Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• nm, from which quantitative data are often extracted. For example, in materials science applications, nanoscale spectromicroscopy [5][6][7][8] is used to examine a sample around its absorption edges, which provides insights into its electronic structure. In biomedical applications [9][10][11][12

• that the image arises solely from absorption, namely Beer’s law. Thus, future work should focus on exactly how the phase term δ influences these different imaging applications to enable more accurate measurements. We identified both qualitative and quantitative discrepancies between our model and the

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• , adhesive, and durable TiO2 coatings with improved optical and mechanical properties, suitable for applications requiring enhanced wear resistance. Keywords: electron beam evaporation; ion beam-assisted deposition; mechanical properties; nanocrystalline anatase; optical properties; TiO2 coatings

• ; Introduction One of the commonly used methods for the deposition of various materials for thin film optical coatings, is electron beam evaporation (EBE) [1][2][3][4][5]. Today, in many applications, including medicine, telecommunications, optoelectronics, photovoltaics, the requirements for optical coatings

• ][10][11][12]. Electron beam evaporation is very effective for preparing transparent titanium dioxide thin films, such as optical coatings for a large variety of applications. Due to its desirable structural, optical, and electrical properties, high thermal and chemical stability, relatively low price

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• biological optical window (wavelengths from 650 to 1000 nm) and have recently attracted attention for applications in biomedical research such as photoacoustic imaging of tissues and PDT of tumors [2][3]. Porphyrins and Pcs are hydrophobic hydrocarbons that are insoluble in water. Hence, polymer composite

• against cancer cells was reported. However, conventional methods of producing nanoparticle colloids require organic solvents and excessive amounts of organic adjuvants, which may have other implications for research in pharmacological, photochemical, and medical applications, and also may interfere with

• amphiphilic polymer (Pluronic® F-127, Figure 1) [28] was used as a dispersant to ensure high dispersion stability in various aqueous environments in anticipation of future bio-applications. F-127 is a less toxic and non-ionic copolymer containing hydrophilic polyethylene oxide (PEO) and hydrophobic

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• Shiro Entani Mitsunori Honda Masaru Takizawa Makoto Kohda Quantum Materials and Applications Research Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Takasaki, Gunma 370-1292, Japan Honda’s Lab for Development of Future Clay Materials Research, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai

• has a high level of water affinity. Consequently, GO can be expected to have a wide range of applications, such as primers, thermally conductive materials, transparent electrodes, and adsorbent materials [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. GO is typically synthesized by oxidizing graphite. Several

• zeolites. Consequently, SLGO was demonstrated to be a promising adsorbent. As SLGO grown on α-Al2O3(0001) exhibits stable adhesion to the substrate and possess a large surface area, we are interested in exploring a broad spectrum of potential applications. These applications may include sensing materials

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• stimulate electrically excitable cells without requiring an external power source, making them highly attractive for biomedical applications such as treating cardiac arrhythmias and promoting bone regeneration [17][18]. Mechanical stimulation, notably ultrasound (US), can induce a piezoelectric response in

• , making them particularly attractive for biomedical applications. [21][22]. Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is one of the most well-known piezoelectric nanomaterials (NMs), characterized by a cubic structure with four polymorphs which change depending on the temperature and a high dielectric constant. All its

• influence on cell proliferation driven by its piezoelectric characteristics [17][24]. It is particularly suitable for tissue engineering applications, especially in promoting osteogenesis [25]. Furthermore, BaTiO3 can be combined with other materials to create composite scaffolds with osteoconductive

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• also illustrate the potential applications, including organic semiconductor devices, electrochemical catalysts, thin-film sensors, solar energy generation, plastic crystal electrolytes, microactuators, smart light-responsive materials, self-repairing materials, enzyme cascade sensors, healing materials

• for diabetic bone defects, and bactericidal materials. As can be seen from these examples, soft materials nanoarchitectonics offers a wide range of material designs, specific functions, and potential applications. In addition, this review examines the current state and future of soft materials

• materials systems. It can be reasonably proposed that the mastery of materials science in the context of soft functional materials will facilitate the development of advanced functional systems that emulate the characteristics of living organisms. This concept is not limited to applications in biology, such

