Polydopamine-coated Au nanorods for targeted fluorescent cell imaging and photothermal therapy

• Boris N. Khlebtsov,
• Andrey M. Burov,
• Timofey E. Pylaev and
• Nikolai G. Khlebtsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 794–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.79

• tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O) and silver nitrate (AgNO3, >99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Ultrapure water obtained from a Milli-Q Integral 5 system was used in all experiments. Synthesis of AuNRs AuNRs with a plasmon peak at around 800 nm were obtained by the seed-mediated growth method [41

Towards rare-earth-free white light-emitting diode devices based on the combination of dicyanomethylene and pyranine as organic dyes supported on zinc single-layered hydroxide

• Jeff L. Nyalosaso,
• Rachod Boonsin,
• Pierre Vialat,
• Damien Boyer,
• Geneviève Chadeyron,
• Rachid Mahiou and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 760–770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.75

• +, Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ and X represents an interfoliary anion such as acetate or nitrate. Similar to zinc basic salts, zinc hydroxyacetate Zn5(OH)8(CH3COO)2·2H2O (Zn-SLH) is a white solid that is suitable for our study. Thanks to its positive lamellar charge, Zn-SLH can serve as a diluting solid allowing

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• surfactant) were of analytical reagent (AR) grade and obtained from Fuchen Chemical Reagent Factory. Potassium nitrate (AR) was supplied by Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory, and all the other reagents were AR grade and purchased from Guangdong Guanghua Sci-Tech Co., Ltd. Anodization and electrodeposition

• finally put into a sealed pocket for later use. The SiO2 deposition liquid was prepared by mechanically mixing potassium nitrate (10.11 g), DI water (500 mL), absolute ethyl alcohol (500 mL), adding tetraethoxysilane (50 mL) after the pH value was adjusted to 3. The flow chart for the stepwise galvanic

Self-assembly and wetting properties of gold nanorod–CTAB molecules on HOPG

• Imtiaz Ahmad,
• Floor Derkink,
• Tim Boulogne,
• Pantelis Bampoulis,
• Harold J. W. Zandvliet,
• Hidayat Ullah Khan,
• Rahim Jan and
• E. Stefan Kooij

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 696–705, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.69

• conceptual framework used in this work are similar to our work presented elsewhere [9][51]. Materials Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate (HAuCl4·3H2O, 99.999%, Aldrich), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 99%, Acros), ascorbic acid (AA, 99%, Merck), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, Aldrich, 98%), sodium borohydrate (NaBH4

Outstanding chain-extension effect and high UV resistance of polybutylene succinate containing amino-acid-modified layered double hydroxides

• Adam A. Marek,
• Vincent Verney,
• Christine Taviot-Gueho,
• Grazia Totaro,
• Laura Sisti,
• Annamaria Celli and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 684–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.68

• investigated and compared to filler-free PBS as well as LDH Mg2Al/nitrate as references. Both organo-modified LDHs exhibited a remarkable chain-extension effect for PBS with an outstanding increase in the zero-shear viscosity η0 for PBS–Mg2Al/PHE (two order of magnitude increase as compared to filler-free PBS

• to a photodegradation process, showing their resistance to UV irradiation. Experimental Materials and reagents Aluminium nitrate Al(NO3)3·9H2O, magnesium nitrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, sodium nitrate NaNO3, sodium hydroxide, the amino acids L-histidine (HIS) and L-phenylalanine (PHE) were purchased from

• interpretation of the XRD patterns based on a more detailed analysis of the position of the X-ray diffraction peaks and the matching between the surface area per unit charge of LDH host and the organic guest. Mg2Al/nitrate, as a reference sample, displays an X-ray diffraction pattern typical of lamellar

Topochemical engineering of composite hybrid fibers using layered double hydroxides and abietic acid

• Liji Sobhana,
• Lokesh Kesavan,
• Jan Gustafsson and
• Pedro Fardim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 589–605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.60

• spruce, respectively, were used as the platform materials for inducing hydrophobic behavior and high tensile strength. Both unrefined and refined pulps were investigated in the study. Abietic acid (C19H29COOH, Fluka) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 97%, VWR) were purchased. Metal nitrate salts (magnesium

• nitrate hexahydrate Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, aluminium nitrate nonahydrate Al(NO3)3·9H2O, ethanol C2H5OH) and sodium carbonate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich. All these chemicals were used as received without any further purification. Methods The present work employed some protocols that were already tried out in

• unbound cellulose fibers as prepared above were hybridized with Mg–Al LDH through in situ co-precipitation. Typically, 3.0 g of disintegrated fibers (oven dry mass) was dispersed in a flask containing mixed metal-salt solutions (Mg and Al nitrate, molar ratio 3:1) under gentle stirring until a homogenous

