Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck Lukas D. Cavar Franjo Weber Peter G. Reichel Mara Niebling Stefan A. L. Weber Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany Department of Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany Department of Physics, University

• , in microelectronic devices, high-κ dielectric materials such as HfO2 and ZrO2 are critical for minimizing leakage currents and enhancing gate capacitance in transistors [7][8][9]. In energy storage systems, the dielectric constants of polymer–ceramic composites determine the efficiency and

• materials science, biology, and nanotechnology. Experimental Polymer blend samples We used F14H20 samples that we bought from SPM Labs LLC, Tempe, AZ, USA. Microcapacitors Si wafers “CZ” were bought from “Si-Mat” with a diameter of 150 mm, ⟨100⟩ surface orientation, a thickness of 675 ± 20 μm, a resistivity

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• melts into continuous fibers with nano/microscale diameters [52]. It is one of the most extensively used methods for continuous fiber preparation nowadays, which works by using electrostatic forces to produce and stretch fibers from a polymer solution [53]. Typically, a polymer solution is passed

• electrospun polymer fibers is affected by electric field intensity, solution viscosity, charge density of the solution, and solution supply rate [56]. The size of the fibers also affects the performance of electrospun nanofiber composites [57]. Numerous polymers and precursors including polylactic acid, PU

• biodegradable [124]. Degradation is limited in crystalline regions, while amorphous regions get degraded easily within PU. The molecular structure and composition of the polymer, its molecular weight, crystallinity, and the presence of cross-links and additives are a few elements that impact polymer degradation

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• . When administered to APP/PS1 mice, these NPs significantly improved cognitive function and reduced neuropathology associated with AD [58]. Carradori et al. investigated the therapeutic efficacy of antibody-functionalized polymer NPs for AD. In an AD-like transgenic mouse model, these NPs demonstrated

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez Dylan Maguire Ruairi P. Brannigan School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland 10.3762/bjnano.16.34 Abstract This review explores the recent advancements in polymer-assisted delivery systems for antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and their

• . Emerging strategies, including stimuli-responsive polymers and advanced nanoparticle systems, offer potential solutions to these challenges. The review underscores the transformative potential of polymer-enhanced ASO delivery in personalised medicine, emphasising the importance of continued innovation to

• with delivering antisense drugs and explores multiple synthetic-polymer-based strategies developed to enhance target tissue specificity and minimise off-target effects. In particular, we focus on synthetic polymer-based methodologies to deliver ASO therapeutics across biological barriers and their

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• inherent toxicity, and their post-synthesis functionalization is laborious for selective detection [25][26]. Furthermore, alternatives such as polymer nanoparticles emerged as potential candidates for detecting contaminants such as SDS. Fu et al. developed a method for detecting SDS using polyethyleneimine

• (PEI) and ascorbic acid [27]. However, their approach is fluorescence-based, which makes it difficult to estimate at the target site and also requires a sophisticated instrument such as a spectrofluorometer. Consequently, developing a simple colorimetric detection method for SDS using polymer

• nanoparticles is a step ahead of the reported studies. Polymer nanoparticles prepared from PEG–PCL are widely used for drug delivery, tumour targeting, and imaging [28]. To our knowledge, there is no report regarding using PEG–PCL nanoparticles (PEG–PCL NPs) as a contaminant detection system. Accordingly, we

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• mucoadhesive drug delivery system that was developed to fulfill these requirements. Alginate nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil emulsification followed by external gelation and then coated with the mucoadhesive polymer Eudragit RS100. The formulated nanoparticles had a mean size of 219 nm and

• synthesized from mucoadhesive polymers such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, polyacrylic acid, and polymethacrylic acid have been introduced as gastroretentive drug delivery systems. The mucoadhesive properties of these polymers are attributed to electrostatic bonding between polymer and sialic acid of mucin

• systems because of their ability to form gel-like structures in the presence of divalent cations such as Ca2+. Despite the advantages of alginate polymer such as its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and gelation ability, its instability, fast wettability, and rapid release at high pH result in the

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• electrochemical conditions [2]. On the laboratory scale, attachment is achieved electrostatically or by adding ion-conducting polymer (i.e., ionomer) binders to the nanoparticles, either as mixtures (inks) or overlayers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Electrostatic attachment of nanoparticles to supports lacks long