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• of MWCNTs to tailor the properties of BioPBS for specific applications, such as in the packaging, automotive, and biomedical industries, where both biodegradability and enhanced material performance are desirable. Keywords: melt compounding; multiwalled carbon nanotubes; poly(butylene succinate

• strength, thermal stability, and biodegradability. However, to broaden its range of applications, certain properties require enhancement, including mechanical performance, thermal and electrical conductivity, biodegradation rate, and barrier properties [1][2][3][4][5]. The limited biodegradability of PBS

• better electrical, mechanical, and optical properties than MWCNTs, making them more desirable for high-end applications such as nanoelectronics and advanced composites. However, the synthesis cost of SWCNTs is significantly higher, while their production yield is considerably lower than that of MWCNTs

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• immunogenicity and paving the way for a variety of applications in the biomedical field [1][6][7][8][9]. Due to their amphiphilic character, calix[n]arene derivatives can self-assemble in water medium, leading to nanoaggregates exhibiting much better hosting performances than the single monomers [10]. Aggregates

• in diameter with a polydispersity index (PI) of ca. 0.4 (inset Figure 1A). This means the sample has a moderate range of particle sizes, however suitable for drug delivery applications. Figure 1B shows the fluorescence emission spectra of a water solution of 1. Similar to the absorption, the spectrum

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• Institute of Technology (KIT), Postfach 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.74 Abstract Laser synthesis and processing of colloids (LSPC) in liquids has gained widespread applications in producing nanomaterials of different classes of solids. While the technical processes in different cases

• scattering; Review Introduction Laser synthesis and processing of materials with emphasis on structure formation on the nanoscale offers a multitude of pathways to desired structure-related functions [1]. In green processes, nanostructures and nanoparticles (NPs) can be produced that serve applications in

• in aqueous solutions via laser pulse exposures [1][59], demonstrating practical applications and underscoring the need for deeper insights into non-equilibrium light–matter interactions. Experimental approaches to uncover the underlying reaction kinetics of such complex interactions have been diverse

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• topography is acquired. SICM is particularly well suited for biological applications, as it is a non-contact method with minimal interaction forces, preserving the native state of the sample [27]. To date, SICM investigations of mitochondria have been limited to subsarcolemmal mitochondria, specifically in

Synthesis of biowaste-derived carbon-dot-mediated silver nanoparticles and the evaluation of electrochemical properties for supercapacitor electrodes

• Navya Kumari Tenkayala,
• Chandan Kumar Maity,
• Md Moniruzzaman and
• Subramani Devaraju

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 933–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.71

• environmentally friendly as CDs play a role as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent without addition of any chemicals. PG-CDs-AgNPs showed a particle size of 10 nm having excellent fluorescence emission in the blue region, and it has been explored as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The

• energy demand. Therefore, a notable research focus has been given to advancements in renewable energy storage systems. Secondary batteries and supercapacitors are promising alternatives for energy storage applications [1][2]. Through the electrostatic polarization of electrolyte solutions, supercapacitor

• synthesized cost-effective carbon-dot- (CD) mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for supercapacitor electrodes. AgNPs have garnered substantial interest due to their capacity to effectively facilitate biological, optical, chemical, electrical, and industrial applications [13][14]. AgNPs are widely utilized

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• Fe2O3 nanoparticles and VO2 nanorods on the 2D rGO surface. Notably, the ternary composite displayed good magnetic properties for its potential biomedical applications. Overall, this work explores an efficient and cost-effective synthetic approach for developing graphene-based magnetic nanocomposites

• , including their derivatives, are broadly explored for miscellaneous applications, such as energy storage/conversion, EMI shielding, biosensing, optoelectronics, robotics, flexible electronics, paint industries, textile industries, biomedical devices [5][6][7]. To be specific, the innovation of graphene

• for supercapacitor applications. In another work, Mn3O4 nanograins-intercalated rGO NC was synthesized through the MW-assisted hydrothermal approach, which showed superior oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity [11]. Aside from the oxides, mixed metal sulfides are likewise reported to be combined

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• -cooled ion source (LoTIS) has been developed and characterized [13][14]. Like the Rb+ source, the Cs+ LoTIS has also been incorporated in a standard Ga FIB column. Loeber et al. have shown several advantages of the cold Cs+ FIB in imaging [15] and milling [16] applications over standard Ga+ FIBs

