Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• duration of the electron or ion beam pulses. In FEBID and FIBID, volatile precursor molecules are delivered to the substrate surface via a gas injection system (GIS), where they adsorb and are subsequently decomposed by a focused electron or ion beam with energies in the kiloelectronvolt range. While

• masks, and resistance, with the flexibility of depositing materials on non-planar surfaces [4][5][14]. The FIBID method has several advantages compared to the FEBID technique in depositing thin films on substrates. First, ions generate more secondary electrons on the substrate surface than electrons

• adsorbed on the surface, such as electron-stimulated desorption, high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, and focused electron beam secondary ion mass spectrometry [5]. To characterize compounds in terms of their applicability in the FIBID process, comparisons are made with the FEBID process, and

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• ) bolometers [16][17], and SINIS detectors [18][19][20]. Here, we present an overview and comparison of our SINIS devices manufactured using different methods. The advantage of Al-based technology is the presence of the intrinsic oxide on its surface, which prevents short circuits with subsequent conductive

• tunnel junction In tunnel structures, the barrier is a dielectric layer between two metal films (often the oxide layer on the surface of the first metal layer is used as a dielectric). The first experimental study of a tunnel junction was carried out in 1960 [21] for an aluminum–aluminum oxide–lead

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• chains arrange on the nanoparticle surface and the potential impacts on LNPs’ physicochemical properties by varying surface PEG density or PEG chemistry. Subsequently, PEG conformations are discussed in terms of their modulation of protein corona formation, cellular uptake, and immunogenic responses

• review first reveals the localization and conformation of PEG lipids on the LNP surface, which is fundamental for understanding how PEG lipids contribute to nanoparticle stability and surface interactions. It then demonstrates how PEG density and chemical structure may influence the physicochemical

• properties of LNPs including particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent sections explore the roles of PEG lipids in modulating protein corona formation and cellular uptake. The latter parts highlight the potential of functionalized PEG lipids for targeted delivery and the

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• force-sensor design is a significant improvement over piezoelectric force sensors commonly used in low-temperature AFM. We discuss the potential for further improvement of the sensor design to achieve optimal detection at the standard quantum limit. We demonstrate AFM operation with surface-tracking

• ]. The challenge for high-resolution AFM is designing such a detector for a test mass hosting a sharp tip that is scanned over a surface in ultrahigh vacuum and at ultralow temperature. In this paper, we report on an AFM cantilever force sensor with an integrated detector consisting of a compact

• electromechanical coupling (KIMEC), whose design and fabrication were already presented in detail in previous publications by our group [17][18]. Here, we focus on the deployment of the force sensor, demonstrating force-gradient sensing and scanning over a test surface at 10 mK in a closed-cycle dilution

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• Sciences, University of Galway H91 TK33, Ireland 10.3762/bjnano.16.129 Abstract Marine organisms such as barnacles rely on a complex underwater adhesive system, driven by self-assembly and intermolecular associations between cement proteins, for permanent attachment to a variety of surface types. In this

• bioinspired adhesives and biomaterials. Keywords: adhesive; amyloid fibre; barnacle cement protein; surface coating; transmission electron microscopy; Introduction Marine adhesives are naturally occurring substances secreted by a variety of organisms to attach themselves to submerged surfaces such as rocks

• secreted by the foot [4]. Each thread ends in an adhesive plaque composed of mussel foot proteins (Mfps), which are rich in the modified amino acid ʟ-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) [5]. DOPA is formed via post-translational hydroxylation of tyrosine and mediates wet surface adhesion through hydrogen

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• widely studied nanomaterials are metallic nanoparticles, particularly silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs), and copper (CuNPs), and various metal oxide nanoparticles such as zinc oxide (ZnO-NPs), due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, chemical stability, and distinctive optical and antimicrobial properties

• nanoparticle formation in real time by detecting surface plasmon resonance bands, which provide insight into particle size and distribution [57]. XRD offers detailed information on the crystalline structure and phase composition of the nanoparticles, confirming successful synthesis and purity [53]. Together

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• conventional treatments removing only 40–70%, especially struggling with smaller particles. Based mainly on mechanisms like electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, pore filling, hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, and surface complexation, adsorbent nanomaterials achieve over 90% removal of MPs and

