TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Reactive Transport, Institute of Resource Ecology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.16 Abstract Highly ordered titanium oxide films grown on a Pt3Ti(111) alloy surface were utilized for the controlled immobilization and tip-induced electric

• field-triggered electronic manipulation of nanoscopic W3O9 clusters. Depending on the operating conditions, two different stable oxide phases, z’-TiOx and w’-TiOx, were produced. These phases show a strong effect on the adsorption characteristics and reactivity of W3O9 clusters, which are formed as a

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• facing spots (i.e., the cornea-retinal potential of 0.4–1.0 mV where the cornea is positive) [6]. This potential difference sets up an electrical field in the tissues surrounding the eye, which generates an electric field [7]. Two electrodes around the eyes can locate the field vector rotation, which

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• ground and taken as the reference electrode. The direction of the induced electric field can be reversely changed during the approximation or separation between the bottom electrode and the upper dielectric materials. The charge exchange will occur between the bottom electrode and ground to balance the

• pollution, the search for innovative, highly efficient and cost-effective approaches to curb pollution has attracted much attention [158]. Previous research works have proven that a pulsed electric field can prevent biofouling from adhering to material surfaces [159][160][161]. Two types of marine algae

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• substrate into a closed container along with a small vessel filled with distilled water. After incubation, the substrate was gently rinsed with 200 µL distilled water and then dried in a mild nitrogen stream. Electric field sedimentation: Electric field sedimentation experiments were done using a capacitor

• Figure 1c–f, an electrical field was applied to the drop. The substrate itself served as a positively charged capacitor plate whereas the negatively charged plate consisted of indium tin oxide. As the electric field is attenuated in areas that have already been covered by PM patches, subsequently

• deposited patches primarily prefer uncovered areas. In addition, the PM gets well oriented in an electric field according to its surface charge. Initially, a drop of 5 µL WT PM suspension was attached to the substrate only and was not in contact with the opposite electrode. While the plate distance was kept

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• methods. TERS and cAFM require a rather fragile modification of the AFM tip, which is usually not optimized for mechanical measurements. The methods that come closest to the requirements set in this study are KPM and ncAFM. KPM makes use of the interactions between the tip and the sample when an electric

• field is applied. Khorasani and coworkers identified nanoparticles (exposed and subsurface) in an epoxy/boehmite nanocomposite by measuring the surface potential by means of KPM [9]. A disadvantage of KPM is that, in addition to the apex of the tip, the sides of the tip are also interacting. This leads

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• suitable applied electric field, the mechanism of EC etching can be described by: The corresponding SEM images are shown in Figure 2d–f. After ICP dry etching, a regular stripe array was formed (Figure 2d) and the shape of the NWs was controlled in advance during stepper lithography. Because of its high

• conductivity, the heavily doped GaN preferentially reacts with the oxalic acid solution in an applied electric field. The lateral etching rates on both sides of N+-GaN were approximately the same during EC wet etching (Figure 2e). Finally, a single NW was obtained to prepare the strain sensor (Figure 2f). The

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• external electric field reaches high values. When a negative voltage is applied, this sharp increase of the current occurs in dark and under illumination. This effect was observed for amorphous thin-film structures with different electrodes (As2S3, As2S3Gex) and amorphous HS (As2S3/Sb2S3, Si/As2S3) [14]. I

• temperatures are needed for the estimation of the parameters of localized states. The steady-state photoconductivity spectra of all amorphous thin-film structures were measured with an applied external electric field of E = 5 × 104 V/cm, that is, in the region were the I–V characteristics exhibit linear

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• the electric field strength of the filter perpendicular to the optical axis of the ion column. l is the filter length, D is the distance between the filter and the separation aperture at the exit of the filter, and d is the diameter of this aperture. As an example for a LMAIS mass spectrum, we show

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• the electric field of the contact. The electric field is concentrated in the Yanson point contact area due to a specific electric drop in the potential in that area as the current flows through the electrode/point contact/electrode system. Upon crossing the area of the Yanson point contact, electrons

• electric current mode, in which this system is usually studied, the decrease in the voltage applied to the system occurs exclusively in the area of the point contact [30]. This allows for the concentration of the electric field in a small region, which serves as an additional energy source for the