• . Compared to a standard Ga+ FIB, the Cs+ FIB can produce images with higher resolution and a larger depth of focus. Furthermore, the material contrast is greater in images acquired with Cs+ compared to images acquired with Ga+. For milling applications, Cs+ can deliver more evenly etched pattern floors than

• Ga+. With these benefits in applications established, microscopy and induced deposition studies help to establish more properties of the Cs+ FIB. Given the similar sources and FIB column designs of Cs+ and Rb+ FIBs, it is useful to compare applications with these FIBs to understand the relative

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• , and nanofluidic applications. The characterization of the pore morphology and size distribution, along with its dependence on the material properties and fabrication parameters, is crucial to designing nanopore systems for specific applications. Here, we present a comprehensive study of track-etched

• nanopores in different materials, which is essential for optimizing membrane performance in applications that require precise pore geometry. Keywords: etched ion tracks; SiO2; small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS); swift heavy ion irradiation; track-etched nanopores; Introduction Solid-state nanopores have

• , and the type and energy of the ions used [13][29][40]. Track-etch technology has been used for the commercial fabrication of cylindrical nanopores in polymers for filtration applications [41][42][43][44][45][46]. Only recently we have adapted this technology to generate conical nanopores in silicon

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• of diamond surfaces is important for many applications, which require the formation of thin conductive electrodes on dielectric substrates. Transition metal catalysts can facilitate the graphitization process, which depends on the diamond face orientation. In the present work, the role of a nickel

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• -scale information about material behavior under different conditions. This thorough understanding can be leveraged to optimize materials for various applications, including energy storage, catalysis, and electronics. This review focuses on cerium oxide, an important material for catalytic and energy

• applications, examining the application of high-brilliance light sources on model systems such as supported thin films and epitaxial nanostructures. We review selected studies exploiting the high energy resolution and sensitivity of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

• ]. Additionally, because of their often high efficiency at harnessing solar energy, they find application in photocatalysis and photovoltaics [5][6]. Optimizing these applications requires unravelling the often complex processes that influence functionality through an atomic-level description. To this end

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• catalysts were recognized as the best material for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) [11][12][13]. However, it is challenging to use Pt-based nanomaterials for industrial applications because of their non-abundance and high cost. As a result, many studies have explored Pt-free catalysts

• fabricated metal/metal oxide-based nanomaterials using various solution-based methods for alkaline HER because of the efficacy of metal oxides in breaking water molecules. In this context, Ni/NiO-based nanomaterials were evaluated as promising catalysts for industrial applications because of their Gibbs free

• energy of hydrogen/water adsorption. Also, inexpensiveness and high durability are positive aspects regarding large-scale applications. For instance, Oshchepkov and coworkers revealed that the efficacy of NiO in cleaving H–OH bonds accelerated the formation of hydrogen on a Ni metal catalyst [17]. Yan

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• ), University of Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057 Duisburg, Germany GROC·UJI, Institute of New Imaging Technologies, Universitat Jaume I, Av. De Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.16.62 Abstract Magnetic phase transitions at the Curie temperature are essential for applications like

• indicate that the Al-based CCA is a promising, cost-effective alternative to Ge-based CCA at nanoscale, providing an economically viable and cost-effective alternative for nanoscale-based applications. Keywords: compositionally complex alloys; magnetic phase transition; nanoparticles; pulsed laser

• field, exhibit an adiabatic temperature change, enabling energy-efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration [2]. These solid-state cooling systems are being developed as alternatives to conventional gas-based refrigeration and are especially advantageous for applications requiring tailored

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• advance nanoscale properties and nanotechnology applications. Keywords: antibacterial coating; bioinspired hydration; density functional theory; graphene-based hydrogel; supramolecular structure; Introduction Biological cells are assemblies of biomolecules that are hydrated with water molecules. The

• ]. Therefore, supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels with hydration intercalation and hydration force are quite useful for preserving and generating graphene-based nanosheets for many applications. In this manuscript, we calculated van der Waals forces in bilayer graphene structures using density functional

• dispersibility and reduced surface area of graphene-based materials in many applications, such as aqueous dispersions, polymer nanocomposites, and water-based paints. Our previous works demonstrated that in graphene-based hydrogel structures, the intercalation of water molecules between graphene-based sheets

