Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• Michelly de Sa Matsuoka Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz Marcos Luciano Bruschi Jessica Bassi da Silva Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringa, PR, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.89 Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive treatment involving a photosensitizer (PS), light

• suitable light source, and molecular oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species that induce cellular damage [3][4]. Among the PSs used in PDT, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) stands out as a natural precursor of hemoglobin and porphyrins, exhibiting low toxicity in its monomeric form [5]. When exposed to light

• its bioavailability and light absorption capacity will be increased [5]. To overcome this problem, the development of drug delivery systems, such as poloxamer-based ones, has played an important role on the delivery of dyes for PDT [8][9][10]. Poloxamers are triblock copolymers with thermosensitive

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• and UV light exposure, as widely documented in the literature [29]. The analysis of third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae exposed to the nanocomposite CS/TPP–β-CD–rot (Figure 6) revealed notable dose-dependent morphological alterations. From 50 ppm onwards, the appearance of abnormal excretion in the anal

• , controls), while the other corresponded to nanocomposites containing rotenoids (CS/TPP rot and CS/TPP–β-CD rot). Size, polydispersity, and zeta potential The average size (in nm) and PDI of the nanoparticles were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) on the Litesizer DLS 500 instrument (Anton Paar

Electronic and optical properties of chloropicrin adsorbed ZnS nanotubes: first principle analysis

• Prakash Yadav,
• Boddepalli SanthiBhushan and
• Anurag Srivastava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1184–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.87

• for applications ranging from ultraviolet light-emitting diodes and injection lasers to flat-panel displays and sensors [15][16][17][18][19]. ZnS, a promising transition metal chalcogenide with a wide bandgap of approximately 3.7 eV, has shown remarkable potential in gas sensing applications

• optical properties of the ZnS NT without and with molecular adsorption, we calculated the absorption coefficient (α) and optical conductivity σ, which can be obtained by the following formulas [21]: where ω is the angular frequency of light, ε1 and ε2 are real and imaginary parts of the complex

• permittivity, n is the refractive index of the materials, and c is the speed of light. The fundamental part of the optical conductivity is related to light absorption, while the imaginary part is associated with the dispersion. Results and Discussion Structural analysis The optimized geometry of the armchair

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• . Using forward light scattering experiments, Çetiner et al. reported that the time required for PA to reach an equilibrium state after osmolyte release when exposed to drastic osmotic downshocks was about 150 ms [14]. In our experiments, PA was tested in different conditions after the solution was

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• ), marked with the white square in the full image. The light blue scale bar in the top-left image corresponds to 0.9 and 0.23 μm on full image and detail, respectively. The red arrows highlight the AFM artifacts, that is, “streaks” in the GT image that may be attenuated in the traditional bilinear method

• pixels for low and high resolution, respectively) is displayed along with a corresponding zoom (20 × 20 and 80 × 80 pixels for low and high resolution, respectively) below it (Detail), marked with the white square in the full image. The light blue scale bar in the top-left image corresponds to 0.9 and

• ensure that the survey takers could zoom-in to properly assess the results. The left most image is the ground truth image, and the images labeled 1, 2, and 3 are the shuffled outputs of the algorithms used (bicubic interpolation, RCAN, and RDN). The light blue scale bar on left image corresponds to 0.9

Towards a quantitative theory for transmission X-ray microscopy

• James G. McNally,
• Christoph Pratsch,
• Stephan Werner,
• Stefan Rehbein,
• Andrew Gibbs,
• Jihao Wang,
• Thomas Lunkenbein,
• Peter Guttmann and
• Gerd Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.82

• , including that imaging is incoherent and that only the absorption component β of the sample’s refractive index needs to be considered. The latter assumption means that light rays traversing the sample follow Beer’s law of absorption, and so we refer to this model as the incoherent Beer’s law (inc-BL) model

• the parabolic wave equation to propagate light through a sample that was defined by its 3D distribution of complex refractive indices, thereby accounting for both the absorption and phase properties of the sample. We refer to this model as the partially coherent, parabolic-wave-equation (pc-PWE) model

