Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

• Dennard scaling already dead since 2004, and thermal dissipation issues thoroughly constraining the integration density, the multicore era effectively ends, leading to the “dark silicon” problem, i.e., only parts of available cores can be run simultaneously”. The mentioned fundamental changes are most

• dissipation is drastically lower. It is expected that the future leading technology will be determined by 2030, while the period from 2020 to 2030 will be the “decade of diversity”. In this paper, we consider one of the most promising candidates for technological leadership: superconductor digital technology

• were rather quickly substituted for superconducting inductances and Josephson junctions [30], the ones in feed lines remained until recent years, see Figure 4. They determined the stationary power dissipation, PS = IbVb, where Ib and Vb are the dc bias current and according voltage. The bias current is

Exploring wear at the nanoscale with circular mode atomic force microscopy

• Olivier Noel,
• Aleksandar Vencl and
• Pierre-Emmanuel Mazeran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2662–2668, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.266

• friction, energy dissipation and worn material at the local scale or to exhibit local heterogeneity of the material. To summarize, CM-AFM applied to wear experiments regarding different applications such as tribochemistry and wear of thin films presents numerous advantages compared to conventional AFM wear

Amplified cross-linking efficiency of self-assembled monolayers through targeted dissociative electron attachment for the production of carbon nanomembranes

• Sascha Koch,
• Christopher D. Kaiser,
• Paul Penner,
• Michael Barclay,
• Lena Frommeyer,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Patrick Stohmann,
• Tarek Abu-Husein,
• Andreas Terfort,
• D. Howard Fairbrother,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2562–2571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.256

• process in the gas phase (Figure 1) shows that the relative difference between 2-Cl-BPT and 2-Br-BPT is less clear in the SAMs. This is to be expected due to the different conditions in the condensed phase as compared to the gas phase, for example, different temperatures and additional energy dissipation

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

• -form solutions that provide physical insight into the viscoelastic sources of repulsive forces, tip–sample dissipation and virial of the interaction. We also offer a systematic comparison to the well-established standard harmonic excitation, which is the case relevant for dynamic mechanical analysis

• energy hysteresis). Interestingly, energy dissipation in this case is not exclusively proportional to the loss modulus as in the case of steady-state harmonic applications (e.g., DMA, see Equation 8). It is evident that substantial complexity is generated in the analytical relations derived when the

• system does not achieve steady-state (compare Equation 8 to Equation 30). The above is natural because in the tapping case the force is not harmonic (Equation 29), and therefore, its convolution with velocity (Equation 6) to obtain energy dissipation results in a much more complex solution than in the

Velocity dependence of sliding friction on a crystalline surface

• Christian Apostoli,
• Giovanni Giusti,
• Jacopo Ciccoianni,
• Gabriele Riva,
• Rosario Capozza,
• Rosalie Laure Woulaché,
• Andrea Vanossi,
• Emanuele Panizon and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2186–2199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.218

• Trieste, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.8.218 Abstract We introduce and study a minimal 1D model for the simulation of dynamic friction and dissipation at the atomic scale. This model consists of a point mass (slider) that moves over and interacts weakly with a linear chain of particles interconnected by springs

• , representing a crystalline substrate. This interaction converts a part of the kinetic energy of the slider into phonon waves in the substrate. As a result, the slider experiences a friction force. As a function of the slider speed, we observe dissipation peaks at specific values of the slider speed, whose

• ; dissipation; friction; nanotribology; phonons; velocity dependence; Introduction Friction affects a wide variety of phenomena spanning broad ranges of length and time scales. Due to its practical and technological relevance, the study of friction was addressed even long before physics became a science

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• free cantilever resonance frequency, is directly related to stiffness (larger stiffness leads to larger frequency and vice-versa) [49], while the quality factor maps the sample damping of the cantilever tip oscillation (greater dissipation leads to lower quality factor and vice-versa) [50]. The contact

• between the MTM platelets (they have higher surface area resulting in more interaction with the surrounding polymer) or from the more loosely-packed skin layer, resulting in more dissipation during oscillatory deformation. The thin samples (Figure 2b) showed very similar quality factors. As previously

• parameters. The areas outlined in red show the relation of areas with no current to the mechanical parameters in the MTM sample. In this case, the areas with no current are related to areas with higher quality factor (lower dissipation) and frequency (stiffer), which contain the platelets. The PPSS and LAP

Adsorbate-driven cooling of carbene-based molecular junctions

• Giuseppe Foti and
• Héctor Vázquez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2060–2068, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.206

