Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• multiply charged ions (Ar2+, M2+). If the plasma is generated in an argon/reactive gas mixture R+, R2+, R2+, and MRx+ ions (with R being, e.g., O or N) can also be found; (3) chemically reactive radicals such as O or N atoms produced through dissociation reactions during reactive sputtering. O atoms can

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• ]. In other cases, disruption and destabilization of the complex nanostructure subsequent to US vibration leads to drug release [28][29][30]. In addition, the ultrasonication of certain complexes can generate free radicals that can cause cell damage or activation of cellular signaling pathways [31

• components in water-based media, which plays a role in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications [148][149]. Due to the toxicity of free radicals, some chemical compounds called sonosensitizers have been used as sonodynamic therapy agents which produce synergistic effects with US irradiation by generating

• free radicals [150]. Masuda et al. proposed that there is a relation between the quality and quantity of free radical formation and the frequency of the US applied in the presence of MBs [151]. The combination of free-radical-generating components and other materials could lead to multifunctional

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• [124]. This occurs as a result of the imbalance of free radicals in the organism [125]. ROS generation in living organisms is essential as it activates cell defense mechanisms and their antioxidant enzymes [126][127]. Xu et al. [128] reported that silkworm larvae exposed to 10–70 μg/mL of ZnO NPs via

• in silkworms. It was shown that AgNPC were able to improve the survival rate of the silkworm from 22 to 67% when compared to the control untreated group. Adherence of the virus to AgNps led to the production of free radicals which penetrated and disintegrated the virus capsids, proteins, and DNA of

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• , the electron–hole recombination can be inhibited by loading metals, such as Ni [12], V, Fe [13], Ag [14], and Cu–Ni [15], on the TiO2 surface, which accelerates the formation of hydroxyl radicals and, consequently, improves the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. In contrast, the doping of TiO2 with

• ][67]. These oxygen vacancies easily act as hole traps that lower the charge-carrier recombination rate, resulting in more free electrons that can give rise to more superoxide radicals upon reaction with adsorbed surface oxygen [23]. Furthermore, the flake-like NiPS morphology could act as a suitable

• while holes are created in the valence band allowing for the separation of electrons and holes (Figure 6a). The electrons in the conduction band can react with oxygen to form reactive superoxide radicals, which oxidize the MV dye molecules [70]. Also, the holes in the valence band react with H2O to

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• the complete mineralization of dyes is achieved by the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals [10][11]. Traditional photocatalysts, such as TiO2 or ZnO, provide chemical stability and facile preparation methods [12][13]. However, their environmental benefit in large-scale industrial

• to an interference in the degradation process [51]. In addition, the concentration of the active species, that is, hydroxyl radicals, decreases at pH > 7 due to their reaction with hydroxy anions and the formation of less oxidizing species such as O−. In accordance with the literature, the

• radicals (•O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), while the photogenerated electron hole h+ reacts with H2O to form hydroxyl radicals (•OH). The latter species can additionally be formed by disproportionation of •O2− radicals and a subsequent chain reaction. It has been reported previously that hydroxyl

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• degradation time while increasing the degradation efficacy. Our results suggest that the surface basicity of Cu2O NPs leads to degradation of MP without the need of other chemical substances or the use of photocatalysts that generate free radicals. The presence of free radicals is undesired since there is a

• as others have already reported on the literature [15][16][22][23][24][25][26][49]. One major difference in this work is the absence of free radicals since the degradation is not photocatalytic. This absence of free radicals makes Cu2O NPs a reliable source for the degradation of MP in natural waters

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• microorganisms [151]. Superoxide radicals (O2−), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and singlet oxygen (1O2) are the most well-known ROS. The mechanism that better explains the synthesis of ROS from NPs is based on their photocatalytic activity (Figure 5). Metal compounds receive enough energy

• , and tocopherol, microorganisms have an enzymatic antioxidant defense system, including catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD), which controls the oxidative stress, reducing lipid peroxidation and the effects of ROS radicals, such as OH2•− and OH•. At normal aerobic microorganism conditions, the

• , genes related to the general stress response were upregulated. Genes protecting against hydrogen peroxide oxidative damage, catalase/hydroperoxidase, superoxide radicals degradation genes, superoxide dismutase, and superoxide removal transcriptional activator, were upregulated in a range varying from

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• , together with the fact that our sample preparation methodology produces many hydrogen radicals that can penetrate the surface, supports the idea that the neutral point defect behaves as a hydrogen trap. As to its identity, it has been reported in the literature that boron, when added to silicon, can behave

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• the antibacterial activity. The aim of this study was to improve the antimicrobial activity of the biocompatible TiO2 material by growing the small Ag nanoparticles onto its surface. It is known that the Ag free radicals are used to kill bacteria due to their highly oxidative nature; however, when

A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• environment. ROS refer to molecules like singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and radicals, which are responsible for producing oxidative stress in cells followed by cell death [4]. Photosensitizer molecules must be nontoxic before irradiated with light, must produce high amounts of ROS when irradiated with

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• of photo-generated carriers, reducing the recombination of carriers [41]. The carriers can oxidize dissolved oxygen, H+ and H2O to active free radicals, and active free radicals can mineralize pollutants [42], where the chemical reaction is described as follows. Therefore, the increase of carrier

• concentration promotes the generation of active radicals, which increases the catalytic reaction rate and the catalytic efficiency [41][43]. In Figure 9b and 9d, a schematic diagram of the energy conversion of the two different nanocolumn structures is shown. In the AFT structure, the good transmittance of TiO2

