Review on optofluidic microreactors for artificial photosynthesis

• Xiaowen Huang,
• Jianchun Wang,
• Tenghao Li,
• Jianmei Wang,
• Min Xu,
• Weixing Yu,
• Abdel El Abed and
• Xuming Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 30–41, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.5

• formation from CO2 with the depletion of NADH to NAD+ [46]. The continuous regeneration of NADH enables the continuous reduction of CO2. Conclusion APS is a promising way to utilize solar energy and a prospective solution for the energy crisis, greenhouse effect and coenzyme utilization. An effective

Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance using morphology-controlled BiVO₄ with W doping

• Xin Zhao and
• Zhong Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2640–2647, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.264

• carrier collection pathways, an increased volume ratio between depletion layer and bulk, enhanced light capture due to multiple light scattering in nanostructures, and a high surface area for photochemical conversion reactions. In this study, we describe the synthesis of morphology-controlled W-doped

• ultimately affects the solar-to-hydrogen efficiency. Nanostructured materials have been often employed to overcome this limitation [11], as they can shorten the carrier collection distance and increase the volume ratio between depletion layer and bulk. In addition, they also offer a high surface area for

• more surface depletion layers, which leads to a higher capacitance. The surface charge transfer resistance of the sample 0-water is about 3783 Ω, while the one of sample 1-EG is smaller at around 2629 Ω. The smaller charge transfer resistance leads to a higher interfacial charge injection efficiency

Photobleaching of YOYO-1 in super-resolution single DNA fluorescence imaging

• Joseph R. Pyle and
• Jixin Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2296–2306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.229

• as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy [26][27]; (2) using software to super-localize single molecules [28][29][30][31], such as stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) [32], photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM) [33], single-molecule high-resolution imaging with

Modelling focused electron beam induced deposition beyond Langmuir adsorption

• Dédalo Sanz-Hernández and
• Amalio Fernández-Pacheco

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2151–2161, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.214

• is an approximation strictly valid under either no adsorbate concentration gradient conditions (which is only the case for negligible molecule depletion by electrons) or when the diffusive constant is very small [25][41]. The introduction of an additional diffusion term, proportional to the Laplacian

Fluorination of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes: from CF₄ plasma chemistry to surface functionalization

• Claudia Struzzi,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Jean-François Colomer,
• Alberto Verdini,
• Luca Floreano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1723–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.173

• plasma-activated background contaminants in the vacuum chamber, thus generating COF and COF2 as well. The signal corresponding to ionized HF raises for applied power higher than 110 W, in correspondence to the intensities depletion of ionized CF2, CF, COF and COF2, suggesting a high fragmentation rate

• ], confirming the depletion of the pristine graphitization level previously observed in Raman spectra (Figure 4). Additional peaks appear at 287, 288.6 and 290.8 eV and they are more evident for high fluorine content (blue curve), as indicated by the black bars over the photon energy axis. These features are

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• depletion (STED) microscopy. Our approach allows for a step-by-step formation of dye-doped silica nanoparticles in the form of dye-incorporated spheres, which can be used as versatile fluorescent probes in confocal and STED imaging. Keywords: bioimaging; confocal microscopy; multistep synthesis approach

• ; organic fluorescent dyes; silica nanoparticles; stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy; Introduction With the emergence of nanotechnology, numerous applications have been developed using the size-related properties of nanoparticles [1][2]. In biomedical research, nanoparticles are applied as

• other hand, are suitable for observing dynamic processes using living cells [18][19][20]. In addition, the development of novel so-called “super-resolution” optical imaging techniques allows for the imaging of objects beyond the diffraction limit [21][22]. For example, stimulated emission depletion

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• [54]. Expression of P-glycoprotein has also been reported in MSCs [4]. However, other data in mouse embryonic and kidney stem cells indicate that QD depletion likely occurs during cell division and that no excretion mechanisms could be observed [32]. Taken together, these data indicate that QD

• elimination mechanisms may be cell-type dependent. The results from skin MSCs demonstrated that the depletion of the QD signal over time could be explained by QD degradation and excretion. The fact that NPs are released from MSCs is important because of the intended use of MSCs as NP delivery vectors. We

