Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal with added carbon nanotubes in an electric field

• Emil Petrescu and
• Cristina Cirtoaje

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 233–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.25

• the carbon nanotube surfaces, with the glass support and with the applied field. By applying the elastic continuum theory we can write the free energy of a system consisting of a liquid crystal and SWCNTs in electric field as: Here is the elastic free energy of liquid crystal, is the interaction

• to become parallel to the field, but the carbon nanotubes remain still parallel to the cell support (Figure 4a). If the field is switched off immediately, the nematic molecules return to their original position, “helped” by the anchoring forces on the nanotube surface, leading to a shorter response

• position, but their movement is slowed by the same anchoring forces acting on the nanotube surfaces (Figure 4c). In this case, a longer relaxation time is obtained. When reaching the threshold value, θ increases by a small amount. Consequently, we consider only small values of θ to evaluate the free energy

Dopant-stimulated growth of GaN nanotube-like nanostructures on Si(111) by molecular beam epitaxy

• Alexey D. Bolshakov,
• Alexey M. Mozharov,
• Georgiy A. Sapunov,
• Igor V. Shtrom,
• Nickolay V. Sibirev,
• Vladimir V. Fedorov,
• Evgeniy V. Ubyivovk,
• Maria Tchernycheva,
• George E. Cirlin and
• Ivan S. Mukhin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 146–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.17

• , Institut d’Electronique Fondamentale, UMR 8622 CNRS, University Paris Sud, University Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France 10.3762/bjnano.9.17 Abstract In this paper we study growth of quasi-one-dimensional GaN nanowires (NWs) and nanotube (NT)-like nanostructures on Si(111) substrates covered with a

• the study, we introduce a new dopant-stimulated method for GaN nanotube-like nanostructure synthesis using a high-intensity Si flux. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphological features of the GaN nanostructures. The synthesized structures have a hexagonal cross-section

• concentration in the nanostructures exceeds 5∙1019 cm−3. Keywords: A3B5 on Si; epitaxy; GaN; MBE; nanowires; nanotubes; nanotube-like nanostructures; Si; Introduction Gallium nitride quasi-one-dimensional nanostructures such as nanowires (NWs) and nanotubes (NTs) synthesized by means of plasma-assisted

Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• splitting and CO2 reduction [80], but significant progress had already been made before it was combined with the optofluidics [81]. Park et al. developed CdS quantum-dot-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays for the photo-regeneration of nicotinamide cofactors [82]. They also used SiO2-supported CdS quantum dots

Magnetic field induced orientational transitions in liquid crystals doped with carbon nanotubes

• Danil A. Petrov,
• Pavel K. Skokov and
• Alexander N. Zakhlevnykh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2807–2817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.280

• planar type when the nanotubes are oriented along the matrix director, and the homeotropic type when the nanotubes are perpendicular to the director). The possibility of a redistribution of the nanotube concentration (segregation effect) is shown. The fields of orientational transitions between uniform

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• the nanotube growth in a carbon-containing gas environment. An analysis of the obtained products by means of transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy methods revealed that the catalyst's composition influences the nanotube/porous carbon ratio and

• reduces the resistance at the carbon surface/electrolyte interface and the nanotubes permeating the porous carbon provide fast charge transport in the cell. Keywords: bimetallic catalyst; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; N-doped carbon; porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrid; supercapacitor

• mainly inside the nanotube, a consistency of the NEXAFS and XPS data indicates that most of the produced MWCNTs have thin walls consisting of about five layers. Raman scattering In Raman scattering from 1000 to 2000 cm−1, the spectra of the samples exhibited D and G bands at ≈1350 and ≈1580 cm−1 (Figure

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• temperature of the CVD process was lower than that used for the Fe catalysts. CNTs of high yield and long length were fabricated on the Co deposits. Results and Discussion Carbon nanotube growth on electron beam induced deposition Fe deposits The first aim of our experiments was a proof-of-principle that the

• TEM sample holder and subsequently imaged in the TEM. Figure 5 depicts selected images of the carbon nanostructures. In particular, Figure 5b demonstrates that the secondary carbon nanostructures are indeed MWCNTs as evidenced by the fringes in the detailed image. Fabrication of carbon nanotube

• -containing electron beam induced deposition deposits as catalysts for carbon nanotube growth Finally we expand our investigations concerning the localized growth of CNTs on EBID deposits to a Co precursor, namely Co(CO)3NO, which we investigated in detail recently [23][27]. However it turned out that even

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• inorganic oxide film grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD). We test the stability of DNA nanotube master templates with an Al2O3 layer against repeated pattern transfer, long-term storage and exposure to UV/O3. The effect of the thickness of the Al2O3 layer on the qualities of pattern transfer and shape