• electric field in the Yanson point contact. Here e is the electron charge and Vpc is the voltage applied to the contact. Thus, each section of the curve reflects the energy parameters of a certain group of phonons. This fact allows, for example, the determination of phonon groups with energy values that

A self-powered, flexible ultra-thin Si/ZnO nanowire photodetector as full-spectrum optical sensor and pyroelectric nanogenerator

• Liang Chen,
• Jianqi Dong,
• Miao He and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1623–1630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.145

• wide bandgap (3.2 eV), which absorbs UV light and can be easily prepared [11][12]. A pyroelectric potential will be generated in ZnO when the temperature changes upon illumination. The internal electric field can effectively drive the flow of electrons through an external circuit, yielding a short

• carrier diffusion, and a corresponding intrinsic electric field (Eb) is formed in the depletion zone (Figure 2, left). Under this circumstance, the electron diffusion current and drift current are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction in the heterojunction. Therefore, the net current flowing

• -axis of the ZnO NWs (Figure 2, middle). Because the direction of the pyroelectric electric field (Epy) is the same as Eb and the barrier height decreases at the heterojunction interface due to the generation of a negative polarization potential, the total electric field in the depletion zone increases

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• intensity of the R6G signal derived from substrates coated with a 30 nm thick Au film was very low, as shown in Figure 4. Overall, the results show that the Raman intensity of R6G is affected by the thickness of the Au film. The effect of Au thickness on the electric field intensity has previously been

• studied [45][46][47]. Zhang et al. [45] used a self-assembled method to fabricate PS nanosphere array substrates with Ag films of different thickness. The strongest electric field intensity enhancement was generated with a 10 nm thick Ag film. Using the AFM-based scratching method, Wang et al. [46

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• developed. In the last decade, the area of microfluidics, which is the field of science that studies the manipulation of minute volumes of fluids (i.e., from microliters to picoliters) [17], has experienced a significant growth in bioanalytical applications [17][18]. Electrokinetics (EK) and electric-field

• use insulator-based EK devices, in which insulating structures distort the electric field distribution generating regions of higher electric field strength within the device [25]. These are simple devices usually made from a single substrate, which makes EK methods at the microscale promising for high

• voltage necessary to trap each type of SPNP was obtained, it was then possible to derive the electric field magnitude at which each SPNP type would have zero velocity (i.e., EEEC). The previously developed technique [25] to calculate the eEEEC of particles relies on the fact that trapped particles (Figure

Helium ion microscope – secondary ion mass spectrometry for geological materials

• Matthew R. Ball,
• Richard J. M. Taylor,
• Joshua F. Einsle,
• Fouzia Khanom,
• Christelle Guillermier and
• Richard J. Harrison

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1504–1515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.133

• removed material [15]. This method is effective only when the surrounding area remains able to compensate the charge and the electric field is not so distorted as to prevent the removal of the generated secondary ions. Geological applications Light elements Some of the most important elements in the

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• the Teflon membrane is separated in the absence of an external force. There is a positive charge transfer from the conductive copper foil tape at the bottom of the TVB-TENG, to the conductive copper foil tape at the top, leading to an electric field equilibrium due to electrostatic induction. As a

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• calculations. Hamaker constants correspond to the susceptibility of particles to an electric field of very small length scales generated by the particles themselves [28]. For this reason, these constants are used to determine energy and force values in van der Waals interactions. A more detailed description of

High permittivity, breakdown strength, and energy storage density of polythiophene-encapsulated BaTiO₃ nanoparticles

• Adnanullah Khan,
• Amir Habib and
• Adeel Afzal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1190–1197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.103

• , and BTO-PTh nanoparticles. Permittivity or dielectric constant (a), loss tangent (b), dielectric loss (c), and ac conductivity (d) are plotted as a function of the frequency. A plot of energy storage density as a function of the electric field strength (a), and the calculated maximum energy storage

Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of rubrene on clean and graphene-covered metal surfaces

• Karl Rothe,
• Alexander Mehler,
• Nicolas Néel and
• Jörg Kröger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1157–1167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.100

• molecular environments are unlikely to cause the LUMO energy variation because the molecular superstructure in the present case is regular. Moreover, a shift of the LUMO peak due to the electric field between tip and surface [50][51] can likewise be excluded due to the magnitude of the effect and the