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• , ≥99.0%) acrylic acid (AA, Sigma-Aldrich, 99%), hexadecane (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.0%), tetrahydrofuran (THF, Sigma-Aldrich, ≥99.9%), cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate (Sigma-Aldrich, 99.99%), sodium hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich, ≥97.0%), ammonia solution (28% aqueous solution, VWR), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS

• , the pH value of the dispersion was adjusted to pH 10 with a 28% ammonia solution. Then 5 mmol of metal salt per gram of dispersion nanocapsules was added and the dispersion was stirred for 2 h to allow for the binding of cerium ions to the surface of the capsules. Cerium(III) nitrate hexahydrate was

Reduced graphene oxide supported C₃N₄ nanoflakes and quantum dots as metal-free catalysts for visible light assisted CO₂ reduction

• Md Rakibuddin and
• Haekyoung Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 448–458, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.44

• Materials Urea (Duksan Pure Chemicals, South Korea), ammonium acetate (Duksan Pure Chemicals, South Korea), acetylacetone (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium carbonate, (Sigma-Aldrich), sodium nitrate (Sigma-Aldrich), and potassium permanganate (Tokyo Chemical Industry-TCI, Mark) were used as received. All other

New micro/mesoporous nanocomposite material from low-cost sources for the efficient removal of aromatic and pathogenic pollutants from water

• Emmanuel I. Unuabonah,
• Robert Nöske,
• Jens Weber,
• Christina Günter and
• Andreas Taubert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 119–131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.11

• referenced to a 0.5 M aqueous solution of aluminum nitrate. 13C and 29Si signals were referenced to tetramethylsilane (TMS). Other analysis Thermogravimetric /differential thermal analysis was performed on a Netzsch STA 449F3 from 25 to 1000 °C at 5 °C/min under N2. The point of zero charge (pHpzc) analysis

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• %) Sulfuric acid, J. T. Baker (H2SO4 95–97%) Conductive silver paste, Sigma-Aldrich Methanol, Scharlau (CH3OH 99.9%) Ethanol, Scharlau (C2H5OH 96% extra pure and 99.5% absolute) Acetone, Scharlau (C3H6O 99.5%) Dimethylformamide (DMF), Alfa Aesar (C3H7NO 99.8%) Iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate, Sigma-Aldrich (Fe

• drying oven at 80 °C for 4 hours. For the decoration of carbon nanotubes, iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate was used as the iron precursor. 50 mg of the acidic-activated carbon nanotubes were added to 50 mL of solvent together with a corresponding amount of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O salt. Different solvents, methanol

• solvent on the nanoparticle distribution, solutions with the four solvents considered (ethanol, methanol, acetone and DMF) were prepared using a 1:1.5 proportion in weight between carbon nanotubes and iron(III) nitrate nonahydrate and calcined for 30 minutes. TEM images of the results are summarized in

Surface plasmon resonance enhancement of photoluminescence intensity and bioimaging application of gold nanorod@CdSe/ZnS quantum dots

• Siyi Hu,
• Yu Ren,
• Yue Wang,
• Jinhua Li,
• Junle Qu,
• Liwei Liu,
• Hanbin Ma and
• Yuguo Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 22–31, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.3

• and biophotonics applications. Experimental Materials and instrumentation Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, >98.0%), L-ascorbic acid (BioUltra, ≥99.5%), silver nitrate (AgNO3, >99%), gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4·3H2O, 99%), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA, ≥99%), N-ethyl-N'-(3

A novel polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-modified layered double hydroxide: preparation, characterization and properties

• Xianwei Zhang,
• Zhongzhu Ma,
• Hong Fan,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Jintao Wan and
• Philippe Dubois

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3053–3068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.284

• at 3000–2800 cm−1), and Si–O–Si (asymmetric stretching around 1000–1200 cm−1). The disappearance of the strong stretching vibration for carboxylic acid C=O around 1701 cm−1 indicates that OCPS was almost totally converted into its ion state. Despite the possible fact that the band of residual nitrate

• might be mixed with the symmetric stretching of carboxylic ions around 1409 cm−1, the weakened absorption strength compared with that of NLDH suggests the nitrate was exchanged with OCPS carboxylic ions to a large extent. These results reveal the presence of OCPS anions in the OLDH structure and are

• undergoes three distinct steps, corresponding to the desorption process of interlayer water (up to about 240 °C), the partial and complete loss of OH− from the hydroxide layer (245–345 °C and 345–420 °C) and the denitration of interlayer nitrate ions (420–580 °C) [3][4][34]. The curve of OLDH is much

Magnetic and luminescent coordination networks based on imidazolium salts and lanthanides for sensitive ratiometric thermometry

• Pierre Farger,
• Cédric Leuvrey,
• Mathieu Gallart,
• Pierre Gilliot,
• Guillaume Rogez,
• João Rocha,
• Duarte Ananias,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Emilie Delahaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2775–2787, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.259