• it possible to achieve a detailed understanding of the main factors governing single-molecule transport [2][3][4]. Recently, energy-exchange processes between tunneling electrons and vibrational degrees of freedom have been considered. Understanding heat generation and dissipation in the molecular

A comparative study of the nanoscale and macroscale tribological attributes of alumina and stainless steel surfaces immersed in aqueous suspensions of positively or negatively charged nanodiamonds

• Colin K. Curtis,
• Antonin Marek,
• Alex I. Smirnov and
• Jacqueline Krim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2045–2059, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.205

• = −714 Hz drop in the resonant frequency and an increase of δ(Q−1) = 2.85 × 10−4 in the dissipation. For a QCM with quality factor Q = 50,000 in air this corresponds to a drop to Q = 3,280 after an immersion in water. The viscous drag forces on the QCM electrode are mechanical in nature; a decrease in Q

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• -independent experimental constants; TCPE relates to the size, thickness, and materials properties, while n relates to the degree of energy dissipation and measures the arc depression, which is frequency-independent. Moreover, n is a parameter describing the deviation from an ideal capacitor and arises from

Adsorption and electronic properties of pentacene on thin dielectric decoupling layers

• Sebastian Koslowski,
• Daniel Rosenblatt,
• Alexander Kabakchiev,
• Klaus Kuhnke,
• Klaus Kern and
• Uta Schlickum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1388–1395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.140

• well-defined increases in the local density of states are observed close to the Fermi level [3][4]. Tunneling through these states of pentacene results in a temporary charging of the molecule prior to the dissipation of the charge into the substrate [5]. The peaks observed in STS on pentacene are

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• in an augmentation of the storage modulus (i.e., stiffness) over the entire temperature range. In addition, the loss modulus of the composites was also higher than that of the blank polymer (Figure 4b), namely the energy dissipation as heat was promoted. This may be due to an additional energy

• dissipation mechanism when the MWCNTs slide at the interface with polymer in presence of PVP, as previously reported in case of organic/inorganic hybrids [43]. The strong polymer–MWCNT interaction substantially improves the mechanical properties of the in situ composites, particularly at high temperatures

Scaling law to determine peak forces in tapping-mode AFM experiments on finite elastic soft matter systems

• Horacio V. Guzman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 968–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.98

• . A closed-form analytical equation to estimate the tip–sample peak forces while imaging soft materials in liquid environment and within an elastic deformation regime has been deduced. We have combined a multivariate regression method with input from the virial–dissipation equations and Tatara’s

• ). One strategy to reduce the order of the cascade function (Equation 5) is to base our modelling on top of one available analytical approach to determine Fts in dynamic AFM [21][42][43]. We have applied the virial–dissipation method [19] to determine an initial equation for the peak force as a function

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• that the IL content in the MBA series is somewhat higher at 85 to 90% as derived from TGA analysis (Figure 10). Taking one of the better performing IGs, MBA40IL, a further study scrutinizes the dielectric properties to better understand the presence of two Ea. The dissipation factor tan δ (= ε”/ε’) is

Dispersion of single-wall carbon nanotubes with supramolecular Congo red – properties of the complexes and mechanism of the interaction

• Anna Jagusiak,
• Barbara Piekarska,
• Tomasz Pańczyk,
• Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska,
• Elżbieta Bielańska,
• Barbara Stopa,
• Grzegorz Zemanek,
• Janina Rybarska,
• Irena Roterman and
• Leszek Konieczny

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 636–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.68

• CR-dispersed SWNTs (obtained at 5:1 CR/SWNT ratio) analysing mechanical parameters such as elasticity, adhesion, dispersion (dissipation energy) and deformation (Figure 11). Cholate dispersed SWNTs form a monolayer at the mica surface (Figure 11.1) while SWNT–CR complexes form a thick layer with

• ), deformation (the indentation of the surface under the tip), dispersion (dissipation, loss of energy of microcantilever of scanning probe when passing through different areas on the sample surface). Absorption spectra of free Congo red (A) and SWNT-bound Congo red (D) (0.05 M Tris/HCl buffer, pH 7.4); Congo

• modulus), red – the lowest value; (1B; 2B) adhesion (green – lowest value); (1C) dissipation (dark – the lowest value); (2C) deformation (white – the highest value). Arrows point to local thickening and decreased stiffness (high plasticity) on the surface of the CR-covered nanotubes. Diameter of nanotubes

Copper atomic-scale transistors

• Fangqing Xie,
• Maryna N. Kavalenka,
• Moritz Röger,
• Daniel Albrecht,
• Hendrik Hölscher,
• Jürgen Leuthold and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 530–538, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.57

