Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• ROS production [149][153]. Miyaji et al. investigated the generation of free radicals from water molecules in the presence of US under aerobic conditions. 5.5-Dimethyl-1-pyroline-N-oxide was used as a trap for HO• free radicals and analyzed using electron spin resonance microscopy after sonolysis [153

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• nanoparticles gain magnetization against an applied external magnetic field. Paramagnetism is caused by spin angular momentum (i.e., spin magnetic moment). Under the action of an external magnetic field, the initially disordered magnetic moments will be reoriented, thereby exhibiting paramagnetism, while other

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• Ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) version 5.4 [49]. Three-dimensional boundary conditions were applied and the spin-polarized general gradient approximation (GGA) along with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) approximation to the exchange–correlation functional were used to describe the system [50

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• 2p and Zn, Ga and As 3d spin–orbit doublets were measured. The spectra were analyzed using the commercial CASA XPS software package (Casa Software Ltd, version 2.3.17) with Shirley background. The spectra were fitted with a mixed Gaussian–Lorentzian (GL(30)) function. The depth profiling was

• data, the red lines denote the spin–orbit or orbit spectra of the main components, and the blue lines denote the additional components. The Shirley-type background is shown in magenta and the dark green line represents the best fit. (a) PL spectra (RT) of the samples of the A series. (b) PL spectra (RT

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• theoretical approaches [6]. Possible applications of STO/organic interfaces include FETs [7][8], photodiodes [9], and organic spin valves[10]. Strontium titanate is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 3.25 eV [11] crystallizing in a perovskite structure with cubic unit cell. The conductivity can be

• S1–S6). All Ti 2p spectra in Figure 2 can be described by a single doublet arising from spin–orbit splitting, which can be assigned to Ti4+ ions of the substrate. The binding energy of the Ti 2p3/2 component of the pristine substrate is 459.15 eV (Figure 2a) or 458.9 eV (Figure 2b), indicating a

• thickest FePc film in Figure 5c, which might be due to a superposition with intense high-energy-loss structures from F 1s photoemission (at about 688 eV) or a possible different spin state of Fe in both molecules [69]. In summary, there are no general differences in the interface properties of FePc and

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• ], electrical [2], and magnetic [3] properties. Low-dimensional materials have unique electronic properties that can be tuned via geometrical or structural modifications [4][5][6][7][8]. Also, the tunability of the spin degrees of freedom in semiconducting materials offers a great potential for future

• spintronic applications. However, to achieve a reliable injection and detection of spin-polarized electrons in spintronic devices, appropriate heterostructures between semiconductors and magnetic alloys [9][10] need to be formed. Hence, a tailored growth process that preserves the injection efficiency and

• silicides as an indispensable part of microelectronics [14][15]. In particular, the manganese germanide phase Mn5Ge3 is a semimetallic compound that has attracted attention due to its giant magnetoresistance and large spin polarization, which make it a proper candidate for spintronics applications [16][17

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• dielectric properties (e.g., SiO2 and ZnO) exhibit a dependence of the electrical resistance with temperature [22][23]. SiO2 and ZnO films are obtained by various deposition techniques, such as matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) [24][25], spin coating of sol–gel precursor solutions [26], radio

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• with a noncollinear spin configuration, which causes the formation of a surface spin canting due to thermal fluctuation of magnetic moments. Figure 7 shows the temperature dependence of the magnetization obtained in the course of the last measurement cycle at which, for nickel particles, ferromagnetic

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• AFM experiments were performed with a JPK NanoWizard 4 by using non-contact mode. Cross-linking of SAMs into CNMs was achieved by using electron flood guns employing 100 eV electrons and an electron dose of 60 mC/cm2. Before starting the transfer process, the cross-linked CNMs were spin coated with a

• protecting layer of PMMA with an overall thickness of ca. 400 nm. First, a layer of low-molecular-weight PMMA (35 ku), then, a layer of high-molecular-weight PMMA (996 ku) were spin cast each for 1 min at 4000 rpm and cured on a hot plate at 363 K for 5 min. The 300 nm thick silver layer was removed after

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• asymmetric magnetic interactions as in Co/Pt films, enabling the formation of desired spin textures [4]. As the actual device geometry determines the response to external stimuli, the coupling strengths, and the corresponding figures of merit, ultimate control in nanopatterning down to the single-digit

• are available in the git repository of the FIB-o-mat package [18]. 1 Magnetic patterning of Co/Pt multilayer films Used FIB-o-mat features: high-level beam path generation with automation via stage control. Magnetic thin films and multilayers are of great technological interest as platforms for spin

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• with line integration of 64 lines. The field of view was set to 10 µm for the thin carbon membrane and to 15 µm for the thick membrane. The carbon nanomembranes (CNMs) were formed by low-energy electron irradiation of aromatic self-assembled monolayers (thin CNMs) or spin coated layers of aromatic

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• power sources or self-powering strategies. Chen et al. showed the construction of origami P-TENGs as a self-powered paper interface (SPIN) to harvest mechanical energy from contact–separation movements [132] (Figure 6b). The SPIN unit is made of copper tape electrodes, PTFE, and nylon sheet friction

• layers. The adjustable parameters of the crease patterns, such as shape, size, and orientation, are key to the aesthetics and functionality of the SPIN energy-harvesting units. There are four types of folding structures for an efficient energy harvesting: the stripe fold, the Miura fold, the Yoshimura

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• . This is mainly due to the strong spin–orbit coupling. According to the core–shell model, the g ≈ 1.96 signal arises from the core, where the electrons are trapped and become bound [3][5]. However, defects at the surface require less energy to become unbound and, thus, yield an EPR signal around g