• , University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal 10.3762/bjnano.9.259 Abstract The synthesis and characterization of six new lanthanide networks [Ln(L)(ox)(H2O)] with Ln = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+ and Yb3+ is reported. They were synthesized by solvo-ionothermal reaction of lanthanide nitrate Ln(NO3)3

• (L)(ox)(H2O)] were obtained with Ln = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+ and Yb3+ by reacting a water/ethanol solution of the lanthanide nitrate and oxalic acid (H2ox) with [HL]. The mixture was sealed in a Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and heated at 393 K for 72 h. After cooling to room

• the case of Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Ho3+ and Yb3+, described in the present work, the direct reaction between lanthanide nitrate and [HL], without addition of oxalic acid, did not give crystalline compounds. Characterization of the homolanthanide [Ln(L)(ox)(H2O)] compounds with Ln = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3

Oriented zinc oxide nanorods: A novel saturable absorber for lasers in the near-infrared

• Pavel Loiko,
• Tanujjal Bora,
• Josep Maria Serres,
• Haohai Yu,
• Magdalena Aguiló,
• Francesc Díaz,
• Uwe Griebner,
• Valentin Petrov,
• Xavier Mateos and
• Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2730–2740, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.255

• immerged in an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (10 mM) and hexamethylenetetramine (10 mM) and the reaction bath was maintained at 90 °C for 5–15 h. During the hydrothermal growth, the reaction solution was replenished every 5 h in order to maintain a constant growth rate of the NRs. Finally

Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• et al. [97] found that the adsorption capacity of cationic CNFs toward anions increased with the surface charge content of cellulose. They concluded that cationic CNFs with an ammonium content of 1.2 mmol/g can be considered as an efficient adsorbent for negatively charged ions such as nitrate (NO3

ZnO-nanostructure-based electrochemical sensor: Effect of nanostructure morphology on the sensing of heavy metal ions

• Marina Krasovska,
• Vjaceslavs Gerbreders,
• Irena Mihailova,
• Andrejs Ogurcovs,
• Eriks Sledevskis,
• Andrejs Gerbreders and
• Pavels Sarajevs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2421–2431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.227

• aqueous solution of zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O; 99% purity) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA; C6H12N4; 99% purity), where zinc nitrate is used as a source of Zn+ ions; however, HMTA acts as a pH buffer by slowly releasing OH− ions. The decomposition rate of HMTA increases with the temperature

• compare the sedimentation characteristics of both substances, the concentration of nitrate was increased 100 times (to 300 mM), which led to an intense crystallization process and the formation of visually appealing sediments. As can be seen from Figure 6, for the same solution concentrations, Pb(NO3)2

The role of adatoms in chloride-activated colloidal silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement

• Nicolae Leopold,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Krisztian Herman,
• István Sz. Tódor,
• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu and
• Loredana F. Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2236–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.208

• microparticles to AgNPs in the first 10 min of light exposure. Mixing the silver nitrate and sodium chloride in the reacting solution resulted in the generation of a flocculent precipitate of AgCl. The presence of AgCl particles in the solution was evidenced in the UV–vis spectra as an intense absorption band at

• exposure is shown in Figure S2B (using crystal violet as an analyte). The formation of AgNPs from AgCl precursor microparticles can be also followed in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs depicted in Figure 3. Figure 3a shows 1–2 μm AgCl particles formed after mixing silver nitrate and

• , the SERS bands of citrate previously reported by us [31][32] during the laser induced synthesis of SERS-active silver spots using silver nitrate-citrate mixtures can easily be explained by the presence of excess of Ag+ in the solution, which induces the chemisorption of citrate onto the metal silver

Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• ) were commercially available from Fluka. Poly(ethylene glycol) thiols ( = 5000 g/mol; SH-PEG5000–OCH3 and SH-PEG5000–COOH), polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether (Triton X-100), chloroauric acid, ascorbic acid, silver nitrate, and sodium borohydride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used as

Cryochemical synthesis of ultrasmall, highly crystalline, nanostructured metal oxides and salts

• Elena A. Trusova and
• Nikolai S. Trutnev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1755–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.166

• significant increase in technological cost. Experimental Preparation The process of obtaining nanopowders via cryotreatment consists of several basic steps. First, the salt solutions were prepared starting with a 30% salt solution in deionized water to produce sodium nitrate nanopowders. The combined method

• oxide nanopowders, the starting salt solutions were mixed with a solution of DMOA in acetylacetone, whereby a stock solution was obtained. To obtain the sodium nitrate nanopowder, the salt solution was sent to the dispersion immediately after production. The resulting solutions or colloids were sprayed

• ), as well as highly dispersed sodium nitrate powder. Characterization The phase composition and morphology of the nanopowders obtained were investigated by X-ray diffraction methods (XRD, DRON-3M (Russia) and XRD-6000 Shimadzu (Japan)), transmission electron microscopy (TEM, LEO 912 AB Omega Carl Zeiss

