Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• the larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, which may result in more contact points with the tissue and increased mucoadhesion [27]. In addition, a nanoscale size leads to improved penetration through the pores of the mucin network, which have a size of approximately 500 nm [9][28], enhanced retention

• the particle size and zeta potential distributions were recorded upon interaction with mucin. Table 2 shows the results of the DLS measurements. After EudAlg nanoparticles came in contact with mucin, the Z-average value of the nanoparticles increased significantly from 219.05 ± 41.61 nm to 387.08

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• nanoparticles with their surface attachment and solves longstanding nanoparticle adhesion and electrical contact issues. Irradiation of hydrophilic carbon fiber paper submerged in aqueous HAuCl4 solution by nanosecond laser pulses produced composites with uniform distribution of gold nanoparticles on carbon

• attachment on a support (Figure 1). Another challenge is the resulting poor physical and electrical contact of nanoparticles on supports. Our pulsed laser grafting process overcomes these problems by directly seeding and growing nanoparticles on substrates using nanosecond laser pulses, thereby eliminating

• synthesis–attachment are long preparation times, the generation of hazardous organic solvent and ligand waste [15], and poor electrical contact at the nanoparticle–support interface, particularly for nanoparticles with surfactant-terminated surfaces [16]. Conventionally made nanoparticles rely on

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• (CdZnTe) compounds. Currently many efforts are made to increase the efficiency of CdTe-based solar cells. A maximum efficiency of 22.1% has been achieved using CdTe-based solar cells. The efficiency can be tuned by the formation of a stable ohmic back contact. For this, a material with a bandgap greater

• carrier transport, ZnTe can be used as a buffer layer in CdTe-based solar cells for back contact. Moreover, n-type zinc telluride films can be used in the window layer as a substitute for CdS [6]. Zinc telluride films are highly resistive with a resistivity of about several megaohm·centimetres [7]. The

• points towards a nearly ohmic contact between ZnTe film and quartz substrate, which is necessary for the fabrication of the optoelectronic device. The conductivity (σ) of films was determined using the relation [41] where ρ is the electrical resistivity, R is the resistance of the film, A is the area of

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , and an increase in surface roughness, which reduced the water contact angle, without altering the bulk properties of the material. Similar observations of improved mechanical strength of plasma-treated chitosan/PVA/hydroxyapatite were reported using DBD plasma air, which is considered more cost

Correction: AFM-IR investigation of thin PECVD SiO_x films on a polypropylene substrate in the surface-sensitive mode

• Hendrik Müller,
• Hartmut Stadler,
• Teresa de los Arcos,
• Adrian Keller and
• Guido Grundmeier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 252–253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.19

• migration barrier for the use of postconsumer recycled materials in food contact” (TRR 87 - T07 Project number 138690629). This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under grant number 407752136 and North Rhine-Westphalia based on the funding for large appliances (AFM-IR).

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• promotes more intense contact with the cells and rupture of cell membranes. Overall, the findings demonstrate the radiosensitizing properties of not only TMZ but also of CNs and point to a clinical benefit from combined treatment with carbon nanocarriers of TMZ and radiotherapy in GBM. Keywords: carbon

• be explained by the different effects on cell membranes during internalization. While the tubular shape of the CNTs provides membrane penetration whithout significantly affecting the integrity of the cell membrane, the flat surface of GO leads to more intense contact and rupture of the cell membranes

• for the surface charge (−38 vs −33 mV), and the smaller length of the hybrid CN (less than 10 vs 10–30 µm, data from the producers), one can say that the higher fraction of flat surfaces in the hybrid CN, that is, the more intense contact with the cells and the length of the hybrid CN are dominant

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• sufficiently soft film to tightly cover the tissue can ensure direct contact between the VNBs produced by the film and tumor cells. The experimental results indicate that using more and higher-energy laser pulses produces more and larger vapor bubbles, which can kill cells at some distance from the film. A

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Utilizing smaller MOF filler sizes is a straightforward approach to improve filler dispersion. The contact area with the polymer matrix increases when the size of MOF particles is decreased, promoting adhesion, and reducing interfacial defects

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• with changes in CO concentration. Surface coverage in the nanocomposite is governed by the adsorption of gas molecules. When CO molecules come in contact, they react with these adsorbed oxygen ions, which releases electrons into the material and alters its electrical properties. Results and Discussion

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques V

• Philipp Rahe,
• Ilko Bald,
• Nadine Hauptmann,
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel,
• Harry Mönig and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 54–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.6

• 10.3762/bjnano.16.6 Keywords: AFM; atomic force microscopy; conductivity; drift correction; force spectroscopy; NC-AFM; non-contact atomic force microscopy; resistivity; tip–surface interaction; With the restrictions on travelling and social distancing lifted, we were delighted to continue two series of