• . In the current study, we continue this effort toward further development of 3D models for TXMs. First, we introduce Mie theory as an alternate approach for light propagation through the sample. Mie theory provides an exact solution to Maxwell’s equations but limited to spheres of known refractive

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• showed that the annealed film was composed of big, elongated grains with a length from 160 to 350 nm (Figure 3a). It is worth noting that the coatings had a milky color. This was probably the result of the size of grains, which could lead to a significant scattering of light. In contrast, the use of the

• light transmission spectra (Figure 4), all as-deposited coatings had high transparency, ranging from 77% to 83%. The average transparency of the thin films in the visible wavelength range was calculated taking into account the integral of the transmission coefficient in the wavelength range of 380 to

• 750 nm. The light transmission level for TiO2 films deposited by the EBE method was 82.5%, at average, while for films prepared with Iibg of 3 A and 4 A, the transparency was 82.9% and 76.8%, respectively (Figure 4d). For a coating deposited using the conventional EBE method, annealing resulted in a

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• fragmentation in liquids; reactive oxygen species generation; Introduction Porphyrins and phthalocyanines (Pcs), exhibiting intense absorption in the visible to near-infrared (NIR) regions, are well studied as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [1]. Especially, Pcs absorb strongly light in the

• within the nanoparticles. The hydrodynamic diameter of the colloidal dispersion was examined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, and the Z-average value was 96 nm (see Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1). The fabricated nanoparticles remained stably dispersed over a period of one month

• least no organic compounds with absorption in the visible and NIR regions were formed as degradation products. Furthermore, since phthalocyanines and porphyrins are molecules with excellent light and heat resistance, molecular degradation was considered negligible in this study. To evaluate the

Single-layer graphene oxide film grown on α-Al₂O₃(0001) for use as an adsorbent

• Shiro Entani,
• Mitsunori Honda,
• Masaru Takizawa and
• Makoto Kohda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1082–1087, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.79

• to 70 wt %, from the XPS analysis based on the peak intensity ratio between C 1s and Cs 3d. This value is considerably higher than that of existing adsorbents, including zeolite (189 mg·g−1) [32][33][34]. GO is comprised of light elements, which results in a significantly high calculated adsorption

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• -Vis-NIR) measured optical properties across the 200–800 nm range, while dynamic light scattering (DLS, Malvern Panalytical) provided data on hydrodynamic size and zeta potential after dispersing 1 mg of material in 1 mL of deionized water and sonicating for 30 min. Finally, piezoresponse force

• inverted light microscope to observe the scratch closure (cellular migration). These images were analyzed using the Wound Healing Image Analysis Platform (Wimasis) and the ImageJ software, and the percent scratch closure was calculated. Von Kossa staining assay To estimate the influence of NMs and US

• NMs, 5% silver nitrate solution was added to each well and exposed to UV light for 50 min. Afterward, the cells were washed with diH2O three times, and 5% sodium thiosulfate solution was added to each well to stop the reaction. After 3 min, the cells were rinsed under running tap water for 1 min and

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• also illustrate the potential applications, including organic semiconductor devices, electrochemical catalysts, thin-film sensors, solar energy generation, plastic crystal electrolytes, microactuators, smart light-responsive materials, self-repairing materials, enzyme cascade sensors, healing materials

• electronic devices, including thin-film field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes and solar cells, represents a promising avenue of research. Four liquid crystal compounds were synthesized by Seki et al., incorporating phenyl terthiophene-extended π-conjugation and chiral, branched alkoxy chains

• is advantageous in terms of functionality, as it enables the generation of multiple types of information simultaneously without the need for direct contact. When linearly polarized light is applied, the excitation of condensed molecules can be directional. The orientation of molecules can be induced

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• cancer cells that overexpress the choline transporters, and it can be visualized thanks to the fluorescent tag. The fluorogenic unit also acts as a green light harvesting center, making the nanoassembly a photo-nanoreactor able to encapsulate a hydrophobic nitric oxide (NO) photodonor, otherwise

