Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• (ACN) was obtained from Merck. All the chemicals were used without further purification. Preparation of IL-polymer gel electrolyte membranes The electrolyte films were synthesized by using the standard solution casting technique. Details can be seen in our previous articles [10][11]. Briefly, different

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• irradiation and replenishment phases in step 4 using the experiment-related input parameters. Additional post-growth processing that enables purification of the deposited structures is simulated in step 5. All these steps are described in greater detail below. Step 1. System components: precursor and

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• . However, the self-assembly of proteins and peptides has disadvantages, such as difficulty in obtaining high quantities of materials, high cost, polydispersity, and purification limitations. The difficulties in using proteins and peptides as functional materials make it more complicate to arrange assembled

• function due to the collective behavior of aggregates [24]. However, protein and peptide assemblies exhibit disadvantages, such as difficulty in obtaining high quantities of materials, corresponding high costs, and in some cases polydispersity and purification limitations. When using proteins and peptides

Revealing the formation mechanism and band gap tuning of Sb₂S₃ nanoparticles

• Maximilian Joschko,
• Franck Yvan Fotue Wafo,
• Christina Malsi,
• Danilo Kisić,
• Ivana Validžić and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1021–1033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.76

• KGaA, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (>98%) from Fisher Scientific. All chemicals were used without further purification. Synthesis Undoped Sb2S3 nanoparticles All reaction steps were performed under an argon atmosphere. Prior to the reaction, two precursor solutions were freshly prepared. First, the sulfur

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• during preparation, and require no further purification, which gives them properties of a green solvent [25]. However, DESs share remarkable features with RTILs such as low vapor pressure, high tolerance to humidity, and high thermostability. The term “deep eutectic solvent” was first coined by Abbott in

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• chloride, sodium citrate, and other reagents, if not mentioned otherwise, were purchased from Merck and used without additional purification. Instrumentation and Software Absorption and extinction spectra of the samples were measured using PB 2201 spectrometers (SOLAR, Belarus). Scanning electronic

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• ). Nayak [39] used metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to adsorb heavy metals in water for water purification. MOFs have a very high specific surface area and modular structure, showing great advantages in the sustainable supply of clean drinking water. Later, Yu et al. [40] reported a method to disassemble

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• ]. However, PVP-AgNPs were weakly negatively charged, even though PVP is a neutral polymer. The reason behind this can be found in residual BH4− ions that became strongly attached to the surface during the synthetic process and could not be removed by purification. Despite the ζ potential of −24.3 ± 3.7 mV

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• ethanol, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. All of them were of analytical grade and were used as purchased without any purification. Ethylene glycol (EG) was used as a solvent in the reactions. Preparation of silver nanowires For synthesizing silver nanowires (AgNWs) with high aspect ratio and controlled

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• (methanol, ethanol, DMF, toluene, and DMSO) were used without further purification. 4-ATP was also utilized as purchased. Preparation of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates A silver acetate precursor solution was used as a metal salt and ethanol was utilized as a reducing agent. Commercially

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• AgNPs were studied by UV–vis and Raman spectroscopy without any purification. Characterization of silver nanoparticles The absorption spectra of AgNP dispersions were obtained by using double-beam UV–vis–NIR spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 - Varian) in the 200–800 nm range in relation to pure water, used

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• PCN is a suitable strategy towards boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Experimental Materials All purchased reagents employed for catalyst preparation were analytical grade and used without further purification. Synthesis of polymeric carbon nitride Polymeric carbon nitride was synthesized by

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• 99.996 vol %) atmosphere by using standard Schlenk techniques. Samples were prepared and stored in a MBraun Glovebox. Solvents (acetonitrile, n-hexane, and methylene chloride) were dried by using a MBraun solvent purification system or distilled (1-methylimidazole and 1-chlorobutane) and stored over 4 Å

• molecular sieves in a nitrogen atmosphere. Final water contents measured by coulometric Karl Fischer titration (ECH/ANALYTIK JENA AQUA 40.00) did not exceed 10 ppm. Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) (Ni(COD)2) was purchased from ABCR, stored at −4 °C and used without further purification. The ionic liquid