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of cell lysates mixed with silver nanoparticles for tumor classification

• Mohamed Hassoun,
• Iwan W.Schie,
• Tatiana Tolstik,
• Sarmiza E. Stanca,
• Christoph Krafft and
• Juergen Popp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1183–1190, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.120

• microscopy system (Holoprobe, Kaiser Optical system, USA). This system consists of a multi-mode diode laser with 785 nm excitation wavelength (Invictus NIR laser), an f/1.8 spectrograph with a holographic transmission grating (Kaiser Optical system, USA), and a Peltier-cooled back-illuminated deep-depletion

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• management [66]. LCA is rooted in assessing environmental impacts. Examples of impacts that have been assessed previously using LCA include climate change, smog creation, eutrophication, toxicological stress on human health and ecosystems, depletion of resources that occur as a consequence of releases into

Relationships between chemical structure, mechanical properties and materials processing in nanopatterned organosilicate fins

• Gheorghe Stan,
• Richard S. Gates,
• Qichi Hu,
• Kevin Kjoller,
• Craig Prater,
• Kanwal Jit Singh,
• Ebony Mays and
• Sean W. King

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 863–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.88

• of 10–100 nm. This length scale range is consistent with both prior experimental and theoretical investigations of oxygen-radical diffusion and CH3 depletion in blanket thin film/unpatterned nanoporous organosilicate dielectrics [32][49]. We also note that while the CH3 removal could likely be

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• /COOH-MWCNT composite is a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries. Keywords: anode material; carbon nanotubes; hydrothermal synthesis method; lithium-ion batteries; Introduction The depletion of non-renewable energy resources such as coal, petrol and natural gas has led to the urgent need

Selective photodissociation of tailored molecular tags as a tool for quantum optics

• Ugur Sezer,
• Philipp Geyer,
• Moritz Kriegleder,
• Maxime Debiossac,
• Armin Shayeghi,
• Markus Arndt,
• Lukas Felix and
• Marcel Mayor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.35

• the possibility to cleave a well-defined molecular tag from a larger parent molecule. Here we present the design and synthesis of two model compounds as well as evidence for the photoinduced beam depletion in high vacuum in one case. Keywords: molecular quantum optics; photodepletion

• spanned several hundred nanometers for several milliseconds [17]. We are now looking for new techniques which shall enable new molecular matter-wave experiments. We are in particular interested in identifying an optical depletion mechanism for molecular beams, since this will enable the realization of

• exclusively on the monomer. Photoresponse of the monomer 4 When we shine 266 nm light onto the propagating beam of isolated monomers, we observe a depletion of the parent signal, as shown in Figure 5 (red line). Even in the absence of any UV light, one can see fragments which we attribute to the IR laser

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• the VG in the considered bias range. The effective SBH values ΦB, obtained from the slope of the linear fit of the Arrhenius plot in Figure 3b are reported in Figure 3c as a function of VG. The schematic band diagrams corresponding to the different transistor operation regimes, i.e., depletion (i

• ), flat band (ii) and accumulation (iii), are also illustrated in the inserts of Figure 3c. In the depletion regime (Figure 3c (i)), the applied gate bias induces an upward band bending, ψ, in MoS2 at the interface with the SiO2 gate insulator. The experimentally evaluated SBH is found to depend linearly

• ≈ 9.1 × 10−5 F/m2 (ε0 is the vacuum dielectric constant, εox = 3.9, tox = 380 nm, the permittivity and the thickness of the SiO2 film, respectively), on the capacitance of the MoS2 depletion region, Cs, as well as on the capacitance associated with MoS2/SiO2 interface traps, Cit [5]. In the depletion

Streptavidin-coated gold nanoparticles: critical role of oligonucleotides on stability and fractal aggregation

• Roberta D'Agata,
• Pasquale Palladino and
• Giuseppe Spoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1–11, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.1

