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Search for "water" in Full Text gives 1465 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.
Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO2 substrates
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18
- extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties. Although many years have passed since its discovery, manipulating single graphene layers is still challenging using standard resist-based lithography techniques. Recently, it has been shown that it is possible to etch graphene directly in water-assisted
- on the direct delivery of water molecules into the scanning electron microscope chamber. This process is called focused electron-beam-induced etching (FEBIE) and was already demonstrated for thin amorphous carbon membranes a decade ago [15]. Oxygen or water vapor can be used for etching graphene [16
- of concept of water-assisted graphene etching. Moreover, the effects of changes in the topography of Si/SiO2 substrate during this process have not been addressed so far, as they may be observed only under certain experimental conditions. In a standard scanning electron microscope, the morphological
Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17
- oxide NPs were synthesized using a modified coprecipitation method [13]. Firstly, 10 mmol of FeSO4·7H2O and 5 mmol of FeCl3·6H2O were dissolved in 50 mL of deionized water in a N2 atmosphere. Then, 1 M of NaOH was carefully added into the solution while swirling until the pH reached 14. Next, 1 mL of
- and allowed to evaporate overnight in a dark area at room temperature. In the next day, the nanoparticles were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 30 min, then resuspended in 600 µL of distilled water. The nanoparticles were then separated into three 200 μL suspension tubes. Then, 2 mg of F127-folate or 2
- mg of F127 was separately added to the tubes, and the ligand exchange was performed at 4 °C for one week. The tube without added polymer was designated as PVA@PLGA/IO/CHL/IR780 (PVA@NP). Then, the nanoparticles were centrifuged for 30 min at 12,000 rpm and resuspended in distilled water. The final
Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16
- of NR composite. The usage of GO-VTES may be suitable for the preparation of NR composites for tire applications as the composite may reduce water permeability and enhance the abrasion resistance of commercial products [30]. Experimental Materials The natural rubber used in this work is high-ammonia
- agent and SDS as a surfactant. About 80 g of HANR (60% DRC) was incubated with 80 g of water containing 1.6 g of SDS and 0.16 g of urea for 1 h before the 1st centrifugation at 10,000 rpm at 15 °C for 30 min. The cream recovered after centrifugation was redispersed in 80 g of water containing 0.8 g SDS
- and subjected to a 2nd centrifugation under the same condition. The cream fraction was again redispersed in water containing 0.16 g of SDS before the 3rd centrifugation. The final cream was diluted in a certain amount of SDS solution to obtain deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) with DRC (20%) and SDS
In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12
- the reflectance spectra to a multilayer model of a water–PAAO–aluminum system using the transfer-matrix method (TMM) [22]. Previously, TMM has been employed only for post-production thickness analysis of PAAO-based stratified systems [13][23]. In the present study, it allowed for continuous in situ
- consistent thickness determination during anodization using reflectance measurements at normal incidence, it was sufficient to assume a single PAAO layer with the effective RI neff. A simplified model consisting of an Al substrate with the complex RI [29], PAAO with constant neff, and water with RI [30
- for Al [29] and water [30]. The model function calculated the reflectance spectra with two fitting parameters, that is, PAAO thickness hPAAO and a constant multiplier for intensity correction of the reference spectrum. Fitting was done using the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm as described in the
Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11
- 3492 cm−1 is attributed to the characteristic vibrational mode of the O–H bond which comes from water adsorbed by the ZnO NPs from the humid atmosphere [31]. Typically, bulk ZnO particles show a characteristic absorption edge of 400 nm in UV–vis spectra. Hence, ZnO NPs show blue shifting and have an
- and water uptake in the presence of Zn [39], or else by accelerating the activity of carbonic anhydrase [2]. Several published information is available on the effect of Zn on photosynthetic pigments of other crops. Nanopriming Triticum aestivum seeds with 10 mg/L of ZnO resulted in a significant
- rpm in a magnetic stirrer and NaOH was added dropwise, the mixture was kept under constant stirring for 2 more hours and then sealed and kept overnight. The Zn(OH)2 obtained from the reaction was collected by centrifugation, washed with distilled water, and calcined at 400 °C for 2 h to obtain ZnO NPs
Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10