• activatable with blue light, and encouraging the NO release with the more biocompatible green light probably by an intra-cage photoinduced electron transfer. Keywords: calixarenes; cell targeting; fluorescence; light; nitric oxide; Introduction Calix[n]arenes are a family of polyphenolic macrocycles

• ][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]. The strict dependence of the NO effects on site and doses [37] has made NO generation accurately controlled by light stimuli through suitable NO photodonors (NOPDs) a hot topic in the emerging area of photopharmacology [38][39]. Many molecular systems

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• , we describe structural pathways for particle generation, fragmentation, and energy coupling to the liquid environment to establish a mechanistic knowledge of fundamental and applied processes. The first chapter entitled “Ultrafast light–matter interaction directly observed via single-pulse, single

• many setups designed for NP generation by laser ablation in liquid, is probed with optical methods from the picosecond time domain up to the final state in the millisecond domain. Ultrafast light–matter interaction directly observed via single-pulse, single-particle imaging The interaction of intense

• in aqueous solutions via laser pulse exposures [1][59], demonstrating practical applications and underscoring the need for deeper insights into non-equilibrium light–matter interactions. Experimental approaches to uncover the underlying reaction kinetics of such complex interactions have been diverse

Shape, membrane morphology, and morphodynamic response of metabolically active human mitochondria revealed by scanning ion conductance microscopy

• Eric Lieberwirth,
• Anja Schaeper,
• Regina Lange,
• Ingo Barke,
• Simone Baltrusch and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 951–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.73

• Eric Lieberwirth Anja Schaeper Regina Lange Ingo Barke Simone Baltrusch Sylvia Speller Institute of Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany Department of Life, Light and Matter, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

• specific proteins of the outer mitochondrial membrane, may shed light on the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. Experimental Cell culture, isolation protocol, and viability measurements HeLa cells [54][55] (CCL™), obtained from ATTC, were cultured and harvested in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM

• ) Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1477 “Light-Matter Interactions at Interfaces”, project number 441234705 and the CRC 1270/2 “Electrically Active Implants”, project number 299150580.

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• Russian–German dipole beamline (RGBL dipole) of the Berliner Elektronenspeicherring für Synchrotronstrahlung (BESSY II) operated by the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (Berlin, Germany) [55]. Light polarization at the RGBL dipole is linearly horizontal. The samples were fixed in pairs

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• displays [5], solar cells [6], and light-emitting diodes [7]. There are numerous methods for synthesizing ZnO films, including pulsed laser deposition, spray pyrolysis, radio frequency (RF) sputtering, and sol–gel techniques. Here RF sputtering is preferred over other methods because it provides high

• in ion fluence, F(R) of the films increases (Figure 10). This points towards the degradation of the crystal quality of ZnO films with disordering of atoms and defects in the films. This causes an increased absorption of UV and visible light. Moreover, additional peaks are observed, centered at around

• in implanted films are ascribed to oxygen vacancies and zinc interstitials, respectively. The film implanted at the highest fluence exhibits the smoothest surface and lowest grain size, which boosts light absorption and lower reflection. The optical bandgap values of ZnO films declined from 3.29 to

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• light sources, such as synchrotrons and free-electron lasers, allow researchers to probe the structural, electronic, and dynamic properties of functional materials at an unprecedented level of detail. Techniques like X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, can reveal atomic

• applications, examining the application of high-brilliance light sources on model systems such as supported thin films and epitaxial nanostructures. We review selected studies exploiting the high energy resolution and sensitivity of synchrotron radiation-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray

• desorbed from the surface with the uptake of oxygen from cerium oxide [58]. The same method was used to investigate the same system also during exposure to water and to laser light at different temperatures [59]. Also in this case the Cu dopant ions were found to be active in modifying the electronic

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• and their corresponding diffractograms. The observed contrast variations (with light and dark areas marked in red and green, respectively) indicate differences in elemental distribution, suggesting the presence of distinct phases and crystalline defects, such as twin boundaries and inhomogeneous