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• can be obtained by rotating the prism while collecting optical spectra. The circle pattern is originating from the emission of the plasmonic oscillation along the tip shaft. This is in good agreement with the electric field distribution in the focus of a radially polarized laser beam, where the

Thermophoretic tweezers for single nanoparticle manipulation

• Jošt Stergar and
• Natan Osterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1126–1133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.97

• electrokinetic (ABEL) trap [10][11][12] was invented. In the ABEL trap, the Brownian motion of a particle is optically monitored, and then a feedback electric field is applied so that the resulting electrokinetic forces induce a drift that exactly cancels the Brownian motion. This can also be achieved by moving

• the surrounding fluid via electroosmosis where an applied feedback electric field moves a layer of surface ions, which subsequently pulls the fluid, along with any suspended objects, by viscous drag. In such a manner, quantum dots in a liquid have been manipulated with nanometer precision [13]. Real

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• proximity of the NPs, which is higher for higher Au coverages (Table 1). The electric field between two nanoparticles is extraordinarily enhanced when the NPs are close to each other [7][40] and form so-called hot spots. To compare the enhancement capacity of the TiO2/Au samples, the enhancement factor (EF

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• exposed to microwaves due to the formation of high electric field gradients at sharp edges on the metal surfaces [12]. The generation of arcs might be the reason why microwave irradiation has not been used to generate different nanomaterials from metal particles. However, some studies show that the

• contain rough surfaces or sharp edges. When electrically conducting rough surfaces are exposed to microwaves, electric fields distribute inhomogeneously along the surface of the conductor. At tips and sharp edges, very high electric field gradients occur, leading to the ionization of the material and the

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• operation of the waveguides at 785 nm for the transverse magnetic (TM) polarization. For TM polarization, the electric field vector of the waveguide mode is directed perpendicular to the plane of the waveguide (the x–y plane, as indicated in Figure 1). This polarization is conserved in the emitted beam

• maximum obtainable value for the TM polarization, as a result of optimum constructive interference. For transverse electric (TE) polarization, for which the electric field vector of the beams is oriented in the x–y plane, the resulting light concentration is lower. In the simulations, the refractive

• the electric field (per watt of power delivered to the waveguide mode) of the beams emitted into water and for waveguide thicknesses t = 50, 100 and 150 nm. The x-axis is the axis of the waveguide. While for t = 50 nm the profile is flattest (and thus the least divergent), the profile for t = 100 nm

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• field distribution of arrays with different structures at 457 and 320 nm. In order to further illustrate the effect of structural changes on the electric field distribution of arrays, the XY plane and the XZ plane are chosen to analyze the arrays. The XY plane chooses the cross section at 75 nm and the

• XZ plane chooses the cross section at 0 nm. The structure of the model was established according to the morphology observed by SEM. As can be seen from Figure 8 (a1–4), the electric field of the TiO2 arrays is stronger under 320 nm illumination, and there is a strong electric field distribution

• absorption of ultraviolet light by TiO2, and the electric field intensity between nanocolumns decreases obviously. Only under 457 nm light can a strong electric field distribution at the top of the array be observed, which is attributed to the absorption of visible light by the LSPR resonance of Ag. Figure 8

Comparison of fresh and aged lithium iron phosphate cathodes using a tailored electrochemical strain microscopy technique

• Matthias Simolka,
• Hanno Kaess and
• Kaspar Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 583–596, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.46

• the capacity degradation of the samples [23]. Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is a relatively new AFM contact mode, which probes ionic charges accumulated in a small volume under the AFM tip after application of an electric field by measuring the resulting surface strain [24][25][26]. It was

• first experimentally introduced by Balke et al. [24][25]. Morozovksa et al. [26][27][28] provided the theoretical background. If an alternating electric field is applied, the ions located in the sample volume under the AFM tip are forced to oscillate, which generates strain due to concentration

• increase or decrease of the ionic concentration in the probed volume due to the electric field. During accumulation of Li-ions with the dc-voltage pulse, due to the electric field driven migration, the ESM signal increases. Afterwards, when the dc-voltage is turned off, the ESM signal decreases due to the