• (MPs) related to public health and environmental risks have gained significant attention [1]. Because of their small size, high surface area, and hydrophobic properties, MPs can act as vectors for toxic chemicals, including heavy metals (lead, cadmium, or mercury) and persistent organic pollutants like

• fragments, 11–12 μg·m−1) compared to two-year-old (720–247 μg·m−1) and ten-year-old ropes (767–1052 μg·m−1) [34]. Thus, natural water sources such as surface water (rivers, lakes, and streams) and groundwater have received large amounts of MPs from various sources. These water sources play an important role

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• thermal degradation of sensitive compounds, as well as excessive loss of volatile substances such as PHYT [30]. The small droplet size results in a large surface area, which enables effective interaction with biological membranes and consequently enhances drug penetration and retention [31]. Key

• surface curvature and increased solute concentration at the droplet interface in the aqueous phase. Such structural features can promote a higher drug flux and localized delivery in the skin layers [34][35][36]. Chiu et al. (2024) reported a significant increase in curcumin skin permeability when carried

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• implantation provides a controllable alternative for tuning surface properties at the nanoscale, enabling the targeted introduction of functional species without chemical reagents. This work investigates the effects of low-energy (20 keV) and medium-energy (1.5 MeV) Ag+ ion implantation on the electrical

• of GO and PI. Elemental and structural changes induced by implantation were analyzed using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface morphology was assessed via

• atomic force microscopy. Electrical properties as a function of air humidity were evaluated using a two-point method, and photocatalytic activity was tested by monitoring the UV-induced decomposition of rhodamine B. The results demonstrate that ion implantation significantly reduces surface resistivity

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• through the epithelium occurs via the transcellular and paracellular pathways, as well as through M cells located on the surface of Peyer’s patches [8]. Positioned under the mucus layer, the intestinal epithelium plays crucial roles in defending against hostile contents, selectively absorbing nutrients

• therapeutic payload and intestinal permeability [17]. PNs represent a viable strategy for overcoming GIT barriers in oral drug delivery. The polymeric composition allows for diverse and sophisticated designs, with primary advantages including the ability to control size, shape, and surface charge. Furthermore

• , thereby achieving highly efficient drug release [18]. This interaction with biological systems without inducing negative or toxic effects is attributed to their biocompatibility and biodegradability [19]. Surface design plays a pivotal role in PNs for oral use, as it dictates their behavior during

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• -delivery of a P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor, specifically, small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the MDR1 gene, along with the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DOX). This system capitalizes on the high-affinity binding of the AS1411 aptamer to nucleolin, a protein overexpressed on the surface of

• optimal biocompatibility, structural stability, and superior drug-loading capacity. However, nanocarriers are prone to complement system recognition [39] and clearance due to their microbial-scale dimensions and surface-exposed nucleophilic groups, which inadvertently trigger immune activation and

• contribute to off-target effects. This fundamental limitation explains the persistent observation of diverse adverse effects in both preclinical animal studies and clinical applications of carrier-modified therapeutics. If aptamer modification is carried out on the surface of the carrier [40], it will help

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• efficacy and safety for ocular administration. Keywords: eye drops; micelles; low-energy method; ophthalmic vehicle; sample dilution; stability; Introduction Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition affecting the ocular surface, characterized by changes in tear fluid composition and/or

• insufficient tear production [1]. This condition can cause ocular discomfort, impair visual function, and promote inflammatory processes on the ocular surface, which could result in chronic complications and vision loss [2][3]. DED affects approximately 11.6% of the global population [4], with this prevalence

• as rapid elimination by the precorneal layer and low retention of the ocular surface [7]. As a result, topical administration remains the primary treatment method despite its drawbacks, such as low bioavailability and the need for frequent applications [8][9]. Studies show that only a tiny fraction

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• surface visibly bulged upwards. The pre-curved adaxial surface of the scale-like geometry flattens. This lateral curvature is influenced by the chosen radial expansion coefficient of the simulations, as highlighted in the comparative simulations of the geometry with graded fiber size (Figure S3

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• , Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden 10.3762/bjnano.16.118 Abstract Ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) has emerged as an important technique for investigating surface and interface chemistry under realistic conditions, overcoming the limitations of conventional XPS

• representative studies at MAX IV, including investigations of single-atom catalysts, confined catalysis, time-resolved catalysis, atomic layer deposition, and electrochemical interfaces, showcasing the role of APXPS in advancing material and surface science. Keywords: 2D materials; atomic layer deposition