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• instrument (Jasco). Ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy (UV–vis) and light transmittance spectroscopy were recorded using a V-670 spectrophotometer (Jasco). Microscopic texture and imaging were observed by a stereo zoom microscope (Optika SZM). Agar diffusion assays were used for testing

• of GO-SG-ZH hydrogel present light absorption in the ultraviolet range (200–400 nm) that was proportional to the colloidal concentrations (50, 40, 30, and 20 ppm). Small absorption peaks at 340 and 360 nm correspond to nanosilica and zinc hydroxide nanoparticles, respectively [21][43]. In addition

• literature, it is elucidated that water layers between graphene-based nanosheets significantly lower the interfacial frictions of the nanomaterials [53][54][55]. In this study, hydration lubrication makes supramolecular graphene-based hydrogels suitable for direct brush coating on PLA films. Light

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• a narrow bandgap (0.95 eV), high light absorption coefficient (≈105 cm−1), excellent properties in photoelectric conversion, and has enormous potential as an efficient photodetector system and in lithium batteries [1][2]. The prevalent forms of FeS2 are cubic-system pyrite and the orthorhombic

• number of benefits, including small size, light weight, affordable price, low power consumption, high photoresponsivity, quick response, and most importantly, it independently operates without an external power supply and relies on the built-in potential, which helps to save energy [33]. Moreover, self

• crystalline structure of the films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The UV–vis–NIR photodetection properties of p-n junction-based thin films composed of FeS2 nanoparticles are reported. Additionally, the results of various light-sensing parameters evaluated in these photodetectors are also

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• for each flake could be determined. Since we have already mentioned that flakes thinner than 10 nm on 1 nm SiO2/Si substrates are hardly visible, we have defined the color range starting from 10 nm or higher. In Figure 1, light olive indicates a thickness range of 10 to 20 nm, brown represents

• beam effects were strong (light blue square in Figure 5c), but it is almost absent anywhere else. We also performed the core level analysis on the ITO substrate. Figure 6a shows the Cl 2p map around 199.5 eV binding energy. Leaner and thicker regions are designated with L and T, respectively. Figure 6b

• processes and the lower number of defects present per unit volume that can be exploited in the process. These numbers are increased under beam irradiation, when damages occurs as shown by the light blue area in Figure 5. These results are consistent with previous studies on bulk samples cleaved in vacuum

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• Slide-A-Lyzer, MWCO 20,000, 0.5–3 mL, dark, 4 °C). LNP stocks were stored at 4 °C in the dark. LNP characterization The hydrodynamic diameter of LNPs was determined via dynamic light scattering (DLS). LNP stocks were diluted 1:20 in PBS and analyzed at 25 °C using a ZetaSizer Nano ZS 90 (Malvern

• incubated 1 h at 37 °C under light agitation. Afterwards, 2 µL Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin C1 (Fisher Scientific) prewashed with PBA were added to the samples and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C to capture LNPs. The beads were pelleted with a magnet and washed with PBA to remove unbound protein. Per well, 100

• µL anti-ApoE antibody was added in PBA (1:200) and incubated for 1 h at rt. After incubation, beads were pelleted and washed with PBA. Beads were then resuspended in 100 µL goat-anti mouse antibody (Alexa fluor-488 labeled) in PBA (1:200) and incubated for 45 min in the dark at rt, under light

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• , unless multiphoton absorption is responsible for the higher LFL efficiency. A further obvious difference between the two model substances is the educt particle size, which strongly affects the extinction of the laser light, while particularly in MP-containing samples the ratio of absorption and Mie

• of 309 and 59 m−1, respectively (assuming the same ratio of absorption of curcumin and CBD, Figure S14, Supporting Information File 1), were experimentally determined by Beer–Lambert calculations of the attenuation of the laser light and the measured ratio of absorption in the double integrating

• diameters was investigated under one-PPV conditions. Here, the key is to use feedstock particle diameters of 5–10 µm as there is an interplay between two opposing effects, namely, (I) an increased absorbance-to-scattering ratio of laser light by larger MPs, which benefits efficient particle fragmentation