Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• summarized as sketched in Figure 9. We speculate that the Fe EBID deposits eventually sinter or alloy to a certain extent with the underlying alumina layer. By chance this process might lead to increased tension within the deposited structure and could cause lifting at the rim of the latter. During CVD, the

PTFE-based microreactor system for the continuous synthesis of full-visible-spectrum emitting cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals

• Chengxi Zhang,
• Weiling Luan,
• Yuhang Yin and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2521–2529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.252

• , there is no report on the continuous synthesis of perovskite nanocrystals via microreactor systems, even though these systems have been successfully used to synthesize CdSe [25], CdSe/ZnS [26], CdSexTe1−x [27], and CdS [28] QDs, as well as monodisperse Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles [29]. In this work, we

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• constant, ILs are an ideal media for microwave reactions and for the stabilization of M-NPs [34][35][36][37]. Soft wet-chemical synthesis in organic solvents from metal-organic complexes is an essential method to obtain metal or metal alloy nanoparticles [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• Toxicity evaluation Three types of TiO2-based NPs were synthetized: (1) monometallic (Au, Pd) clusters, (2) core–shell particles and (3) alloy bimetallic clusters (Au/Pd). The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of TiO2 modified with palladium and/or gold NPs is presented in Table 1. Inhibition of

• (Au > Pd) resulted in the formation of alloy structures. More details about the characterization of Au/Pd-TiO2 structures are reported in our previous study [5]. The relationship between the amount of noble metals (Au, Pd) in the sample and the cytotoxicity to CHO-K1 cells expressed as EC50 values

• type of TiO2-based nanoparticles, which were: 8.9 for pure NPs, 26.0 for core–shell NPs and 17.3 for alloy NPs, respectively. As one can notice, small set of separate polynomials provided cytotoxicity values with higher errors than the initially developed nano-QSAR model. As mentioned before, one of

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

• Soraya Sangiao,
• César Magén,
• Darius Mofakhami,
• Grégoire de Loubens and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

• in [11][49]. The source of the field gradient is a millimeter long, 16 µm diameter cylinder of CoFeNiSiB alloy, with a saturation magnetization of 510 kA/m. The cobalt nanosphere is positioned at a distance between 5 µm and 20 µm from the top surface of the cylinder to perform the measurements. A

Coexistence of strongly buckled germanene phases on Al(111)

• Weimin Wang and
• Roger I. G. Uhrberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1946–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.195

• “silicene” on Pt(111). Based on their theoretical calculation, they believed that a Si3Pt surface alloy was formed that resembles a twisted kagome lattice. By an extension of their interpretation, they suggested that the (√19×√19) superstructure of Ge on Pt(111) in [8] is also a surface alloy composed of

• Ge3Pt tetramers. In another study, Au(111) was chosen as a possible substrate for the formation of germanene because alloy formation was believed to be avoided using this substrate. Deposition of one monolayer (ML) of Ge on Au(111) at ≈200 °C resulted in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) data

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• ) were prepared similar to those studied by DLS. The sample on the chuck was moved in the vacuum chamber apparatus by Quorum (Q 150T ES). A conductive layer was deposited by the cathode sputtering technique using an Au/Pd alloy (80/20). The thickness of the alloy was 15 nm. Possible paths of the

Development of a nitrogen-doped 2D material for tribological applications in the boundary-lubrication regime

• Shende Rashmi Chandrabhan,
• Velayudhanpillai Jayan,
• Somendra Singh Parihar and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1476–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.147

• sonicator (Sonics, 500 W). Tribological testing The tribological properties of nanolubricants were studied using a four-ball tester (Magnum Engineers, Bengaluru, India). The test balls are made of chrome steel alloy having a diameter of 12.7 mm according to ANSI standard. The measurements were performed

Metal oxide nanostructures: preparation, characterization and functional applications as chemical sensors

• Dario Zappa,
• Angela Bertuna,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Navpreet Kaur,
• Nicola Poli,
• Veronica Sberveglieri and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1205–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.122

• , acting as a catalyst for the synthesis of nanowires. Figure 14 shows the basic mechanism of the evaporation–condensation process including three phases of material. At a certain temperature, the formation of a liquid alloy of metal and catalyst starts by absorbing vapors of the source material. As vapors

Atomic structure of Mg-based metallic glass investigated with neutron diffraction, reverse Monte Carlo modeling and electron microscopy