- naturally occurring in essential oils (EOs) of various aromatic plants, including the genera Artemisia, Protium, Origanum, and Thymus. Myrcene is an acyclic monoterpene found in hops, lemongrass, basil, and mangos [10]. Some intrinsic characteristics of monoterpenes, mainly poor water solubility and high
- volatility, make their formulation a true challenge. In this regard, nanoemulsions (NEs), which are dispersions of two immiscible liquids with one of them dispersed as small droplets [11][12], stand out as new delivery vehicles for these bioactive compounds. They are especially important to enhance the water
- availability of poorly water-soluble compounds, which is achieved when the oil constitutes the internal phase. In this case, oil-in-water nanoemulsions or aqueous nanoemulsions are obtained. The main advantage of NEs is their better kinetic stability compared to macroemulsions. Also, the NEs protect the EO
New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9
- . This nanobiosensor has the ability to specifically bind to E. coli, increasing the peroxidase activity of the apt-Ag/Pt NPL. Finally, the blue color of the solution in the contaminated water samples was increased in the presence of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate and H2O2. The assay
- can be completed in 30 min and the presence of E. coli levels can be distinguished with the naked eye. The absorbance at 652 nm is proportional to pathogen concentration from 10 to 108 CFU·mL−1, with a detection limit of 10 CFU·mL−1. The percent recovery for the water samples spiked with E. coli is 95
- %. The developed assay should serve as a general platform for detecting other pathogenic bacteria which affect water and food quality. The proposed E. coli detection strategy has appealing characteristics such as high sensitivity, simple operation, short testing time, and low cost. Keywords: aptamer
Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8
- has to be taken into account, but also ease of handling, on-site use, and low production cost. Thus, several authors, such as Janik-Karpinska and colleagues in 2022 [3], have pointed out that rapid detection of pathogens and toxins in food, water, and the environment is a paramount health and safety
- determination of exogenously produced biotoxins and virulence factors, as well as for the detection of viruses and biomarkers in clinical samples (e.g., hormones and biomolecules). (4) The data could be generalised not only for the measurement of warfare agents, but also for the diagnosis of water and food
Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7
- treatment of central nervous system disorders [2], digestive system diseases [3], cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and infections. Nevertheless, BBR has a low bioavailability due to its poor water solubility, which imposes a regular intake of BBR drugs at a high dose. Recently, innovative technologies have
- , iron oxide, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles) [4]. Additionally, nanocarrier-free systems, such as drug nanocrystals, are also used to improve the delivery of poorly soluble drugs [5][6]. In our previous study, the saturation concentration of BBR in water was 2.0 mg/mL, while BBR nanoparticles
- ]. The core/shell nanofiber structure can also prolong the drug release since the polymer shell plays a role as a rate-control barrier [15]. On the other hand, the nanofiber scaffolds fabricated using suitable hydrophilic or water-soluble polymers are used to improve the dissolution profile and
Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo2O4 on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6
- ; hydrogel; hydrogen; oxygen evolution reaction; polymer composites; Introduction Hydrogels are defined as a group of polymeric materials with an insoluble hydrophilic structure which gives them the ability to absorb and hold large amounts of water (up to over 99 wt %) in their three-dimensional network
- . The phenomenon in which hydrogels swell in water while not dissolving in it is due to hydrophilic functional groups attached to the polymer backbone and cross-links between the network chains. High water content makes hydrogel materials similar in terms of microstructure and flexibility to living
- tissues. The amount of water absorbed depends on factors such as the structure of the hydrogel, the composition of the precursor hydrogel solution, the cross-link density, and the technique of its synthesis. The simple reaction of one or more monomers is used for the production of this kind of material [1
Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4
- promising activity, this molecule shows poor water solubility, high metabolism, and fast elimination impair, which results in low systemic bioavailability and poor in vivo pharmacological effect. In this context, molecules with similar limitations have been combined with nanotechnology tools to allow their
Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2
- divided into two types: nanocapsules and nanospheres [18]. Nanocapsules consist of reservoir systems with an oil or water core and an external polymeric shell. They are, overall, used to increase drug solubility [20]. Usually, once in the body, the encapsulated drug diffuses through the polymeric wall in
