Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• with ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol as solvent [29][30]. The authors reasoned the cleavage at the particle tips by weak van der Waals forces between (Sb4S6)n chains, of which the particles consisted, or by strongly bound ligands interfering with the crystal growth, respectively. However, as

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• ligands attached to the metal center of the porphyrin were observed regardless of the type of surface (highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and Au surfaces were used), solvent (1-phenyloctane and n-tetradecane) and tip material (Pt/Ir, Au, and W), which indicates that the ligands have to be decoupled

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• inertness is due to metallic gold formed upon reduction of Au3+ during nanoparticle formation. However, there is also the possibility of Au0 oxidation that is influenced by size, shape, and stabilizing/capping agents. For instance, commonly used citrate and thiolate ligands result in a partial polarization

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• anticancer drugs [139]. They can also be targeted to specific tissues through surface modification with different ligands [169][170]. Azmin et al. reviewed MB dynamics and the physical principles behind MBs, providing a theoretical basis for the development of MB-based theranostic systems [171]. Some

• MBs can be loaded with cargo and also modified with specific ligands for targeting [178]. The use of MBs in combination with other types of NPs could also provide additional possibilities. These hybrids could enhance the accumulation, penetration, and uptake of nanomedicines [179][180][181]. These

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• near gold nanoparticles protected by various ligands [38][39]. The results of hydrogen bond dynamics and calculated far-IR spectra showed that a well-defined multilayered structure of water is formed close to the surface of the metal nanoparticle. The stabilization of this structure may be additionally

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• . Alongside, the design of the nanoscale carriers needs to cope with novel trends of molecular screening. Also, multiple targeting ligands needed for robust and specific interactions with the targeted cell populations have to be introduced, which should result in substantial improvements in safety and

• smart nanoscale drug delivery carriers with increased selectivity and multistage targeting capabilities has emerged. Common cancer signatures and the synthesis of ligands with high avidity for the overexpressed cancer cell receptors are a valuable addition to the general targeting concepts. Important

• knowledge regarding the presence of any specific BM macrophage moieties. Considering the aforementioned, the development of an effective targeting system will rely on strategies that will enable evasion of liver and spleen uptake and, at the same time, facilitate BM uptake using appropriate ligands. BM

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• demonstrated that the presence of alkyl ligands in gold FEBID precursors has a highly positive effect on the stability of the compounds [33][34] and can lead to a satisfactory purity of the obtained nanostructures (19–25 and 29–41 atom % Au, respectively) [32]. The most recent organometallic gold complexes

• ligands in precursors that perform better in FEBID and can perhaps lead to a generalized precursor design. The objective of this work is to expand the already existing library of gold(I) FEBID precursors and to study the effect of various substitutions at the core structure of a series of gold(I) N

• heavily contaminated with carbon. Therefore, it makes sense to use as little carbon as possible in the design of the molecule [17]. Furthermore, it has been observed that large ligands, such as the methylcyclopentadienyl group in MeCpPtMe3 and acetylacetonate in Au(acac)Me2, do not decompose favourably

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• transistors [24][41][42]. Moreover, they are ideal candidates to study the influence of the interaction between the central metal atom and the surrounding ligands on the overall properties. Commonly, metal phthalocyanines and their derivatives have been investigated on crystalline metal surfaces [43][44][45

• or the ligands are recorded [24]. The above findings indicate that the FePc molecules stay intact upon deposition on the Ge(001):H surface and that they are decoupled from the germanium substrate by the passivating hydrogen layer. Moreover, the manipulation event allows for the identification of the

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• method is typically used for the synthesis of stable silver colloids either in solutions or in open air without utilizing any additional reagents [108][112]. AgNPs synthesized with this method are maintained in high purity due to the absence of chemical stabilizers and ligands, which provide NPs with

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• lipid peroxidation [29]. When UCNPs are applied in life sciences, it is usually necessary to modify their surfaces with hydrophilic ligands or layers [21][30][31]. These coatings can also prevent, to some extent, the interaction between UCNPs and the aqueous environment and, consequently, reduce their

• contained in UCNPs. An increase in the silica shell thickness likely reduces ion release. Moreover, ligands that actively reduce the release/dissolution process of lanthanide nanocrystals, such as (multi)chelating phosphonates [30][32][33], can be bound into or onto the surface of silica shells [77]. The