• ; batteries; catalysis; corrosion; Review Ambient pressure XPS Electron spectroscopy has significantly contributed to the understanding of chemical and physical processes that govern the complex interactions between a solid surface and its environment. These processes play crucial roles in phenomena such as

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• by Li et al. discussed patent CN115671277 [94]. Nanoparticles Nanoparticles are materials with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 999 nm [95]. This technology possesses a high contact surface, a high concentration of surface-active centers, and low toxicity due to promoting a reduction in the

• neutrophils or infiltration of CD4+ T cells to destroy tumors [145]. The process of nanosizing the CGCs in the patent involves shearing at high speed and ultrasonic cycles followed by freeze-drying. This resulted in a yield of 12.73% and a purity of 96.32%. The increased surface area due to the reduction in

• nanoparticles Gold nanoparticles are nanometer-scale structures composed of a gold core with surface ligands, which can be structured into nanospheres, nanocages, nanorods, and nanoshells [146][147]. There are various manufacturing processes such as vacuum sputtering, biosynthesis, methods based on ultraviolet

Venom-loaded cationic-functionalized poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles for serum production against Tityus serrulatus scorpion

• Philippe de Castro Mesquita,
• Karla Samara Rocha Soares,
• Manoela Torres-Rêgo,
• Emanuell dos Santos-Silva,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva-Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1633–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.115

• barriers, their biocompatibility, and low toxicity [18]. Their manipulation at the nanoscale changes specific surface properties, possibly improving the ability to cross biological barriers targeting the affected tissues [18][19]. In this context, nanoparticle controlled release based on biodegradable

• polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has been investigated [13]. The nanoparticles produced using these synthetic polyesters show neutral or negative zeta potential, which limits the loading of negatively charged macromolecules such as proteins, polypeptides, or DNA [14][20]. The surface of

• polyethylenimine (PEI), to change the surface of nanoparticles to a positive potential, improving the interaction with negatively charged biomolecules, is one strategy successfully employed for gene delivery [20][23][24]. These cationic nanoparticles have an absent or weak electrostatic interaction with negatively

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• , and advanced membrane materials, exhibit unique properties such as high surface area, enhanced reactivity, and tunable surface chemistry, which offer promising avenues for the selective and efficient removal of MPs from water. This paper also explores the mechanism, performance and limitations of

• key properties of nanoparticles include high surface area, extensive functionalization, high reactivity, and size-dependent characteristics. By leveraging these properties, water treatment methods can be refined at the nanoscale to selectively target pollutants [16][17]. This comprehensive review

• sources [18]. Figure 2 represents the different sources of MPs. The marine environment is considered as the primary sink of MPs. MPs that are generated on land are eventually transported by various modes, including surface runoff and streams, and find their way to ocean. In oceans, these particles with

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• selected specimens for each group. To create a random, high-contrast speckle pattern, the surface of the dog bone and metamaterial specimens was sprayed with a white primer (5200 Permanentspray Premium-Acryllack, Edding International GmbH, Thalwil, Switzerland) before applying a black speckle pattern

• (Carbon black, Liquitex Spray Paint, Cincinnati, OH, United States). During the tensile test, the surface was captured at 25 fps using a Basler ace camera (acA2040; Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany) equipped with a 35 mm lens (CCTV LM35HC; Kôwa, Nagoya, Japan). The captured image stacks were imported into

• the GOM correlate software for DIC analysis (version 2018, GOM GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany). A facet size of 20 pixels and a point distance of 14 pixels was used for surface detection, using an image in the undeformed state as reference. The principal engineering strain in the direction of deformation

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China 10.3762/bjnano.16.111 Abstract Vertically aligned TiO2 nanowires demonstrate exceptional photoactivity owing to their high specific surface area and improved charge separation; however, their

• and contamination of aquatic environments. Studies have reported OFL concentrations in surface waters ranging from 0.05 to 17.7 μg/L, posing a potential risk to aquatic organisms and disrupting ecosystem balance [4][5]. Therefore, OFL removal from water is an important issue in environmental science

• on porous materials, such as carbon-based adsorbents. These innovations help to slow down electron–hole recombination, broaden light absorption, and enhance surface adsorption sites [11]. Cao et al. synthesized TiO2 nanowires on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through a solvothermal method, which