• that ODNs displaced from the functionalized AuNP surface lead to fractal aggregation of nanoparticles, which is here described for the first time on the basis of ODN displacement from the AuNP surface, in agreement with the previously reported depletion attractions between hard colloidal silica spheres

• immersed in a non-adsorbing solution of double-stranded DNA [20], according to the Asakura–Oosawa model for depletion flocculation in colloidal dispersions [21][22][23][24][25]. This evidence support the hypothesis that surface deposited single or double stranded DNA, if released in solution, could cause

• surfaces of separate colloidal particles. However, displaced BiotinDNA cannot interact with SA with its biotin units since SA pockets are occupied by free biotin. The other more reasonable mechanism that could be responsible for the AuNPs aggregation is the depletion interaction, i.e., the mesoscopic

The cleaner, the greener? Product sustainability assessment of the biomimetic façade paint Lotusan^® in comparison to the conventional façade paint Jumbosil^®

• Florian Antony,
• Rainer Grießhammer,
• Thomas Speck and
• Olga Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2100–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.200

• also for the higher product related terrestrial acidification potential (TAP), the marine eutrophication potential (MEP) and the particulate matter formation potential (PMFP). However, freshwater depletion potential (WDP) and USEtoxecotox are considered, Jumbosil® achieves the lower values. This is

Prediction of the mechanical properties of zeolite pellets for aerospace molecular decontamination applications

• Guillaume Rioland,
• Patrick Dutournié,
• Delphine Faye,
• T. Jean Daou and
• Joël Patarin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1761–1771, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.169

• applied pressures of 215.5, 153.5 and 277.5 MPa, respectively. The density is higher for thin pellets and decreases with the pellet size. This rapid density depletion for thin pellets (height between 1 and 3 mm) seems to level off for thick pellets. This observation can be explained by the formation of

Active and fast charge-state switching of single NV centres in diamond by in-plane Al-Schottky junctions

• Christoph Schreyvogel,
• Vladimir Polyakov,
• Sina Burk,
• Helmut Fedder,
• Andrej Denisenko,
• Felipe Fávaro de Oliveira,
• Ralf Wunderlich,
• Jan Meijer,
• Verena Zuerbig,
• Jörg Wrachtrup and
• Christoph E. Nebel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1727–1735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.165

• depletion layer below and next to the Al contact [18][19]. By applying potentials on the Al-Schottky contact, the applied electric field in the depletion region of the Schottky junction induces a band bending modulation which shifts the Fermi-level over NV charge transition level and the charge state of

• centre sheet density in of [NV] = 106–107 cm−2. We used confocal microscopy with an excitation laser of 520 nm to detect the NV centre photoluminescence in the depletion region of the Schottky junction. Distinct spectral characteristics can be used to identify the charge state: the NV+ centre does not

• published elsewhere, via analyzing PL-spectra at different potentials applied on the Schottky contact, we could demonstrate an active control of the charge state of a single NV centre in the depletion region of the in-plane Schottky junction [21]. At zero bias there is only a PL-background of the diamond

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• electronic structure by improving electron migration from titanium dioxide to tin dioxide and promotes oxygen molecule adsorption at the surface [34]. The as-formed heterojunction (n–n type) affects the response due to the formation of the accumulation/depletion layer and increases the potential barrier at

• carrier transfer occurs and formation of a charge depletion layer. The discrete SnO2 nanoparticle coating acts as an oxygen adsorber, which donates electrons and increases carrier concentration, creating a stronger n–p heterojunction. As a result, tin oxide may become the primary conductive path, which

• of a flower-like form doped with SnO2 nanoparticles can be attributed to gas sensing properties of tin dioxide. This archetypical sensor material affects the formation of the depletion layer at the surface. As a consequence, electron charge carriers have to overcome a high potential barrier formed at

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• prepared ZnO and RGO–ZnO structures towards acetone and ethanol at an operating temperature of 250 °C. Since ZnO is an n-type semiconductor, when it is exposed to air at elevated temperatures the oxygen molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the material generating the electron depletion layer. The

Ammonia gas sensors based on In₂O₃/PANI hetero-nanofibers operating at room temperature