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• . reported the in vivo formation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters for imaging the brain affected by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [102]. The redox microenvironment in the AD brain is characterized by relatively low oxygen metabolism and more free radicals compared to that of a healthy brain. When AD occurs, a

• large amount of ascorbate and an elevated level of hydrogen peroxide, other free radicals and redox ligands appear at the lesions in the brain. Thus, HAuCl4 ions accumulated in the hippocampus can be can be potentially reduced. After tail-vein injection into four-month-old APP/PS1 male mice, imaging was

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• ), is a reversible reaction between different types of diene and dienophile resulting in thermo-responsive products. A fourth type, the thiol-ene reaction, is a reaction between thiol and alkene groups in the presence of a radical source as catalyst. The radicals can be generated through light, thermal

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• nanorods into the bacterial cell wall to interact with the cellular biomolecules that increases the osmotic potential and its associated irreversible damage and (ii) the generation of free reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals that are induced by nanorods that interact with the bacterial membrane and

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• by increasing the content of all three GnPs. This was attributed to the high thermal stability of the GnPs, the GnPs’ shielding effect on the combustion gas diffusion into and out of the polymer during its thermal decomposition [18], the barrier effect of the GnPs, the removal of free radicals, which

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• formation of phenylate anions and high production of CUR radicals, since this polyphenol has demonstrated high lipophilicity (log P 3.29) and low solubility in aqueous solutions and under alkaline conditions (pH > 7) [30][31][42]. These physicochemical characteristics hinder the bioavailability and

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

• to optically detect electron spins, as paramagnetic centers in the diamond lattice or diamond surface radicals, via their coupling to the NV center. Due to interactions of the electron spins with each other, their detected spectra are often broadened to supply critical chemical information. Cross

• resonances in the NV cross-relaxation ODMR spectrum for low magnetic fields (a few milliwatts). This technique allows ODMR to replace EPR methods that require high B-fields to provide detailed spectra of the detected electron spins for identification of radicals or relaxation centers, with low concentration

• defect resolution. However, this method needs an ensemble of NVs and it is not clear how it is comparable with other methods that are able to measure dilute electron spin resonance in solids with microwave signal read-outs. In biomedical applications, EPR methods of radicals have sensitivity limitations

Improved adsorption and degradation performance by S-doping of (001)-TiO₂

• Xiao-Yu Sun,
• Xian Zhang,
• Xiao Sun,
• Ni-Xian Qian,
• Min Wang and
• Yong-Qing Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2116–2127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.206

• increase in the amount of •OH and •O2− radicals. Keywords: anatase; chemical state; degradation; photocatalytic properties; S-doping; thermal chemical vapor deposition; titanium dioxide (TiO2); Introduction Anatase TiO2 with a tetragonal symmetry has widely been used for the degradation of organic

• -pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) were determined on a Bruker EMX plus 10/12 (equipped with Oxford ESR910 Liquid Helium cryostat). For detection of the superoxide radicals (•O2−) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH), 2.5 mg of the photocatalyst was dispersed in 1 mL DMPO/methyl alcohol solution or DMPO/H2O solution. The

• to generate electron–hole pairs, i.e., TiO2 + hν = TiO2 + e− + h+. Superoxide radicals are then formed by the reaction of the electrons with the O2 adsorbed at the surface of the TiO2 particles, i.e., e− + O2 → •O2−. The holes react with water or hydroxyl groups to form hydroxyl radicals, i.e., h

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• exhibits signals at g = 2.069 and g = 2.008, which can be assigned to peroxy radicals Si–O–Ο• (peak EPR-1) and non-bridging oxygen Si–O• (peak EPR-2) resulting from the desilication process [58], respectively. It is worth noting that no EPR signals from Ti(III) species with typical g values in the range of

• OH groups on the surface of the created mesopores originating from the partial removal of TiO6 octahedra and SiO4 tetrahedra from the framework and subsequent protonation of the oxygen radicals. The quantitative information of the surface modification was obtained from the 29Si MAS NMR experiments

Porous silver-coated pNIPAM-co-AAc hydrogel nanocapsules

• William W. Bryan,
• Riddhiman Medhi,
• Maria D. Marquez,
• Supparesk Rittikulsittichai,
• Michael Tran and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1973–1982, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.194

• and stirred for 30 min. Due to the possibility of oxygen intercepting radicals and disrupting the polymerization process, argon gas was bubbled through the stirred solution for 30 min to remove any oxygen. Blanketed with argon, the mixture was heated to 70 °C in an oil bath and then KPS (0.111 g; 4.11

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• , with respect to non-smokers, as well as oral leukoplakia and oral cancers, such as lip cancer. Indeed, tobacco smoke is constituted of thousands of toxic compounds, including benzene, formaldehyde, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, arsenic and radioactive components, producing free radicals that cause

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• inactivation of microorganisms due to its strong oxidizing power by free radical generation, such as hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals [11][12]. Metal oxide NPs have been commonly synthesized by chemical and physical methods, which can produce a high size variability, defects and agglomeration and can

• performance of CSTiO2, induced by exposure to UV-A light (<390 nm), occurred generally through the generation of ROS and specifically from hydroxyl radicals (OH•) (through electron abstraction from water) and superoxide anion radicals O2• (generated by the reduction of O2). ROS incidence can attack microbial

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• species [41]. The generation of particular active species in the photocatalytic process varies with the type of catalyst (mainly the energy band structure) [42]. KI, IPA and 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ) were used as scavengers for pores (h+), hydroxyl radicals (OH) and superoxide radicals (O2−), respectively, to