• positive pattern of the DNA nanostructure master template formed on the surface of the film that was in contact with the DNA (Figure 1f). We first evaluate the fabrication process using a self-assembled DNA nanotube template. These DNA nanotubes are 30–70 nm in width and up to 60 μm in length [4]. The

• nanotubes are collapsed after deposition onto a silicon wafer, showing an average height (n = 10) of 3.4 ± 0.1 nm by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface topography of the DNA nanotube master template before (Figure 2a) and after (Figure 2b) deposition of a ca. 2 nm thick Al2O3 layer and the

Preparation and characterization of polycarbonate/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

• Claudio Larosa,
• Niranjan Patra,
• Marco Salerno,
• Lara Mikac,
• Remo Merijs Meri and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2026–2031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.203

• observed shift and intensity clearly indicate a change in crystallinity of the nanocomposites after nanotube loading. The Raman spectra of the different PC/MWCNT composite films are shown in Figure 4. The blue curve represents the spectrum of bare PC, with the full fingerprint of the polymer in the region

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• nanomaterials, such as rattle-type magnetic carbon nanospheres (45.15 mg/g) [49], magnetic oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube- κ-carrageenan-Fe3O4 nanocomposites (46.36 mg/g) [51], graphene (185.00 mg/g) [52], γ-Fe2O3 nanocrystal-anchored macro/mesoporous graphene (216.3 mg/g) [53], Fe3O4-graphene@mesoporous

Effect of the fluorination technique on the surface-fluorination patterning of double-walled carbon nanotubes

• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Emmanuel Flahaut,
• Jérémy Rio,
• Christopher P. Ewels,
• Victor O. Koroteev,
• Gregory Van Lier,
• Denis V. Vyalikh and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1688–1698, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.169

• (DWCNTs) display many advantages characteristic of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), particularly small diameter, high strength and flexibility [1]. Carbon nanotube (CNT) surfaces are rather inert to chemical functionalization. The highest possible concentration of attached surface species is

• to an optimal combination of hydrophobic properties and specific polar interactions [10]. The promises of the fluorinated CNTs may be fully realized only when the fluorine atoms would be controllably attached to the nanotube surface and the search of the appropriate ways for that is one of the key

• time should be carefully chosen to avoid nanotube damage [20]. Previously, we have revealed that the thermal behavior of the fluorinated DWCNTs strongly depends on the fluorination method [21]. An observation of fluorine removal within different temperature intervals has pointed on a difference in the

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• (hexadecane), finding that the surfactant was transferred to the latex during the reaction; this led to nanotube aggregation. Donescu et al. [34] carried out the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene, styrene/acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of MWCNTs. Grafting of the polymer on

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• the annealing temperatures. For humidity experiments, circular gold electrodes were evaporated on the PANI films and the resistance was measured using a two-point probe to ensure consistency with the electrical characterization of the nanotube samples. The diameters of the gold electrodes were

• resistance on the humidity as observed in the thin films was also observed in the nanotube samples (Figure 9). This type of parabolic dependence of resistance on the humidity was previously reported for PANI nanotubes [53]. The competition between the doping and swelling effects determines at which RH% value

• of the inner pHEMA layer, leads to an overall increase in the nanotube diameter, and thus swelling of the outer PANI layer. The longer distances between PANI chains increase the hoping resistance of polymer structure so that the resistance of coaxial nanotubes increases with increasing humidity

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• peculiarities of the growth mechanism of carbon nanotubes. The physical and chemical states of the catalyst during the nanotube growth are discussed. The chirality selective growth of nanotubes is described. The main part of the review is dedicated to the analysis and systematization of the reported results on

• activation energy of the nanotube growth are summarized. Finally, the growth properties of inner tubes inside SWCNTs are considered. Keywords: activation energy; carbon nanotube; growth dynamics; growth rate; synthesis; Review Introduction Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) discovered in 1993 [1][2

• –solid–solid models, the tip- and base-growth models as well as the tangential and perpendicular growth modes. The physical and chemical states of the catalyst during the nanotube growth are considered. The chirality selective growth of nanotubes is described. The main part of the review is dedicated to

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

• Juan V. Escobar,
• Cristina Garza and
• Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

• measured for a contact line pinned on a strong defect on a carbon nanotube dipped in a liquid, also measured by AFM [35]. Just as before, dividing each measured pull-off force by 14.9 pN, we obtain numbers that are statistically close to integers. In this way, we get the approximate number of contacts