• meetings on atomic force microscopy (AFM), the 23rd International Conference on Non-Contact Atomic Force Microscopy (NC-AFM) held in Nijmegen (Netherlands) and the 6th International Workshop on Advanced Atomic Force Microscopy Techniques held in Potsdam (Germany). The strong advance in the field and the

• microscope over a wide current range. A central zone of the sample offers several contact pads, each addressable by the tip of a conductive atomic force microscopy probe, and each connected to a different calibrated resistor. Thus, calibrated current measurements over a large current range become possible

Bioinspired nanofilament coatings for scale reduction on steel

• Siad Dahir Ali,
• Mette Heidemann Rasmussen,
• Jacopo Catalano,
• Christian Husum Frederiksen and
• Tobias Weidner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 25–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.3

• phenomenon, known as the Cassie state, results in the liquid being more in contact with air than with the solid surface, leading to high apparent contact angles [22]. The high contact angles also become apparent in Figure 1B, where a water droplet is resting on the Collembola surface. Here, we explore the

• steel substrate and the elemental composition of the SNFs is difficult to disentangle. The contact angle of the uncoated surfaces was 71°. The contact angle of the SNF-coated surfaces is more difficult to measure as the droplet will not attach itself to the surface seen for Figure 3B and Figure 5D, in

• agreement with what has been reported before for super-hydrophobic SNF coatings on polymers [18], glass [23], and textiles [16]. Since the water contact is well above 150° and droplets are highly mobile (please see the videos in the Supporting Information File 1–3) – the definition of super-hydrophobicity

Attempts to preserve and visualize protein corona on the surface of biological nanoparticles in blood serum using photomodification

• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Anastasiya V. Tupitsyna,
• Alina E. Grigor’eva,
• Ilya S. Dovydenko and
• Elena I. Ryabchikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1654–1666, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.130

• were in contact with the bio-NPs. There were no changes in the ultrastructure of bio-NPs as those noted in the samples isolated on sucrose gradient. This observation demonstrates the important role of the duration of contact of bio-NPs with the 30% sucrose solution during UC. On the surface of

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• second one is the reaction zone, and the third one is the gas outlet. In the first zone, molecular hydrogen (H2) gas is pumped in through a stainless steel piping system that reaches a diffuser inside the reaction chamber. The gas gets in contact with eleven tungsten filaments from incandescent lamps

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• ][28]. Hydrated mucilage can very strongly adhere to surfaces (e.g., stone or glass) when completely dried out after contact, with pull-off forces reaching values around 6.5 N [29]. Such strong adhesion can enable seed attachment to the soil, preventing removal and damage by other organisms [16][30

• reformation, which may cause the mechanical collapse of the spatial structure. Frictional properties One of the important features of hydrogels [83][84][85][86][87] is their ability to decrease friction in contact. The frictional properties of hydrogels depend on their chemical composition [26][27][88][89

• plant Brassenia schreberi [94]. Ocimum basilicum seed mucilage also exhibits super lubricity with a friction coefficient of 0.003 [94][98]. Experimental tests with mucilaginous diaspores after seed hydration demonstrate how the frictional properties of these diaspores change before and after contact

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• implantation, the wafer is bonded to a SiO2 (or TiO2) substrate using direct bonding techniques, which involves bringing the surfaces into close contact and applying pressure or heat to form a strong bond. The wafer is then subjected to thermal annealing, which activates the splitting process along the

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• to use. These biomimetic surface functionalization steps were confirmed by several complimentary surface analysis techniques. The wettability of each surface was probed with water contact angle measurements, while the chemical composition of the layer was determined by X-ray photoelectron

• reducing the thrombogenicity of a material lies in addressing the intricate layer of protein within blood that adsorbs to any surface it comes into contact with. This layer is responsible for the initiation of host responses such as coagulation or inflammation. To address the body’s reaction to these

• reducing the potential for adverse effects. Factor XII, thrombin, and calcium are critical components of the coagulation cascade, and their removal represents a pathway for lowering thrombus formation due to contact with foreign materials. Each of these components has led to different approaches for the

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• substrate was cut to approximately 1 cm2 in size and cleaned by washing it in acetone, methanol, and pure water for 10 min each. An ohmic contact was made with aluminum on the cleaned sample at 1 × 10−7 Torr vacuum in a PVD thermal evaporation device. Approximately 30 μL of the CDs stock solution was taken

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• compared to the full-size films. This is because at the edges of the structure, the film thickness may differ from that at the center. Smooth edges are also necessary for good contact with subsequent layers. For this reason, special attention is paid to the development of technology for creating structures