- nanoparticles could kill 100% of adult worms in vitro at a concentration of100 µM. Lower concentrations reduced motility and caused tegumental alterations and couple separation [58]. However, curcumin has low bioavailability and poor water solubility. Thus, Aly et al. [60] tried to increase its solubility and
- [75]. Other compounds Some of the selected works used new synthetic compounds in their formulation for schistosomiasis treatment. For example, 2-(butylamino)-1-phenyl-1-ethanethiosulfuric acid (BphEA) is a compound with poor solubility in water, which has demonstrated potential to be used in
unDrift: A versatile software for fast offline SPM image drift correction
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1225–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.101
- distorted by a very high drift velocity, only partly usable images, and images exhibiting an overall weak contrast. Moreover, we show that the semi-automatic analysis of periodic images can be applied to a long series containing hundreds of images measured at the calcite–water interface. Keywords: atomic
- used for evaluation. To demonstrate that unDrift can drift-correct these images by only considering (small) parts of an image, we show example images recorded at the calcite–water interface in Figure 4e,f. In our example, the sample drifted out of the scanner’s z range after the first third of the
- (distance accuracy: ±0.3 × 10−10 m, angle accuracy: ±2°; see below). Third, we discuss the arguably most challenging situation for drift correction, images with an overall weak contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio. The periodic structures of the calcite–water interface in Figure 4j,k are very faint and
Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100
- concentration for further experiments. During the freeze-drying process, BSA/PDA NPs acted as surfactant and were located around water droplets when the water was rapidly sublimated, which resulted in the formation of a foam (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1a). After freeze-drying, the foam could be
- easily re-suspended in Milli-Q® water, resulting in a well-dispersed black suspension (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1b). However, in the case of a BSA/DA ratio of 0.25, a powder was obtained instead of a foam (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1c). This was probably due to a lack of BSA
- molecules to surround every molecule of PDA, which may have favored bridges involving BSA between NPs and further formation of aggregates (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1d). This powder could not be re-dissolved in water, NaCl, or Tris buffer. Furthermore, the mean hydrodynamic diameter slightly
Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99
- to left across two pristine grating structures within a scan size of 10 µm × 10 µm. The calibration grating was cleaned with DI water and dried with nitrogen gas before the experiments. For each tip, we performed a step-to-step linewidth scan pass (without repeating at the same scanline) in contact
A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH3)2Cl]2
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98
- reactions with background water, which is of considerably higher concentration in the HV chamber than in the UHV chamber. While HCl formation is apparently significant in DI of [Au(CH3)2Cl]2 in the current experiment, and may in part be responsible for the etching effects observed, there are no indications
- that the higher background water content in the HV experiments influences the composition of the deposits. Electron-induced secondary reactions, on the other hand, may play a role, especially as the growth rate of the deposits are comparatively low, and correspondingly the electron exposure of each
Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96
- hydrophilic, O2 plasma-treated substrates [21]. We measured the water contact angle (CA) on the PU samples (Figure 1I) and found that all of the as-fabricated samples were hydrophobic (CA > 90°), with the nanostructured substrates being more so. Since the CA for flat PU indicates a hydrophobic surface, the
- wider, around 20–24 µm. The microridge height was 1.4–1.5 µm on the microgroove and hole–groove substrates, while it was 1.1 µm or 2 µm on the pillar–groove substrate if measured to the tip or base of the nanopillars, respectively. Water CA measurements on the grooved PU samples lead to two distinct CAs
- (in PDMS) in conformal contact with the photoresist (Figure 1A(i)). AZ1518 was developed with AZ 300 MIF developer for 30 s, followed by rinsing with ultrapure water and N2 drying (Figure 1A(v)). The nanopatterned AZ1518 was finally post-baked at 120 °C for 2 min to improve substrate adhesion. PDMS (A
Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95
- -loaded gelatin nanoparticles imaged in the quantitative imaging mode with a JPK NanoWizard III in Milli-Q® water at 37 °C, as well as the extracted Young’s modulus map as previously described [22] (Figure 1). Takechi-Haraya et al. showed that for liposomes both methods deliver the same results [21]. The
