and biologically active species at pH ≈7.4 [68][69]. The literature indicates that hBN-based nanostructures can enhance bone recovery and

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• electroactivity. This combination is intended to result in enhanced ORR activity. The LbL-assembled films were electrically connected, thereby increasing the electrocatalytic current obtainable for ORR in aqueous environments with neutral pH. Furthermore, the selective incorporation and enrichment of oxygen

• between benzoquinone and hydroquinone is precisely controlled by pH, in accordance with the Nernst equation. In order to compensate for the charge carriers in the semiconductor, dopant ions must be supplied through the redox reaction. The efficient doping of polymeric organic semiconductor thin films is

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• an aqueous solution of iron chloride (30 wt %) for 2 h to dissolve the copper foil. The remaining free PyC film was washed twice in dilute HCl (10 wt %) and then in deionized water until neutral pH was reached. The floating PyC film was trapped either on bare or MoS2-covered SiO2/Si substrates and

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• exothermic heat increased the reactor temperature to above 90 °C). After 2 h of agitation, the reaction was mixed with 150 mL of a 5% H2O2 solution and kept stirring for one day. After washing to neutral pH, the material was dried and ground to produce a GrO powder (moisture ≈20%). Next, the GrO powder was

• then sonicated for 15 min. A volume of 500 mL of the as-prepared GO/Zn2+ dispersion was dropped into the 500 mL SG dispersion. The mixture was agitated for 15 min and sonicated for 15 min. Then, the reaction was adjusted to pH 10 using ammonia solution for Zn(OH)2 precipitation and kept stirring for 1

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• molar ratio of 50:38.5:10:1.5 and a final lipid concentration of 10 mM. siRNA was diluted in an acetate buffer (25 mM, pH 4.0) to a final concentration of 3.3 µM for MC3 LNPs and 12.33 µM for C12 LNPs. For fluorescent LNPs, siRNA and siRNA-AF647 were mixed 2:1 v/v. For MC3 LNPs the Nanoassemblr was set

Synthesis of a multicomponent cellulose-based adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aquaculture water

• Uyen Bao Tran,
• Ngoc Thanh Vo-Tran,
• Khai The Truong,
• Dat Anh Nguyen,
• Quang Nhat Tran,
• Huu-Quang Nguyen,
• Jaebeom Lee and
• Hai Son Truong-Lam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 728–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.56

• concentration of 60 mg·L–1 at pH 6–7, reaching equilibrium after 12 h. The surface characteristics and structural properties of PGC were determined using various material characterization techniques, including FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET. Verification experiments under optimal conditions confirmed that the

• high porosity and a large specific surface area, have demonstrated adsorption efficiency across a wide pH range [17]. Although previous studies have offered valuable insights, further research is needed to optimize the structural and compositional properties of materials to improve their performance

• characteristics and morphology of the synthesized adsorbent. Additionally, the study examines the adsorption mechanism of TC on the material’s surface and evaluates the effects of pH value, adsorbent dosage, and matrix composition. As a biodegradable and easily recoverable material derived from natural cellulose

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• −1 solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate previously adjusted to pH 2.0 with phosphoric acid (A) and acetonitrile (B). The initial concentration of mobile phase B is increased from 30% to 70% within the time interval from 0 to 8 min, then further increased to 90%; this concentration is maintained

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• diameter glass coverslips (CML, France) in a 24-well plate and exposed to FLG–TA concentrations ranging from 1 to 200 µg·mL−1. Adherent cells were washed twice with PBS and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde (Euromedex, France) in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate buffer (Euromedex, France) at pH 7.4 for 2 h. Cells were

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in vitro drug release in 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and pharmacokinetic studies. The optimal formulation (APT-CD-NP4) containing the highest

• concentration of β-CD showed the highest drug solubility (93.50% ± 3.73%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and drug content (96.75% ± 0.24%); particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of APT-CD-NP4 were 121.1 ± 0.72 nm, −18.8 ± 0.94 mV, and 0.15 ± 0.35, respectively. SEM analysis showed that APT was converted from

• release (98.89% ± 4.11%) in PBS (pH 7.4) and followed the Higuchi release model (with exponent n = 0.542), indicating non-Fickian diffusion (anomalous transport). The maximum concentration of drug in plasma and the bioavailability of optimal formulation APT-CD-NP4 were higher than those of pure APT

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• obtained after consulting the corresponding pseudoternary phase diagram and showed stability, isotropy, Newtonian behavior, nanometric size (15.2 nm), and pH 4.2. Both EOCF and the ME showed high antioxidant activity, but the ME resulted in greater antioxidant activity, potentiating the activity of

• diagram Various surfactants in different combinations were tested to obtain the ME. In general, non-ionic surfactants are most commonly used because they have a low critical micelle concentration, low toxicity, and greater stability to changes in pH and charge when compared to other classes of surfactants

• ][27], improving patient acceptance [28]. The pH value is also capable of inducing changes in stability and chemical phenomena, such as deterioration and oxidation of compounds and bacterial growth, and is a precise and specific measure for quality control of the formulation. The pH found for M7-EOCF

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , potassium chloride, potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) trihydrate, potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS), phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 (PBS), and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich

• in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf vial by adding 100 μL of 38 μg/mL mABs solution in PBS, 100 μL of 10 mM EDC aqueous solution, and 100 μL of 10 mM NHS aqueous solution. The pH of the mixture was 6.5 as determined by litmus paper. Then, 10 μL of the mixture was added on top of the 4-ATP/AuNFs/CSPE as working