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles, two different subspectra associated with tetrahedral (A) and octahedral (B) sublattices, with close but different hyperfine fields, were used in addition to a superparamagnetic doublet (Figure 1f). Isomer shift values reflect the presence of high-spin Fe3+ ions [14], whereas

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• quantum dots in the presence of spin–orbit coupling in the strong-correlations regime. A finite-U slave-boson mean-field approach is used to study many-body effects. Different degeneracies are restored in a magnetic field and Kondo effects of different symmetries arise, including SU(3) effects of

• different types. Full spin–orbital degeneracy might be recovered at zero field and, correspondingly, the SU(4) Kondo effect sets in. We point out the possibility of the occurrence of electron–hole Kondo effects in slanting magnetic fields, which we predict to occur in magnetic fields with an orientation

• , mechanical, and magnetic properties carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of great interest in molecular electronics and spintronics with potential applications, for example, as field-effect transistors, nanoelectromechanical devices, logic gates, spin valves, spin diodes, and spin batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9

Piezotronic effect in AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction nanowires used as a flexible strain sensor

• Jianqi Dong,
• Liang Chen,
• Yuqing Yang and
• Xingfu Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1847–1853, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.166

• specific top-down two-step preparation process of freestanding AlGaN/AlN/GaN heterojunction NWs, including isotropic ICP dry etching and selective EC wet etching [25][26], is shown in Figure 2. First, a layer of photoresist was spin coated on the surface of the wafer from MOCVD, and advanced stepper

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• has very high design flexibility and does not require masks or resist and development. Moreover, it does not need to be performed in a clean room with multiple process stages, such as spin coating, deposition, development, and etching; it is a single step process [1]. The process starts by injecting a

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• This work is a study of the formation processes and the effect of related process parameters of multilayer nanosystems and devices for spintronics. The model system is a superconducting spin valve, which is a multilayer structure consisting of ferromagnetic cobalt nanolayers separated by niobium

• atomic structures depending on the main parameters of the deposition process. Keywords: hybrid nanostructure; mathematical modeling; modified embedded-atom method; molecular dynamics; spintronics; spin valve; vacuum deposition; Introduction Multilayer superconductor/ferromagnetic (S/F) hybrid

• nanostructures are a new type of quantum electronics elements based on electron spin transport. Unlike conventional electronics, spintronics uses not only charge transfer, but also the electron spin in solids, solving the problem of transport and recording of information [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Based on the basic

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• respective bulk polymers ([3], page 98). These higher values are due to inner stresses and the stretching of the polymer chains during spin coating [3][31][39]. Furthermore, since CR measurements are performed at high frequencies, the time–temperature superposition principle leads to a stiffening of the

• elastic modulus of PS is in agreement with previous measurements on spin-coated samples [3]. The value obtained on bulk PMMA has been checked through force–distance curves on the sample. The measurement performed with a 40 nm tip yielded a reduced elastic modulus of 9.5 GPa, in agreement with the CR value

• (St. Louis, USA). PnBMA has a glass transition temperature Tg of 15 °C, while the Tg value of PS and PMMA is above 100 °C. The polymers have been dissolved in toluene and then spin-coated on glass cover slips, previously cleaned and rinsed with toluene. By changing the polymer concentration, the

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• superconductivity, triplet pairing and triplet spin-valve and memory effects – just to name some of the new phenomena that have been detected in layered S/F hybrid nanostructures [8]. Moreover, the detected effects are very promising for technical applications directed towards enhancing the storage capacity of

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• strain accumulation followed by the relaxation of this strain at a certain critical value. Experimental Materials and samples The PMMA and PDMS substrates used in this study were deposited onto the surface of blank silicon wafers. The deposition of PMMA was performed by spin coating in an RRT Lanz EBS 11

• spin coater, in the same manner described in [4]. After the deposition, the samples were annealed at 200 °C for 90 s to remove solvent residuals. The PDMS polymer used was a two-component Dow Sylgard™184 silicone elastomer with a hardness value of 43 in the Durometer Shore scale. After mixing the

• components, the elastomer was deposited onto the surface of the silicon wafer, degassed in vacuum, and cured for 48 h at room temperature, which resulted in the formation of an approx. 0.8 mm thick PDMS layer. For the preparation of PDMS samples we intentionally avoided any spin coating, in order to

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• ]. The peak at 952.3 eV is the corresponding spin–orbit splitting (2p1/2) of Cu2O. Also, in Figure 10a there is a small peak at 933.6 eV that is assigned to Cu 2p3/2 of CuO. This last peak was placed in the fitted spectra because there are two peaks at 943.6 eV and 946.4 eV that have been widely accepted

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• experiments done. Firstly, a PS polymer solution (molecular weight of 35000 dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF)) was spin-coated at 3500 rpm for 60 s on a cleaned Au substrate. All items were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. After drying the sample, a portion of the PS thin film was scratched to expose the Au

Adsorption and self-assembly of porphyrins on ultrathin CoO films on Ir(100)

• Feifei Xiang,
• Tobias Schmitt,
• Marco Raschmann and
• M. Alexander Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1516–1524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.134

• different molecular conformations. We interpret these findings as a demonstration that the oxide effectively decouples the molecules from the metal substrate and that their electronic structure remains almost undisturbed when adsorbing on the CoO films. Certainly, due to the neglect of spin and correlation

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• concentration was 50 mmol/L. After an etching time of 10 min, the wafers have been rinsed with deionised water and dried with a spin rinse dryer or manually in an N2 stream. A micro-spectrophotometer USPM-RU-W NIR (Olympus K. K.) was used to determine the reflectance. The measuring beam is focused on the sample