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• nanofibrous membranes and the methods to improve their mechanical properties, applications, and future perspectives. Review Background Electrospinning is an advancement of electrospraying, where electric forces are used to disperse fine aerosols from a polymer solution, a technique invented in 1747 by Abbé

• . Thus, in a strong electric field, the tip of a polymer solution or melt extruded from a capillary changes from a spherical to a conical shape, the so-called Taylor cone [14]. The parameters involved in the electrospinning process can be divided into three categories, namely, electrospinning, solution

• , and environment. For electrospinning, factors such as applied electric field, distance between the needle and collector, flow rate, and needle diameter affect the fabrication of the nanofibrous sample. Solution parameters include the types of solvent, polymer concentration, viscosity, and solution

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• content of polymer on the surface of the covalently modified CNs (observed also with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)). After coupling with FA, an additional increase in the mean particle size was observed, with values of 270 and 305 nm for MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA and MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA, respectively. This

• covalent functionalization, based on the assumption that the polymer with the higher molecular weight would provide longer circulation time and, thus, higher uptake ratio in the brain tumor cells. Physicochemical characterization of temozolomide-loaded carbon nanostructures For physicochemical

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• categorized into three distinct types based on their different photothermal conversion mechanisms, which arise from their unique electronic structures [23][24]. The types include metals exhibiting localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), carbon and polymer materials undergoing molecular thermal vibration

• biological tissues, thereby minimizing photothermal damage to non-pathological areas [54]. 2.2 Carbon and polymer materials Carbon and polymer materials primarily undergo photothermal conversion through a mechanism known as molecular thermal vibration. This process is initiated when the energy of incident

• heat (see below in Figure 2d) [57]. The presence of a high density of loosely bound electrons and the narrow energy level spacing of the π electrons endow carbon materials (such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots, and fullerenes) and polymer materials (like polydopamine, polyaniline

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• improve CO2 permeability and selectivity to enhance the efficiency of CO2 capture. A promising approach in this field involves hybrid polymer composite membranes known as mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Among the diverse range of inorganic fillers integrated into MMMs

• understand the permeability and selectivity properties of membranes. Conventionally, membranes are classified into two categories, namely, organic and inorganic. Organic polymer membranes possess open and flexible structures that facilitates rapid gas diffusion, resulting in excellent permeability but low

• balance both membrane permeability and selectivity while achieving better overall stability. This is achieved through the addition of inorganic fillers into organic membrane matrices leading to MMM systems. Nevertheless, incorporating inorganic additives into organic polymer membranes is complex

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• surface with hydrophilic polymers such as PEG. PEGylation is widely used for its “stealth” effect, hindering protein adsorption on the hydrophobic polymer surface by steric repulsion [36]. However, the long-term use of PEGylated NCs for treating chronic diseases can lead to side effects, such as

• activation of the complement system, due to the accumulation of PEG in the body as a non-biodegradable polymer. Therefore, PEGylation must be carefully considered when designing NC-based therapies [49][50]. A strategy to avoid possible immunoreactions is to mask NPs by marking them as “self” and biomimetic

• -specific receptors. Mannose-decorated NCs, for example, leverage the overexpression of mannose receptors (CD206) on polarized M2 cells. Hatami et al. demonstrated the efficacy of self-assembling Pluronic® F127 polymer and tannic acid cores decorated with mannose in enhancing macrophage uptake [56]. The

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene, and carbon black, embedded within a polymer matrix [1]. The distinctive properties of carbon nanocomposites have positioned them as promising candidates for various applications, particularly in the development of advanced sensors. The small amounts of

• , mathematical models to predict the behavior of these sensors have been developed using numerical analysis software [1]. The polymer PEDOT: PSS aligns the surface of the CNT film by filling most of the gaps in the CNT network. The effective electrical conductivity at tube-to-tube junctions within the CNT

• network is increased as a result of this conductive ability of the polymer which helps CNT tubes make electrical connections [3]. Carbon nanotube sensors can be applied in various areas including environmental monitoring, biological sensors, and national security [4]. The property of the nanocomposite

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• al. present the application of AFM-based infrared nanospectroscopy to coated polymer surfaces [11]. The authors prepare thin films of SiOx on polypropylene surfaces by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD), which is commonly done to improve gas barrier properties of polypropylene. They

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• bound to polymer, glass, and textiles. Figure 1A was adapted with permission from [5], Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (A) Rendering of medium-pressure, medium-temperature, constant sheer stress device. Maximum operating temperature of 200 °C and