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• , the large amount of available precursors allows for the deposition of many different materials [3]. One major challenge in EBID is the undesired co-deposition of carbon and other impurities [4]. The resulting carbonaceous deposits need to undergo further purification steps in order to obtain

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• feeding silkworm larvae with unpurified composites of CNTs and lignosulfonate composite (LGS) resulted in excess LGS coating, which blocked CNTs from being embedded into the silk fiber. The purification of CNT/LGS composites resulted in a higher CNT content, which led to an ordered graphitic structure in

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• for blood purification and to inhibit heart palpitations [44]. Silver was used in forms of aqueous solutions, coins, and plates for aseptic and antibacterial applications, as well as in food and dairy preservation up until the 19th century, as it was agreed that food and dairy products kept in silver

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• used, for example, in water purification, as electrochemical actuators, as transparent conductive electrodes, and as biosensors [21][22][28]. To enhance the performance of MXene supercapacitors, a variety of materials, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), tin(IV) oxide (SnO2), and iron(III

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• , USA). The T-75 and T-25 flasks, used for growing the cells, and the 12- and 96-well plates were purchased from Corning®. Cell scrapers used to scrape RAW 264.7 cells from the bottom of the flasks were purchased from PLC Labclinics. All chemicals were used without further purification. Synthesis NaYF4

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• (NH4OH, 25%; Fluka), ethanol (C2H5OH, 98%; Merck), tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS, 98%; Aldrich), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (C18-TMS, 90%; Aldrich), urea (CH4N2O, 98%, Promark Chemicals), and nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2·6H2O, 98%; Aldrich) were used without further purification. Anatase TiO2

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• [24][31][32][33]. In some cases, secondary phases can be removed by further treatment such as leaching with nitric acid. However, acid leaching as well as other purification steps most often lead to lower yields and to the formation of larger particles. A promising synthetic technique for the

• ), ethanol, hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%), and 2-methoxyethanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used without any further purification except for the last. We observed slightly better yields of BiFeO3 with no parasitic phases, such as Bi2O3, with freshly distilled 2-methoxyethanol dried over a molecular

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• suspension was transferred into a Schlenk flask and the solvent was removed on a Schlenk line. A light yellow solid (0.47 g, yield 80%) was collected after purification by sublimation at 30–35 °C at 125 ± 1 mTorr. The compound was identified by comparison to literature data [25]. 13C NMR (CDCl3): δ 152.34

• carbon content. In this way, water has been used for the purification of FEBID of platinum [33][34] and gold [35]. An analogous reaction occurs with ammonia to get rid of the halogen in deposits from the (η3-C3H5)Ru(CO)3Cl precursor [36]. However, this reaction scheme would lead to a much lower carbon

• ]. Thus, it may be useful only for very thin deposits. The deposits that were grown in the SEM have a much lower halogen content, so the more relevant purification would be to remove the carbon. Nevertheless, we tested the effect of post deposition e-beam exposure on the composition of the SEM-grown Pt(CO

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• succession. No further purification was carried out. A customized DC power supply was used to conduct the PEO. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of nanopore formation using PEO processing. The specimens and carbon tubes were utilized as the anode and cathode, respectively, and the electrolyte solution was

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• parameter (eEEEC) for all SPNPs. This particle-dependent parameter can allow for the design of various separation and purification processes. These results show how promising the insulator-based EK microdevices are for the analysis and purification of clinically relevant SPNPs. Keywords: anisotropy

• -throughput purification applications. Furthermore, a recent development in the field has been the use of a universal design parameter, the electrokinetic equilibrium condition proposed by Cardenas-Benitez et al. [26], which only depends on particle characteristics and can be used to optimize the design of EK

• nanoparticles and allow for the accurate prediction of SPNPs behavior in any EK device. The results obtained here shed light on the great potential of insulator-based EK devices to be used for the analysis and purification of protein nanoparticles. Results and Discussion Synthesis and characterization of

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• %) and used without further purification. BA-OC14 was synthesized using a protocol previously reported by us [45]. Stock solutions of n-C50 (1.0 × 10−3 M) and BA-OC14 (7.7 × 10−4 M) were prepared by dissolving appropriate amounts of solid materials in 1-phenyloctane (Sigma-Aldrich, >99%). The stock