• Qingxin Nie,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Hangyi Lu,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1312–1321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.122

• formation of an ohmic contact between PANI and In2O3. Compared with pure PANI, the In2O3/PANI nanofibers reach a higher current due to the smaller width of the depletion layer between PANI and In2O3. Moreover, the addition of PANI reduced the width of the depletion layer at the interface and was helpful to

• been formed between PANI and In2O3 nanofibers, in which PANI is a p-type semiconductor and In2O3 nanofibers presents as an n-type semiconductor [21][27][34]. The changes of the depletion layer of the p–n heterojuction are shown in Figure 10. The width of the depletion section is related to the doping

• concentration [39]. With low concentration doping, it needs a sufficiently thick depletion layer to provide impurity atoms to build an internal field. Accordingly, on exposure to NH3, the protons from PANI are transferred to the NH3 molecules, which results in a widening of the depletion layer in the PANI

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• : ATP depletion; calcium crystallization; cytotoxicity; endocytosis; HeLa cells; LDH; mesenchymal stem cells; morphology; necrosis; particle size; silica nanoparticles; TEM; Introduction Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are used in a wide range of commercially available products to improve product

• NP concentration and size over 5 h of exposure in HeLa cells. Figure 7 displays the ATP level of HeLa cells exposed to NPs at 4 different concentrations and measured at time intervals of 60 min. At the lowest NP concentration (50 µg·mL−1, Figure 7A) SiNP-22 induces the highest ATP depletion effect

• cervical model system directly leads to necrosis already showing significant effects in small size differences. Necrosis is also linked to fast mitochondrial damage, which goes along with the depletion of intracellular ATP [43][44]. When the intra-mitochondrial membrane potential is damaged also ATP

Experimental and simulation-based investigation of He, Ne and Ar irradiation of polymers for ion microscopy

• Lukasz Rzeznik,
• Yves Fleming,
• Tom Wirtz and
• Patrick Philipp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1113–1128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.104

• to the enrichment of one of the elements in the near-surface region. This is known as preferential sputtering. This issue was also studied by Hnatowicz et al. for 100 keV He+, Ne+, Ar+ and Kr+ bombardment of polyimide and the depletion of H and O for fluences above 1014 ions/cm2 [20]. More recent

NO gas sensing at room temperature using single titanium oxide nanodot sensors created by atomic force microscopy nanolithography

• Li-Yang Hong and
• Heh-Nan Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1044–1051, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.97

• response, but longer recovery than sensor B. The first two benefits can be explained by two factors. One is that the ND in sensor A has a larger surface to volume ratio. The other is due to the fact that the depletion layer thickness after adsorption is roughly equal to the Debye length [5][17][38

Efficient electron-induced removal of oxalate ions and formation of copper nanoparticles from copper(II) oxalate precursor layers

• Kai Rückriem,
• Sarah Grotheer,
• Henning Vieker,
• Paul Penner,
• André Beyer,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 852–861, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.77

• infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Helium ion microscopy (HIM) reveals the formation of spherical nanoparticles with well-defined size and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms their metallic nature. Continued irradiation after depletion of oxalate does not lead to further particle growth giving

Microscopic characterization of Fe nanoparticles formed on SrTiO₃(001) and SrTiO₃(110) surfaces

• Miyoko Tanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 817–824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.73

• showed simple (1 × 1) structures [41]. This type of surface structure is reported for samples annealed in UHV at relatively low temperatures [26][33], which is also the case in our study. STO(110) surfaces are terminated with TiO planes with the possibility of oxygen depletion [25]. This type of surface

• the same conditions were performed. After substrate annealing before Fe deposition, STM images of STO(001) and STO(110) surfaces showed (1 × 1) and (3 × 1) structures, respectively [33][38]. Both structures exhibit atomic disarrangement from place to place, which is attributed to oxygen depletion

• with local depletion of O−, which was caused during sample preparation by ion-beam bombardment and UHV annealing. These surface charges, which induce an electric field variation at the interface, could affect the local interfacial reactivity [64][65] and hence the position of each deposited atom. It is