• Rafał Babilas,
• Dariusz Łukowiec and
• Laszlo Temleitner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1174–1182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.119

• results of ND measurements, was used to develop a realistic structure model of a quaternary alloy in a glassy state. The calculated model consists of a random packing structure of atoms in which some ordered regions can be indicated. The amorphous structure was also described by peak values of partial

• atomic configurations. The nanocrystalline character of the alloy after annealing was also studied by HRTEM. The selected HRTEM images of the nanocrystalline regions were also processed by inverse Fourier transform analysis. The high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) technique was used to determine phase

• the ternary Mg–Cu–Y glasses. Gao et al. [11] performed ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of the structural evolution of a Mg65Cu25Y10 alloy from liquid to glass state. Moreover, Laws et al. [12] provided an analysis of the dynamic crystallization in Mg65Cu25Y10 bulk metallic glass using

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• Si whiskers, the initial condition was the formation of a liquid droplet of the alloy of Si with Au impurity on a Si wafer. The liquid Au–Si alloy acted as a preferred sink for the deposition of Si atoms from the vapor that was obtained as a result of the thermally-induced decomposition of gaseous

• SiCl4. As soon as the liquid alloy particle was supersaturated, the growth of the whisker started. It occurred by the precipitation of Si atoms from the droplet at the interface between solid Si and liquid alloy. As a result, the alloy droplet was displaced from the Si substrate crystal to the tip of

• [116], CoMn [117], Ni [118], Fe [119][120], CoPt [121], CoxMg1−xO [122], CoSO4 [123], WCo alloy [124][125] and Mo2C [126]. SiO2 or MgO were used as catalyst support. The synthesis was conducted using different carbon precursors: CO [105][106][107][108][112][113][114][115][117][118][119][122][123

Diffusion and surface alloying of gradient nanostructured metals

• Zhenbo Wang and
• Ke Lu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 547–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.59

• activation enthalpy were measured in the nanostructured Cu synthesized by IGC [14][15][16]. And a comparable diffusivity with that of conventional grain boundaries (GBs) was revealed in a nanostructured γ-Fe–Ni alloy prepared by ball milling with subsequent sintering (BMS), while inter-agglomerate boundaries

• CG sample. The diffusion coefficients along some ultra-fast channels (together with some conventional GBs) in an UFG Cu–Zr alloy sample prepared via SPD were found to be ≈103 times higher than those along GBs in a high-purity CG Cu sample [21]. In order to differentiate these ultra-fast diffusion

• nonequilibrium GBs after SPD processing has been supported by strain mapping results in a SPD Pd–Ag alloy, in which the GB thickness (with evident strain) is determined to be ≈1.5 nm and is markedly larger than the thickness of relaxed GBs (≈0.5 nm) [24]. In addition, the higher energy of nonequilibrium GBs as

Modeling of the growth of GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires

• Qian Zhang,
• Peter W. Voorhees and
• Stephen H. Davis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 506–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.54

• Figure 7b). It is obvious that a model assuming pure materials cannot address the mechanisms leading to the non-homogeneous distribution of Al in the shell. A two-dimensional fully faceted model [8] was developed for the growth of the shell with an AxB1−x (AlxGa1−xAs) alloy on a hexagonal core. Surface

• here un > 0, the advancing surface leaves behind material with composition CA determined by the equilibrium with the surface layer, (1/δ)∂γ/∂ξA = dgα/dCA[8][14][16][17]. In experiments, and γ0 ≈ 1 J/m2, Γ0 ≈ 1018/m2, ρ0 ≈ 1028/m3 and T ≈ 1000 K. Usually, the alloy used in the deposition flux in the

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• sensitivity of our EDX measurements (i.e., less than 1 atom %). Calculations based on the ZAF method [11] applied to our STEM-EDX analyses revealed that the nanoparticle at the tip was comprised of 7 atom % Fe and 14 atom % Si. Thus, we can infer that the nanoparticles are composed of a FeSi2 alloy. This

• result is in agreement with that previously reported in [12], where we demonstrated using high-resolution TEM imaging that the interplanar distance in the nanoparticle is compatible with a FeSi2 alloy. Such a composition corresponds to the most stable Fe–Si-based alloy at high temperature (≈10,000 K

Electron energy relaxation under terahertz excitation in (Cd_1−xZn_x)₃As₂ Dirac semimetals