• in different transition temperatures at heating and cooling. The presumed reason is the heating of the film sample C1 through the measuring pogo pin contacts made of gold-coated brass and the contact resistance between the contacts and the film. Samples A1–A4 and B1 were measured through the same

• clamp contacts as sample C1, but the measured area was further away from the contact points. This way, the current first flows through the superconducting electrodes with low thermal conductivity in the superconducting state, and only then goes to the bridge. Nevertheless, non-equilibrium heating

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• ). The arolium may be structured in lines perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the pretarsus [126]. When extended (actively or passively) [127], the arolium comes into contact with the surface, thereby enhancing its adhesive contact area. Hymenopteran species serve as valuable sources of inspiration

• for artificial adhesive surfaces because of their rapid stepping frequencies [127]. For instance, weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) can swiftly adjust and control their contact areas in less than a millisecond, a capability that helps prevent unexpected detachment and enables efficient locomotion

• with a smaller contact area [128]. In honeybees, these pads function in response to specific drag activities, even without neuromuscular reflexes [129]. This passive mechanism is attributed to the structural characteristics of the soft pads, which work in concert with hierarchical structures supported

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• to examine the photocatalytic mechanism under different irradiation sources. Also by the sol–gel method, the active materials can be deposited in future studies as films on different supports for better surface contact and recovery degree, enhancing the scale-up opportunity for water cleaning

Functional morphology of cleaning devices in the damselfly Ischnura elegans (Odonata, Coenagrionidae)

• Silvana Piersanti,
• Gianandrea Salerno,
• Wencke Krings,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Manuela Rebora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1260–1272, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.102

• ), with the tibial flag-shaped structures kept in contact first with the eye and afterwards with the dorsal side of the antenna. The action was repeated several times with both legs acting synchronously or with separate movements (Figure 3a–f). A series of eye and antennae scraping was almost always

• hairs, while the soft tips ensure effective contact between the attachment system and the substrate. Similarly, the material gradient in grooming devices may enhance adhesion to foreign materials for grooming body surfaces. The soft tip and soft lateral cuticular lamina adapt to various surface

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• anticancer nanomedicines are administered intravenously. This route is fast and precise as the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation, without undergoing absorption processes. When nanoparticles come into direct contact with the blood, however, they interact with physiological components that can

• of NPs accumulates in tumors and <0.0014% are internalized by the cells [8][9][10][11]. Once in contact with blood, NPs interact with a series of physiological components (e.g., amino acids, salts, and proteins), which can induce poor colloidal stability or changes in the original chemical and

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• radius of the nanomaterial components but positively by the molecular bulk of the nanomaterials. Electronegativity and atomic size determine the reactivity and contact strength of nanomaterials with biological systems, whereas the molecule bulk affects the mechanism of inhibition through steric effects

Photocatalytic methane oxidation over a TiO₂/SiNWs p–n junction catalyst at room temperature

• Qui Thanh Hoai Ta,
• Luan Minh Nguyen,
• Ngoc Hoi Nguyen,
• Phan Khanh Thinh Nguyen and
• Dai Hai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1132–1141, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.92

• are highly susceptible to mechanical failure because of their brittle nature; in contrast, the etched SiNW arrays exhibit superior optical absorption and enhanced surface catalytic reaction properties. The intimate contact between 1D Si NWs and thin TiO2 layers reduces the recombination rate of

• surface interaction with gases during photocatalytic oxidative coupling can be analyzed using water contact angle analysis (as shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The wettability of pure p-Si and the p-Si NW array are illustrated in Figure S3 (Supporting Information File 1). Pure p-Si had

• a water contact angle of 50.24°. Because of the nanowire array morphology, the p-Si NWs were more hydrophilic nature with a water contact angle of 3.36°, which manifests superior photocatalytic oxidative coupling. Raman spectra were conducted to confirm the surface composition of the synthesized

Local work function on graphene nanoribbons

• Daniel Rothhardt,
• Amina Kimouche,
• Tillmann Klamroth and
• Regina Hoffmann-Vogel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1125–1131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.91

• exotic nature of the charge carriers and to local confinement as well as atomic-scale structural details. The local work function provides evidence for such structural, electronic, and chemical variations at surfaces. Kelvin prove force microscopy can be used to measure the local contact potential

• nanoribbons; Kelvin probe force microscopy; local contact potential difference; Introduction Graphene’s electronic properties are determined by its two-dimensionality as well as by its semimetallic gapless conical band structure [1]. Its electronic behavior depends strongly on the location of the Fermi level

• acquisition [21][22]. In this way, an image of the local contact potential difference between tip and sample is obtained. This has been shown not only for general surfaces, for example, insulating surfaces, but also for molecules and molecular layers [18][23][24][25]. Here, we study the local work function