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• parameters of the modeled nanoscale systems. It was found that the magnetic energy and magnetization norm of the system change in a nonlinear manner with increasing number of crystalline layers of the nanofilm. The peaks found on the graph of the magnetization rate change can be caused by surface effects in

• energy are in the range of −4.56 to −4.53 eV. Such behavior of the magnetic energy can be related to the fact that with increasing thickness of the nanofilm, the fraction of its surface atoms decreases and the influence of various surface effects decreases. As the number of crystalline layers of the

• oscillations of the magnetization vector components occur, but they do not significantly affect the final modulus value. The presence of the obtained peaks of the magnetization vector components distribution in Figure 6 may be due to surface effects in thin films and the formation of domain walls. Depending on

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• protective PI layer is extremely thin, it can be selectively removed by reactive ion etching, ultimately leaving only the biodegradable materials on the target surface. To simplify multistep fabrication processes, wafer-scale transfer methods have also been developed [74]. These involve fabricating

• electrical performance. Such variations may cause device malfunction or alter sensor baselines, thereby compromising accuracy. A widely adopted strategy to address this issue involves coating the outer surface of the device with bioresorbable materials that provide electrical insulation while acting as

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• annular profile formed using a combination of an axicon and a converging lens, and a Gaussian beam focused on the surface of a Si target using the same converging lens. In all the schemes, a nanosecond Nd3+:YAG laser with a pulse duration of 10 ns operating at its fundamental harmonic (1064 nm) was used

• surface [27] with different plasma parameters than in the plasma generated by a Gaussian beam. A change of the incident beam pattern will change the temperature and pressure inside cavitation bubbles (CBs) and influence CB oscillations. Furthermore, pressure variations at the target interface would be

• of the synthesized products towards energy- and catalysis-related applications due to materials’ high surface area and prompt reaction kinetics. The potential benefits of the beam shape variation have recently initiated more active research on the ablative generation of NPs using spatially shaped

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• (CNTs) by growing dendrimers on their surface. First, CNTs were pre-functionalized with maleic acid (MA) via Diels–Alder reaction in presence of a deep eutectic solvent under ultrasonication. Subsequently, dendrimers of varying length were grown by the repeated reaction of ethylene diamine and MA. Raman

• spectroscopy was specifically used to confirm the Diels–Alder reaction on the surface of CNTs, and other characterization techniques (SEM, EDX, XRD, TGA, and FTIR) were applied to confirm the successive growth of the dendrimers. Highly dendrimerized CNTs were found to be more effective in removing heavy metal

• application in numerous fields [18][19][20][21][22][23]. CNTs are particularly attractive as support materials due to their high specific surface area, mechanical strength, and excellent electrical and thermal conductivity [24][25][26][27]. CNTs themselves have been utilized as adsorbents for removing heavy

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• functional biomedical nanomaterials. However, few studies report the controls performed to determine if the loading of molecules onto IONPs is due to the proposed coupling reaction(s) employed, or some other unknown interaction with the IONP surface. Herein, we use 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid-functionalized

• . Through the judicious use of controls, we demonstrate significant cross-reactivities of amines, thiols, maleimides, and common disulfide reducing agents with surface Fe of IONPs and show how these unwanted interactions can produce false positive results. Without proper controls, these can lead to

• ]. Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs), in particular, have been explored for these applications, due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, and high saturation magnetization [4]. These applications require reliable and controlled surface functionalization to impart desired functionality, such as tissue

Nanomaterials for biomedical applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Filippo Pierini,
• Seda Kizilel and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1499–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.105

• . Nanomaterials have gained popularity in medicine because they can be altered according to the need [1]. Researchers can tailor the shape, surface chemistry, and other specific properties of materials to deliver desirable traits. In particular, some nanoparticles can be used to deliver drugs to a tumor, reducing

• react to certain bodily conditions, for example, changes in pH or enzymes. As a result, drugs only target affected parts of the body, lowering the damage to healthy cells. Additionally, the surface of these nanoparticles can be modified by attaching antibodies or ligands, which allows these

• nanoparticles to target particular cell types, making them precise [10]. Dendrimers are considered a more promising group among nanocarriers. They are highly branched structures, with a given shape and many functional groups placed on their surface. This enables the safe loading of high quantities of drugs and