• Alexandra V. Galeeva,
• Ivan V. Krylov,
• Konstantin A. Drozdov,
• Anatoly F. Knjazev,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Vasily S. Zakhvalinskii,
• Sergey N. Danilov,
• Ludmila I. Ryabova and
• Dmitry R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 167–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.17

• thermalization time is strongly enhanced in the Dirac semimetals (Cd1−xZnx)3As2, which is an indirect confirmation for formation of spin-polarized highly conductive electron states at their surface. Dependence of the PEM effect amplitude on the magnetic field B applied for (Cd1−xZnx)3As2 samples for alloy

Grazing-incidence optical magnetic recording with super-resolution

• Gunther Scheunert,
• Sidney. R. Cohen,
• René Kullock,
• Ryan McCarron,
• Katya Rechev,
• Ifat Kaplan-Ashiri,
• Ora Bitton,
• Paul Dawson,
• Bert Hecht and
• Dan Oron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 28–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.4

• Figure 2a, although the actual layer structure is much more complex, e.g., the recording layer consists of SiO2-embedded CoCrPt grains, the seed layer stack contains multiple layers, and the soft underlayer consists of a Fe-rich alloy. Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry was

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• dislocations climb, surface diffusion, and grain boundary diffusion. It is interesting that reversible formation/annihilation of hillocks at the indented sites upon heating/cooling was demonstrated in bulk and thin film samples of shape memory NiTi alloy [28]. This was achieved by planarizing the as-produced

Ferromagnetic behaviour of ZnO: the role of grain boundaries

• Boris B. Straumal,
• Svetlana G. Protasova,
• Andrei A. Mazilkin,
• Eberhard Goering,
• Gisela Schütz,
• Petr B. Straumal and
• Brigitte Baretzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1936–1947, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.185

• from such an amorphous intergranular area. It is easy to see that the amount of amorphous phase in ZnO/ZnO GBs increases with increasing manganese content. Thus, in the alloy with 10 atom % Mn the amorphous layers are visible between crystalline ZnO nanograins. In the alloy with 15 atom % Mn the

Cubic chemically ordered FeRh and FeCo nanomagnets prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition: a comparative study

• Veronique Dupuis,
• Anthony Robert,
• Arnaud Hillion,
• Ghassan Khadra,
• Nils Blanc,
• Damien Le Roy,
• Florent Tournus,
• Clement Albin,
• Olivier Boisron and
• Alexandre Tamion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1850–1860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.177

• moment for the FeCo soft alloy. In this paper, we present the magnetic and structural properties of nanoparticles of less than 5 nm diameter embedded in an inert carbon matrix prepared by mass-selected low-energy cluster-beam deposition technique. We obtained a CsCl-type (B2) chemically ordered phase for

• (100) and (012) are clearly visible on the FFT of Figure 4b for annealed FeRh (ΔZFeRh = 19). While in the case of FeCo alloy, the secondary minima are negligible due to the small value of the atomic contrast (ΔZFeCo = 1). Because the nuclear scattering factors for iron and cobalt differ considerably

• , neutron diffraction is generally preferred over X-ray diffraction to determine the degree of long-range order in FeCo alloy [14]. However, neutron diffraction is not applicable for the low quantities of matter in our samples. Moreover, at finite size we also have to take into account the shape factor that

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• brittleness was already demonstrated for BCC materials with high-stacking fault energy, such as in the very early work of the present author on Fe–6.5 mass % Si alloy with excellent soft magnetic properties but severe brittleness. Ductile, high performance Fe–6.5 mass % Si ribbon material was successfully

• relationship between the Vickers hardness and the average grain size for pure nickel (Ni) and nickel–phosphorus (Ni–P) alloy specimens produced by electrodeposition and subsequent annealing. The data obtained from our recent investigation are shown together with those for pure Ni [62][64] and Ni–1.2 mass % P

• alloy [3] reported by other researchers. The state of the supersaturated solid solution in as-electrodeposited Ni–4.4 mass % P alloy specimens was confirmed, although the Ni–P phase diagram [65] indicates that the solubility limit of phosphorus into nickel matrix is 0.17 mass %. Accordingly, the Ni3P

Properties of Ni and Ni–Fe nanowires electrochemically deposited into a porous alumina template

• Alla I. Vorobjova,
• Dmitry L. Shimanovich,
• Kazimir I. Yanushkevich,
• Sergej L. Prischepa and
• Elena A. Outkina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1709–1717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.163