Sulfur-, nitrogen- and platinum-doped titania thin films with high catalytic efficiency under visible-light illumination

• Boštjan Žener,
• Lev Matoh,
• Giorgio Carraro,
• Bojan Miljević and
• Romana Cerc Korošec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1629–1640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.155

• (ammonium nitrate, urea), sulfur (thiourea) and platinum (chloroplatinic acid), coated onto glass substrates by dip-coating, and thermally treated in a muffle furnace to promote crystallization. The resulting thin films were then characterized by various techniques (i.e., TGA-DSC-MS, XRD, BET, XPS, SEM

• nitrate (NH4NO3) from Zorka Šabac; hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, Mw = 100.000 g/mol) from Sigma-Aldrich; plasmocorinth B (PB, dye content ≈60%) from Sigma-Aldrich; thiourea (pro analysis) from Kemika and urea (98%) from Acros Organics. Synthesis Titanium dioxide was prepared by a particulate sol–gel

• , which acted as sources of metal and nonmetal dopants (e.g., urea, thiourea, ammonium nitrate – NH4NO3, chloroplatinic acid – H2PtCl6) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, an organic polymer, which increases the porosity of materials) were added. After deposition on glass substrates with dip-coating, the

Electrodeposition of reduced graphene oxide with chitosan based on the coordination deposition method

• Mingyang Liu,
• Yanjun Chen,
• Chaoran Qin,
• Zheng Zhang,
• Shuai Ma,
• Xiuru Cai,
• Xueqian Li and
• Yifeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.111

• degree), concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium nitrate, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine hydrate, acetic acid, sodium hydrate, and 1-naphthol were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., China. 2-Hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride chitosan was

Single-crystalline FeCo nanoparticle-filled carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structural characterization and magnetic properties

• Rasha Ghunaim,
• Maik Scholz,
• Christine Damm,
• Bernd Rellinghaus,
• Rüdiger Klingeler,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Michael Mertig and
• Silke Hampel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1024–1034, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.95

• CNTs [44][45]. 1 M standard aqueous solutions of the following nitrates have been prepared: Fe(NO3)3·9H2O (grade: ACS 99.0–100.2%) and Co(NO3)2·6H2O (grade: ACS 98.0–102.0% metal basis) supplied by VWR Chemicals and Alfa Aesar GmbH & Co KG (Karlsruhe, Germany). The nitrate salts were used as provided

• 600 °C for 48 h. In an attempt to obtain a relatively higher degree of filling, a second approach was followed in which the nitrate precursors were directly mixed with the specific amount of CNTs (mainly 50 mg) in a sealed round bottom flask. A few drops of distilled water were added to ensure good

Facile chemical routes to mesoporous silver substrates for SERS analysis

• Elina A. Tastekova,
• Alexander Y. Polyakov,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Alexander V. Sidorov,
• Alexandra A. Oshmyanskaya,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Dmitry V. Shtansky,
• Wolgang Grünert and
• Anastasia V. Grigorieva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 880–889, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.82

• from a 0.1 M silver nitrate solution in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP, Mw ≈40000 kDa). The Ag/PVP molar ratio was varied to optimize the phase composition and micromorphology of the product. The microstructure of the products varied with the molar ratio of the reactants (Figure 1a,b). A

• procedure reported by Lyu et al. [26]. Briefly, 0.05 g of crystalline silver nitrate (Carl Roth GmbH, ≥99%, Ph.Eur., extra pure) was dissolved in 210 mL of 0.2 M ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 aqueous solution. PVP solution was added slowly in the PVP monomeric unit/silver at atomic ratios of 5:1 or 10:1. The

Towards the third dimension in direct electron beam writing of silver

• Katja Höflich,
• Jakub Mateusz Jurczyk,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Maximilian Götz,
• Luisa Berger,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Caspar Haverkamp,
• Iwona Szymanska and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 842–849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.78

• of silver 2,2-dimethylbutyrate, carboxylic acid and potassium nitrate were suspended in a water–ethanol solution, heated up to 40 °C and stirred, followed by the addition of silver nitrate. Silver pentafluoropropionate was synthesized by the reaction of fluorinated carboxylic acid and silver

Facile synthesis of a ZnO–BiOI p–n nano-heterojunction with excellent visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Mengyuan Zhang,
• Jiaqian Qin,
• Pengfei Yu,
• Bing Zhang,
• Mingzhen Ma,
• Xinyu Zhang and
• Riping Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 789–800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.72

• ability as compared to pure BiOI and ZnO, which could be attributed to the synergistic effects of higher specific area and the enhanced separation efficiency of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. Experimental Chemicals Zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O), bismuth nitrate (Bi(NO3)3·5H2O), potassium iodine (KI