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• , resulting in the decomposition of the polymer. Fluorescein encapsulation and release under the influence of ACh To verify the degradation of p(Hist-CA) by ACh, fluorescein (Fl) was encapsulated into the nanocarrier cavity. Initially, 5 mg of Fl was dissolved in 15–20 mL of ethanol. Next, 7.3 μL of TO was

• than that of free Fl because of self-quenching within the confined core and light screening by the polymer shell. Notably, the addition of individual Hist-RA or CA-RA, or of their mixture does not significantly impact Fl emission intensity (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S6a). Similarly

• . %EE was calculated as 60%. Then, the polymer particles containing encapsulated Atr (Atr@p(Hist-CA)) were mixed with ACh (5 mM) before undergoing another round of dialysis for 1 h. The dialysate was once again removed under reduced pressure, and the amount of Atr released in response to ACh was

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• differences in key characteristics. The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) emphasizes that nanomaterials hold promising potential across various fields of knowledge [1][5]. Materials such as liposomes, nanoparticles, polymer–drug conjugates, inorganic noble metals, and quantum dots may improve

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• typical part of plant cells, and its basic chemical composition includes cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectic polysaccharides [44][45][46][47]. Cellulose is a linear polymer composed of β-1,4-linked ᴅ-glucose [47]. The cellulose chains are held together by intramolecular hydrogen bonds, forming cellulose

Electrochemical nanostructured CuBTC/FeBTC MOF composite sensor for enrofloxacin detection

• Thi Kim Ngan Nguyen,
• Tien Dat Doan,
• Huy Hieu Luu,
• Hoang Anh Nguyen,
• Thi Thu Ha Vu,
• Quang Hai Tran,
• Ha Tran Nguyen,
• Thanh Binh Dang,
• Thi Hai Yen Pham and
• Mai Ha Hoang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1522–1535, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.120

• Polymer and Composite Materials, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam Center for High Technology Research and Development, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau Giay District, Ha Noi, Vietnam 10.3762

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. However, their clinical application is often hindered by poor water solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions. Polymer lipid

• diseases. Keywords: bioavailability; phytochemical; polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles; solubility; stability; surface modification; Introduction Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds found in plants (from the Greek word “phyton” meaning plant) [1]. These bioactive compounds are responsible

• , rapid metabolism, and instability under physiological conditions [9][10][11]. These challenges necessitate the development of advanced delivery systems to harness the full potential of phytochemicals in therapeutic applications. Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles (PLHNPs) represent an innovative class

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• ; intranasal delivery; liposomes; nanomedicine; nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs); polymer nanoparticles; RNA delivery; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs); Introduction The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is considered the body’s processing and control center. While

• 9.6 in porcine intestinal mucosa, while the apparent permeability was increased 2.2-fold. These results showed that thiolated cellulose could also be a candidate for enhancing mucoadhesion and permeability, and this polymer could also be studied regarding nasal mucosa permeation in the future [86

• least two NP classes to enhance the applications of the DDSs, which exhibit unique properties that are not possible by using only one single NP class [121]. For instance, there has been a growing interest in developing lipid–polymer hybrid NPs to benefit from the properties of different NP classes

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• ][13], anodization [3][14], silane chemistry [18], and polymer multilayers [5][15]. While these methods are effective, there is often a requirement for a specific chemical environment, like a plasma processing step or the growth of an oxide layer. In this investigation, we aim to simplify the

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• Belarus, Minsk, Belarus Faculty of Arts and Science, Chemistry Department, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey 10.3762/bjnano.15.96 Abstract Nanopolymers represent a significant group of delivery vehicles for hydrophobic drugs. In particular, dual stimuli-responsive smart polymer nanomaterials might be

• loading levels [23]. Such smart polymer nanoparticles have been suggested in the literature, and their effectiveness has been proven by our group, especially for the loading and enhanced release of naringenin [20][24], another anticancer drug, and ʟ-asparaginase, a therapeutic enzyme [22]. Studies

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• FDA-approved biodegradable polymer. The R406-PLGA NPs (particle size of 159.7 nm) showed a significant downregulation of major inflammatory markers (CCL2, IL-1α, and IL-6) in vitro in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. In an in vivo experiment using a methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) mouse

• nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin (NanoCurc™) could ameliorate CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis through reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [54]. The polymer platform of NanoCurc™ consists of N-isopropylacrylamide, vinylpyrrolidone, and acrylic acid and was selected because of its capability to