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• ) on a commercial sponge using iCVD [46]. Figure 9b shows the iCVD coating conformally covering the sponge’s microstructure. Previously, Lau et al. demonstrated conformal coverage of iCVD grown fluoropolymers on vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests to prevent capillary densification as seen

• in Figure 9c [43]. These coated nanotube forests were later shown to be beneficial to flexographic printing by Hart et al. [47]. Brown et al. showed that MLD could create 10 nm, conformal aluminum alkoxide derivative films on CNT sheets, as seen in Figure 9d, to create a composite material with 4

• -bead with conformal iCVD pHEMA coating, b) SEM image of commercial sponge with pHDFMA coating, c) SEM image of carbon nanotube forest with iCVD PTFE coating, d) TEM image of CNT bundle coated with MLD alucone coating, e) TEM image of lithium spinel oxide particle coated with iCVD pV4D4 coating, f) SEM

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

•  3a) via hydrothermal synthesis and chemical reduction of V2O5 by GO simultaneously in a Teflon lined autoclave [111]. When this hybrid is used as a cathode material in LIBs, it provides fast charging and discharging capability with long cycle performance (Figure 3b). VO2 (M) nanotube–graphene hybrids

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• α-Fe2O3 microspheres was much better than that of commercial graphite (372 mAh·g−1) although further improvement in cyclic stability was needed [20]. An effective method to improve the electrical conductivity of Fe2O3 is to fabricate Fe2O3/carbon nanotube (CNT), Fe2O3/graphene or Fe2O3/graphene/CNT

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• ]. Covalent functionalization modifies CNT walls through introduction of different atoms or groups (e.g., fluoride, carboxyl, hydroxyl) to the carbon lattice. Noncovalent functionalization leaves the nanotube walls intact, but allows for separation of the bundles due to their interaction with different

• performed by sonication of pristine CNTs in an amphiphilic solution. Sonication leads both to the solubilization and shortening of carbon nanotubes. Shortening, resulting from long-term sonication, takes place at sites of structural defects present on nanotube surface. It is important to note that the

• carrier that indirectly links these molecules to CNTs, provided that its supramolecular character is preserved upon binding to the surface of the carbon nanotube. Such CR-conjugated CNTs could show increased drug capacity as compared to otherwise solubilized CNTs. Functionalized single-wall carbon

Gas sensing properties of MWCNT layers electrochemically decorated with Au and Pd nanoparticles

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Riccardo Rossi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 592–603, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.64

• Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Laboratory Functional Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Applications - Brindisi Research Center, Brindisi, Italy, CNR-IFN Bari, Bari, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.8.64 Abstract Multiwalled carbon nanotube

Graphene functionalised by laser-ablated V₂O₅ for a highly sensitive NH₃ sensor

• Margus Kodu,
• Artjom Berholts,
• Tauno Kahro,
• Mati Kook,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Helina Seemen,
• Tea Avarmaa,
• Harry Alles and
• Raivo Jaaniso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 571–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.61

• initiating or accelerating the desorption was introduced by Chen et al. [33] for carbon nanotube sensors. Thereafter, it was shown that the illumination is beneficial at the adsorption stage as well, acting to considerably enhance the magnitude of the response [34]. The benefits of UV excitation are also

Nanostructured carbon materials decorated with organophosphorus moieties: synthesis and application

• Giacomo Biagiotti,
• Vittoria Langè,
• Cristina Ligi,
• Stefano Caporali,
• Maurizio Muniz-Miranda,
• Anna Flis,
• K. Michał Pietrusiewicz,
• Giacomo Ghini,
• Alberto Brandi and
• Stefano Cicchi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.52

• works describe the introduction of phosphorous moieties onto CNMs. Muleja et al. synthesized a MWCNTs-TPP system modifying the nanotube with the introduction of a phenyl bromide group via diazonium coupling and then of the phosphinating reagent [15]. Hamilton et al. described the functionalization of

• carbon nanotube with triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) using the carboxylic group, introduced with the oxidation, to covalently link the TPPO [16]. Only one example describes the functionalization of a graphene based material with a phosphine, the authors report the synthesis, characterization and test of

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• been observed in composite CuO–carbon nanotube and CuO–graphene systems [8][9]. CuO nanostructures find promising application in many other fields such as gas sensing, catalysis, and arsenic (As) removal in water purification [10][11][12]. Such differently shaped CuO nanostructures have been

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• promote an electron transfer by means of a photo-excitation process. The chemical physical feature of the multiwalled carbon nanotube/ferrocene nanocomposites (MWCNT/FeCp2) responsible for starting the ignition process could be ascribed to the charge-separated state, MWCNT .−–FeCp2 .+, as expected by

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5