• reported that under identical conditions of electrochemical deposition the primary orientation of crystallites (texture) for alloy films (Ni–Fe coating) and single-component films (Ni) will be different as a result of significant grain refinement and increasing Fe content in the range from 1 to 25% [41

• ]. The texturing (primary orientation) is caused by a higher binding energy between the co-deposited atoms than between the atoms of a film and a substrate surface [42]. In the alloy case, the co-deposited atoms are different, and the surface area on which they are deposited is limited (bottom of a pore

• the metal with the matrix material of the pores and the formation of a non-ferromagnetic alloy. Similar effect was observed for Ni deposited into porous silicon templates [43][46]. The Curie temperature, TC, for the fabricated composites was defined according to the Curie–Weiss law, notably, the

Analysis of self-heating of thermally assisted spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory

• Austin Deschenes,
• Sadid Muneer,
• Mustafa Akbulut,
• Ali Gokirmak and
• Helena Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1676–1683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.160

• | [0.25 Pd | 0.8 Co] × 10 | 4 Ru | 4 TaN | 20 Cu | 7 Ru | contact, where the numbers before the alloy composition of each layer represent the thickness of that layer in nanometers. The radius of the cylindrical material stack is 10 nm. The passivation layer surrounding the stack is 5 nm thick. In the

• temperature was sufficiently low so as to not cause crystallization [7] on the MgO–CoFeB interface, leaving the CoFeB completely amorphous. The Pd–Co layers are treated as an alloy due to the large number of sub-nanometer thick layers. The temperature-dependent materials properties of the PdCo alloy were

Development of adsorptive membranes by confinement of activated biochar into electrospun nanofibers

• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Mitra Naghdi,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• Emile Knystautas,
• Mausam Verma,
• Rao. Y. Surampalli and
• Jose. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1556–1563, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.149

• with a thin layer of gold–palladium alloy using a SPI Module sputter coater. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectra were recorded on a Nicolet iS50 spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, USA) at 0.04 cm−1 resolution and in the range of 400–4000 cm−1. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

Effect of triple junctions on deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu–Zn alloy: A statistical study using transmission Kikuchi diffraction

• Silu Liu,
• Xiaolong Ma,
• Lingzhen Li,
• Liwen Zhang,
• Patrick W. Trimby,
• Xiaozhou Liao,
• Yusheng Li,
• Yonghao Zhao and
• Yuntian Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1501–1506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.143

• this work, we investigated deformation twinning in a nanostructured Cu–Zn alloy using TKD. Two kinds of twinning phenomena were statistically studied using large TKD data sets: 1) their connections with triple junctions, and 2) the effect of grain size on deformation twinning. Figure 1 shows a typical

• TEM image of the HPT Cu–Zn alloy, revealing equiaxed ultrafine and nanocrystalline grains. Most grain boundaries are not well defined and the interiors of most grains are “messy”, especially in large grains. Those are typical microstructures in highly deformed samples with a high density of entangled

• processed by high-strain torsion [33][34]. Figure 2a presents a typical TKD orientation map of the HPT-processed Cu–Zn alloy. The orientation map is coded by the inverse pole figure coloring scheme as demonstrated in the inset, in which grains with {001}, {101}, {111} planes parallel to the sample disk

Deformation-driven catalysis of nanocrystallization in amorphous Al alloys

• Rainer J. Hebert,
• John H. Perepezko,
• Harald Rösner and
• Gerhard Wilde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1428–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.134

• bands and even promotes nanocrystal formation in those regions upon annealing. Melt-spun amorphous Al88Y7Fe5 alloy was intensely cold rolled. Microcalorimeter measurements at 60 °C indicated a slight but observable growth of nanocrystals in shear bands over the annealing time of 10 days. When the cold

• crystallization temperature of undeformed ribbons. Keywords: amorphous alloy; annealing; cold-rolling; nanocrystal; shear-band; Findings Crystallization reactions in metallic glasses have been extensively studied due to the beneficial effect of nanocrystal dispersions on mechanical [1][2][3][4] and magnetic

• transition temperature. Examples of deformation-induced crystallization reactions include Fe-based amorphous alloys [12][13][14][15][16], amorphous Ni–P alloy [17], bulk amorphous Zr and Cu–Zr alloys, and amorphous Al alloys [18][19][20][21][22]. The deformation techniques used so far include bending [23