- high impact of performing the measurement in air or in water, resulting in lower values using water due to swelling and/or softening effects. The knowledge about the influence of measurement conditions on the absolute elastic value is still limited. Temperature is an important factor in the context of
- filled with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) cores of different sizes resulting in interfacial water layers with different thicknesses and therefore with tunable elasticity [38]. Semielastic particles whose Young’s moduli were around 50 mPa showed the fastest diffusion in mucus. However, harder
A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94
- , repeatability, and exactness [41][42]. The formation of a humidity-induced water meniscus at the tip–sample interface, the presence of surface contamination, and thermal drifts induce significant instabilities in C-AFM measurements [42][43]. Moreover, local overheating and anodic oxidation phenomena are
Curcumin-loaded albumin submicron particles with potential as a cancer therapy: an in vitro study
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1127–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.93
- promising biological properties, particularly antioxidant activity. However, its medical applications are limited due to its low water solubility, bioavailability, and pH-instability. CUR-loaded albumin microparticles (CUR-HSA-MPs) of submicron size in the range of 800 to 900 nm and a zeta potential of −15
- pharmacokinetic drawbacks such as poor water solubility resulting in low bioavailability, low absorption, rapid metabolism, and elimination [6][7]. The reported solubility of free CUR in distilled water at 25 °C is 1.34 µg/mL [8]. The conjugation of CUR with proteins has been confirmed to improve its aqueous
- silk core–shell nanoparticles show high cytotoxicity and cellular uptake regarding breast cancer cells [14]. However, the effectiveness of zein nanoparticles as a delivery vehicle is limited by their poor stability, as they tend to aggregate when suspended in water [15]. Lyophilizing the particles
Sulfur nanocomposites with insecticidal effect for the control of Bactericera cockerelli
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1106–1115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.91
- , contamination of water bodies, degradation of agroecosystems, and damages to human health after direct or indirect exposure [11][12][13]. Therefore, new methods need to be considered to control the pest. Nanotechnology has emerged as a technological advance that can enhance modern agriculture by helping in the
- from Sigma-Aldrich. The chemical insecticide thiamethoxam (C8H10ClN5O3S, CAS number 153719-23-4, concentration 0.25%) was acquired from Syngenta. Distilled water was obtained in the laboratory. Essential oil extraction A total of 2 kg of rosemary leaves and stem and 2 kg of eucalyptus leaves were
- setup was a 250 mL polypropylene jar containing ten nymphs of the insect placed on a potato leaf on absorbent paper moistened with distilled water. A polyester mosquito net with a mesh size of 256 was used to cover the jar opening, allowing for air circulation, and preventing other organisms from
Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al2O3, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86
- overlapped with previous studies [36]. Thus, it was concluded that the experimental setup was reliable. The verification of measurements of the FPS2800 fluid property sensor used in the determination of kinematic viscosity was also carried out with water. The density and dynamic viscosity of the water sample
- balance. Zeta potential of nanolubricants containing Al2O3 at the lowest and highest mass fractions [21]. Images of the FPS2800 fluid property sensor. P–h diagram of the refrigeration system for validation tests. Measurement of a) density and b) dynamic viscosity of water for validation at 25 °C. Required
Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85
- arise spontaneously from C3 by hydrolysis, could be considered here. Moghimi et al. report numerous possible interactions of the complement system with, among others, nanoparticles as a drug delivery system [44]. The authors also discussed the possible effects of spontaneously forming water shells and
A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84
- ) solution in an oven at 95 °C within 3 h (as presented in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). CuO NPs were synthesized via a simple and low-cost sol–gel method. At first, a mixture of 1.21 g Cu(NO3)2·5H2O and 0.8 g NaOH was dissolved in 50 mL deionized water under constant stirring at room
Exploring internal structures and properties of terpolymer fibers via real-space characterizations
Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1004–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.83
- that Kevlar® K29 fibers absorbed about 6.6 times more deionized water than Technora® when immersed, which resulted in larger reductions in full-fiber ET for Kevlar® [8]. These findings appear to reflect the distinct fiber microstructures. In Kevlar®, the well-defined pleated sheet structure allows for
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