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• synthesis of pure-phase BiFeO3 is the in situ formation of Fe/Bi mixed metal complexes by using different complexing agents such as carboxylic acids. During the calcination process the carboxylate ligands in the Fe/Bi complexes decompose to CO2 and BiFeO3 is formed [29]. This synthetic technique requires

• impregnation nanocasting technique using SBA-15 as the hard-template and in situ generated mixed metal carboxylates as precursors. Reaction optimization included the study of the influence of different organic ligands, solvents, molar ratio of the precursors, and calcination temperature. The techniques used to

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• ligands, such as (η3-C3H5)Ru(CO)3Br, showed the loss of CO upon electron irradiation [17][18], as have CO-containing precursors without halides such as W(CO)6 [19] and Co(CO)3NO [20]. In addition, the use of four-coordinate Pt(II) centres minimizes the number of metal–ligand bonds that need to be broken

• approximately 83% at 125 °C. This initial mass drop is consistent with the loss of both CO ligands to form PtCl2 (82.6% calculated residual mass). Additional mass loss occurred until approximately 200 °C was reached, leaving a residual mass of around 20%. This mass plateaued until 350 °C, at which point further

• some time. Almost identical behaviour is observed for Pt(CO)2Br2. The observation of rapid pressure rise with the Pt(CO)2Cl2 crucible at 80 °C is consistent with the TGA results in which mass loss corresponding to dissociation of the CO ligands was observed to begin at 80 °C (Figure 1). The sharp

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• molecular surface density amounted to about 0.38 molecules/nm2, and thus was lower than that of the derivative 1. The formation of this kagome network was mediated by the formation of intermolecular H-bonds between the pyridyl ligands and the adjacent pyrene cores, with a projected N···H bond length of 0.21

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• purge of the reactor with inert gas for 60 s. The removal of the ligands is ensured by an O2 pulse for 2 s followed by a purge for 6 s. Finally, the wafers (and Ir containing samples) have been wet-etched. This etching has been done in a single wafer bath with a total liquid volume of 800 mL. The

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• the ligands. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy measurements showed that glutamate and aspartate salts were adsorbed at the surface of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles [20]. It should be noted that the methodological protocol of above experiments on glutamate and aspartate chemisorption suggested the use of bio

Role of redox-active axial ligands of metal porphyrins adsorbed at solid–liquid interfaces in a liquid-STM setup

• Thomas Habets,
• Sylvia Speller and
• Johannes A. A. W. Elemans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1264–1271, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.110

• active acetate instead of chloride axial ligands, the currents remained absent. Keywords: manganese; porphyrins; redox reactions; scanning tunneling microscopy; solid–liquid interface; Introduction Manganese(III) porphyrins are well-known catalysts for the epoxidation of alkenes [1][2][3][4]. The

• , such dynamics are likely. In the proposed redox reactions, the chloride ligands, which are axially coordinated to the manganese centers, play an essential role in generating the observed currents. First, they dissociate when the manganese center is reduced. We propose that the ions are subsequently

• the two electrodes (surface and tip), in which chloride axial ligands dissociate upon reduction of the manganese centers at one electrode, after which the chloride ions are oxidized to chlorine gas at the other electrode. These reactions are supported by several observations: (i) The observed

Influence of the magnetic nanoparticle coating on the magnetic relaxation time

• Mihaela Osaci and
• Matteo Cacciola

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1207–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.105

• flow on the bloodstream before reaching their target. The materials used as coating agents for magnetic nanoparticles can be organic or inorganic. The inorganic coating enables the surface of the nanoparticles to bind to their biological ligands, while maintaining the nanoparticle stability. On the

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• application of gold-nanoparticle-coated surfaces and nanocomposite materials for antibacterial treatments. Gold nanoshells functionalized with carboxylate-terminated organosulfur ligands were attached to the surface of a model catheter and their effectiveness in eliminating adhering E. faecalis bacteria was

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• the corresponding interactions with cell membranes can be changed with different conjugation ligands (type, proportion, and concentration). Cardoso et al. obtained 10–15 nm SPIONs covered with dopamine, tiron, glycerol, and o-phosphorylethanolamine in different combinations and proportions, which had

• zeta potential values ranging from −40 to +20 mV and formed stable colloids. The zeta potential and the ligands present at the SPION surface showed equal importance in determining the amount of iron oxide engulfed by the cells [95]. Hydrophobic particles are rapidly recognized and engulfed by the

Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• ., the polymer and API in use. Surface functionalization To be able to cross the BBB by RMT, nanoparticle surfaces can be functionalized with specific ligands. This approach has been well studied and a multitude of different ligands has been tested. Some of the recent advances for this approach are

• LRP1, also enables BBB crossing. Another extensively studied RMT pathway is through transferrin and lactoferrin receptors by conjugating nanoparticles with their respective ligands, transferrin and lactoferrin [72][73][74][87][88]. However, these nanoparticles have to face competition with the

• endogenous ligands of these receptors. This problem can be avoided by using antibodies against transferrin receptors, i.e., OX26, which bind to another binding site of the receptor [74][80][81][82][83]. However, it has been shown that OX26 is mostly associated with brain capillaries through the brain

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• without forming stable adhesions. After infringement of the vasculature proteins like VWF, collagen and fibronectin are exposed on the sub-endothelial matrix and act as ligands for the platelet surface receptors, such as glycoproteins like GPVI and GPIbα, that lead the platelet adhesion to the affected

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• an exact number of metal atoms and surface ligands (Figure 1A,B). Therefore, NCs are considered as colloidal molecules. Similar to plasmonic nanoparticles, the stability of NCs can be controlled by ligand passivation using small molecules, synthetic polymers or biomacromolecules. A significant

• single atom. Additionally, due to covalently bound ligands, the NCs show extraordinary stability under ambient conditions. While plasmonic AuNPs display size-dependent surface plasmon resonance (SPR), NCs display characteristic molecule-like electronic spectra. This is attributed to the small size and

• . Review Luminescent gold nanoclusters Luminescent AuNCs show high photostability and biocompatibility and are nontoxic [41]. Their size is highly precise and small compared to QDs, offering a better internalization in cells and tissues [42][43][44][45][46][47]. The presence of surface ligands allows for a

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• of copper in CuAAC may be undesirable in certain biological applications as it is toxic to cells. This copper content can also cause aggregation of proteins and degradation of some biomolecules, which can be avoided by using chelating agents [101]. Incorporation of biomolecules Biomolecular ligands

• such as proteins (e.g., antibodies, peptides, receptor molecules, etc.), lipids and carbohydrates have long been used for targeted delivery. The attachment of these ligands to the external multilayers can be achieved by covalent as well as noncovalent interactions. For example, the HuA33 antibody

• application in implants or tissue engineering. Another strategy for biomolecular functionalization is covalently linking the receptor specific ligands to one of the layer components that are known to interact with cancer cell receptors. For instance, the improved cell adhesion and proliferation was observed

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• pre-formed citrate-stabilized GNPs [67] or during the in situ synthesis of glyco-GNPs [32][38][46]. It is also possible to conjugate suitably derivatized glycans [48] via additional functional groups of thiol-functionalized ligands attached to the surface of pre-formed GNPs. We, however, chose an

• alternative approach that relies on the direct conjugation of amino-functionalized Ara6 glycosides with pre-formed citrate-stabilized GNPs that possess no additional ligands. The use of amine-terminated ligands for binding with GNPs is well established [68][69][70][71] although not very popular with glycans

• ], which enables the exchange of citrate ligands with amines. The amine-capped GNPs are stable enough to be used as targeting agents for drug-delivery applications [75], as antigens for the generation of antibodies [77], or as antimicrobial agents [78]. These nanoconjugates are nontoxic, effectively

Interfacial charge transfer processes in 2D and 3D semiconducting hybrid perovskites: azobenzene as photoswitchable ligand

• Nicole Fillafer,
• Tobias Seewald,
• Lukas Schmidt-Mende and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 466–479, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.38

• of studies on semiconductor particles ligands or capping agents are used that bind to the surface of the particles covering them with an electrically insulating shell. Since the transport of charge carriers and/or energy across interfaces is desirable for a variety of applications, the use of π

• -conjugated ligands becomes increasingly interesting. Among them are compounds that react to external stimuli. Molecular switches in particular are fascinating because the properties of the interfaces can be potentially adjusted as required. However, there is debate about how the properties of such special

• ligands are influenced by the presence of a semiconductor and vice versa. Here ammonium-modified azobenzene compounds were selected as prototypes for molecular switches and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites as semiconductor materials. The class of ammonium–lead–halide phases as prototypes is peculiar