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• delivery in tumour therapy. Poly(ʟ-glutamic acid). Poly(ʟ-glutamic acid) (PLG) is a biodegradable, water-soluble synthetic polymer composed of repeating units of the amino acid ʟ-glutamic acid. Owing to the presence of the carboxyl side chains, PLG is anionic under physiological conditions (pH ≈ 7.4). This

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• presents the comparison of this work with other similar works. The fabricated sensor showed a slightly higher limit of detection (LOD) value, which is due to the use of PBS and the higher impedance of the electrode. An acidic pH provides better sensitivity, but it also brings health and safety issues

• , environmental impact, can cause electrode corrosion, enhances interference, and is incompatible with real-life or biological samples. Therefore, PBS with pH 7 has been used for electrochemical studies since it provides a stable pH, which is crucial for maintaining consistent electrochemical conditions during

• zinc nitrate hexahydrate solution. The resulting solution was stirred for approximately 10 min at room temperature. After the reaction time, a 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution was gradually added drop by drop. This step adjusted the pH of the mixture to 10. Then the mixture underwent further

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , UK). Dried 10 mg/mL PEG–PCL NPs were dissolved in PBS and sonicated for 30 min. The sonicated sample was taken in a cuvette for measurement. The sample pH was in the range of 7.2–7.4. Separate cuvettes (DTS1072 and DTS0012) were used to measure the surface charge and average size of the nanoparticles

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• positive charge. A peptide, as a model drug, was loaded onto the nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 58%. The release of the model drug from the delivery system was pH-independent and lasted for 7 days. The periodic acid–Schiff stain assay indicated 69% mucin interaction for the nanoparticles

• systems because of their ability to form gel-like structures in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+. Despite the advantages of alginate polymer such as its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and gelation ability, its instability, fast wettability, and rapid release at high pH result in the

• , effective encapsulation, pH-responsive release, and enhanced stability. Eudragit RS 100 is a copolymer of ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, and a low proportion of methacrylic acid ester with quaternary ammonium groups. It is known for its mucoadhesive properties [16], which are independent of the site

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• pulsed laser-grafted gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composite would lead to enhanced electrocatalytic performance. Therefore, we applied the laser-grafted gold nanoparticle–carbon fiber paper composites as cathodes for electrocatalytic bicarbonate reduction in aqueous 0.5 M KHCO3, pH 8.3

• (2H2O + 2e− ⇌ H2 + 2OH−) or bicarbonate (2HCO3− + 2e− ⇌ H2 + 2CO32−) in aqueous 0.5 M KHCO3, pH 8.3, electrolyte [66], where water reduction is kinetically more sluggish [71]. When protons are present, CO2 can be formed from bicarbonate in a non-faradaic reaction via HCO3− + H+ ⇌ CO2 + H2O. Protons are

• carbon fiber paper (FuelCell Store, AvCarb MGL190) was sonicated in 1.0 M aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (AG Scientific, ≥99%) and subsequently electrooxidized at +1.63 V vs Ag/AgCl for 20 min in aqueous 0.1 M KHCO3 solution (pH 8.3, Alfa Aesar, 99.7–100.5%). Laser-grafted gold nanoparticle

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• ice to allow gelation. Duplicate slides for each sample were prepared and were kept in freshly prepared and chilled lysis solution (146.1 g NaCl, 37.2 g EDTA, 1.2 g Tris, pH 10 with 1% Triton X 100 added just before use) at 4 °C overnight. Further, the slides were placed in a horizontal gel

• electrophoresis tank containing freshly prepared chilled electrophoresis solution (1 mM of EDTA, 300 mM of NaOH, pH > 13) for 20 min for DNA unwinding and subsequently subjected to electrophoresis with a 300 mA current, 0.7 V/cm at 4 °C under dimmed light for 30 min. After electrophoresis, the slides were treated

• with Tris buffer (0.4 M, pH 7.5) 3× at 5 min per cycle to neutralize excess alkaline solution, stained with 75 μL of ethidium bromide (20 µg/mL), and stored in a humidified slide box until scoring. The slides were scored using a fluorescent microscope (DMLB, Leica, Germany) coupled with a CCD camera

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• adsorbing heavy metals and radionuclides [16]. However, chitosan exhibits limited mechanical stability, is sensitive to pH variations, and tends to swell [17]. To improve the spinnability of chitosan during the electrospinning process, it is commonly blended with other polymers, such as PVA [18

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• that of pure TiO2 and Fe2O3 under visible light illumination (500 W halogen lamp and wavelengths above 400 nm) [72]. At a dosage of 0.012 g/L of α-Fe2O3@TiO2 and pH 4.76, 98.8% of an initial CFX concentration of 20.5 mg/L was effectively removed after 103 min. The heterojunction formed between TiO2 and

• Fe2O3 promoted the electron–holes segregation rate and reduced the rate of recombination. A TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst was synthesized by Erim et al. [73] for the degradation of CFX under UV-A irradiation. Under optimized conditions (catalyst dose of 0.327 g/L, CFX concentration of 20.29 mg/L, pH

• 4.1, and UV-A irradiation of 60 W), the TiO2/GO/chitosan photocatalyst exhibited a prominent degradation efficiency of 95.34%. They also reported in another article that the SWCNT/ZnO/Fe3O4 combination exhibited a CFX decomposition efficiency of 94.19% at pH 5.93, 22.76 ppm CFX, and 0.46 g/L