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• prepared by PLAL. Keywords: electrophoretic deposition; pulsed laser ablation in liquid; pyrite nanoparticles; self-powered photodetector; spin coating; Introduction Pyrite (FeS2) is one of the earth-abundant and nontoxic semiconductors possessing a promising role in optoelectronic applications. FeS2 has

• Earth, including toxic heavy metals and metalloids, radionuclides, and organic pollutants [5]. In addition to the aforementioned advantages as a semiconductor, it has the potential to be used in various applications through its nanostructures created via pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) and thin

• a large range of applications. This method does not require expensive equipment or expert labor, and the coatings produced are generally quite homogenous. Other benefits include quick deposition, no substrate shape constraint, application to any material that is available as a fine powder or charged

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• material. This is an aspect of particular relevance because of the possible applications of the material to monolayer-thin devices. Experimental The preparation of exfoliated CrCl3 flakes from the single crystal bulk material was reported in our previous papers [2][11]. Though preferentially a 270 nm

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• few decades, as this relatively new fabrication method can be used to produce stable, additive-free colloids of different material classes under high-purity conditions, which are suitable for a wide range of technical applications [1][2][3][4][5]. Pulsed laser ablation (LAL), laser fragmentation (LFL

• often are hydrophobic, is their increased solubilization or aqueous dispersion, relevant for pharmacological, photochemical, and photomedical applications. For example, metal complex phthalocyanines (Pc) [18] such as vanadium (VOPc) [19][20][21][22], copper (CuPc) [23][24], aluminum (AlPc) [24], and

• required, especially when processing sensitive nutraceuticals intended for the use as food additives or medical applications. This is complemented by evaluations of the biocompatibility and antioxidant features (i.e., suppression of reactive oxygen species (ROS)) of laser-processed curcumin. Results and

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• current and future applications. Due to their nature resulting in diffused heterogeneous structures (chemical and electronic composition typically organized in phases or building blocks) characterizing these materials needs state of the art technologies which combine nanometer spatial resolution

• operando studies of technologically relevant nanoscale heterostructure devices. Self-organized NiO microcavity arrays fabricated by thermal treatments In the class of the very few p-type oxides, NiO stands out as one of the most versatile and promising materials in diverse applications including

• ]. Therefore, it is important to increase research efforts to improve the knowledge and understanding of the properties of this multifaceted material in order to better predict and tailor its role in diverse applications. XPS has been extensively employed in the study of NiO, leading to relevant insights

High-temperature epitaxial growth of tantalum nitride thin films on MgO: structural evolution and potential for SQUID applications

• Michelle Cedillo Rosillo,
• Oscar Contreras López,
• Jesús Antonio Díaz,
• Agustín Conde Gallardo and
• Harvi A. Castillo Cuero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 690–699, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.53

• transition temperature (Tc). Discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes [1], superconductors exhibit unique properties, including perfect conductivity and the Meissner effect [2], that is, the expulsion of magnetic fields. These remarkable properties make them highly valuable for diverse applications, such

• substrate temperature appears crucial for achieving desirable superconducting performance, making these films promising candidates for applications in superconducting electronics. Experimental TaN thin films were synthesized while systematically varying substrate temperature within the 700–850 °C range and

• makes this film an excellent candidate for superconducting applications, particularly in devices such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). Figure 7 presents an AFM image revealing the low surface roughness (2.2 nm) of even the film deposited at an elevated growth temperature of 850

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• , demonstrating no cytotoxicity to periodontal ligament cells up to 200 µg·mL−1 while promoting cellular adhesion and maintaining chromatin integrity. Overall, because of its favorable biocompatibility FLG–TA holds promise as a novel biomaterial for dental applications. Keywords: antioxidant properties

• ; biocompatibility; dental applications; few layered graphene–tannic acid biocomposite (FLG–TA); periodontal ligament cells (PDL); Introduction Dental diseases remain a global health challenge [1]. Dental biomaterials are crucial in both therapeutic and preventive strategies, with nanotechnology emerging as a

• yielding high-quality graphene [10][11]. The ability to produce large quantities of FLG with minimal structural defects makes this method particularly well-suited for industrial applications, including those in the dental field [4][12]. A key aspect of LPE is the use of surfactants to prevent the