• V) of the three most promising approaches, namely multigate transistors, tunnel field-effect transistors, and germanium nanodevices [59][60][61][62]. The dynamic power dissipation of the CMOS devices is proportional to the square of drain supply voltage (VDD) [58]. The copper atomic-scale

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• industry [97] to heat dissipation of electronic chips and laser devices [98]. Brown and York [99] found a critical temperature above which the liquid jet burst by rapid bubbling. They injected water up to 13 bar through simple single-hole nozzles with a minimal diameter of 500 μm into ambient pressure. The

Impact of contact resistance on the electrical properties of MoS₂ transistors at practical operating temperatures

• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Aurora Piazza,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Giuseppe Greco,
• Simonpietro Agnello and
• Fabrizio Roccaforte

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.28

• power dissipation. From the analysis of the transfer characteristics (ID−VG) in the subthreshold regime, the Schottky barrier height (ΦB ≈ 0.18 eV) associated with the Ni/MoS2 contact was evaluated. The resulting contact resistance in the on-state (electron accumulation in the channel) was also

• room temperature to 400 K is a realistic range for device operation in circuits/systems, taking into account the heating effect they undergo due to inefficient heat dissipation. However, to date, only a limited number of papers have focused on the high temperature behavior of MoS2 transistors [8][9

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• required to ignite the SWCNT material. They believe that the lack of oxygen access and the loss of heat into the bulk of the denser samples make their ignition more difficult. In more detail, if the CNT material is more dense, many bundles are in contact resulting in fast heat dissipation into the bulk. In

Impact of surface wettability on S-layer recrystallization: a real-time characterization by QCM-D

• Jagoba Iturri,
• Ana C. Vianna,
• Alberto Moreno-Cencerrado,
• Dietmar Pum,
• Uwe B. Sleytr and
• José Luis Toca-Herrera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 91–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.10

• (USP), Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirao Preto (FFCLRP), Department of Chemistry, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.8.10 Abstract Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has been employed to study the assembly and recrystallization kinetics of

• and dissipation factors, either individually or combined as the so-called Df plots, showed a much faster formation of crystalline coatings for hydrophobic samples, characterized by a phase-transition peak at around the 70% of the total mass adsorbed. This behavior has been proven to mimic, both in

• : bacterial S-layers; Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D); recrystallization kinetics; surface wettability; Introduction Crystalline bacterial protein layers (S-layers) are arrays of (glyco)proteins (Mw of 40 to 200 kDa) forming the outermost envelope of prokaryotes, and represent

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• during the second step, were independently monitored by using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) technique. The SLB membranes represent a simplified model system of the living cells membranes, which makes the successful observation of SERS on these films promising in view

• buffer solution. If not stated otherwise, changes in frequency and dissipation of the seventh overtone (35 MHz) are shown; all experiments were carried out at a temperature of 22 °C. Results and Discussion SERS-active tAPA–Au substrates The control of the geometrical features of nanostructured substrates

• quantification of the adsorbed mass onto the surface of a vibrating Au-coated quartz electrode through the measurement of the mass-induced frequency shift. Additionally, the measurement of the dissipation gives indication about the viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed layer. The quartz–Au substrate was thus

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• during their separation). During the detachment process, excessively sticky tarsal insect adhesives might actually transfer their viscous dissipation to the viscoelastic cuticle, largely hampering tarsal release. Indeed, recent empirical and theoretical analyses in stick insects predict that the adhesive

• strength and viscosity of the tarsal secretion should be rather low, thereby decreasing viscous dissipation during tarsal retraction [48]. From this perspective, our four second generation emulsions SA2, OA2, SW2 and OW2 (all combining the hydrocarbons squalane or octacosane with the protein albumin or

• since the tarsal adhesive secretion actually acting as a kind of "release-layer" (due to its reduced wetting ability according to its semi-solid consistence), minimizing the viscous dissipation of both the adhesive liquid and the viscoelastic pad material during detachment [48]. On the contrary

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• dissipation and the formation of shallow depressions nearby after subsequent annealing treatments. This annealing-induced evolution of nanoindents was interpreted in terms of annihilation of dislocation loops generated during indentation, accompanied by the formation of nanopores at the grain boundaries and

• the dissipation of the pore. At the end, the film should return to its original, planar state, slightly disturbed by the grain boundary grooves. According to this scenario, an apparent violation of mass conservation in Figure 8b and Figure 8c is compensated for by the grain boundary pore, by a slight

• ) annihilation of the loops, formation of the hillock, and generation of excess vacancies and the grain boundary pore, (iii) dissipation of the hillock and the grain boundary pore by surface and grain boundary diffusion mechanisms. This morphology transformation is controlled by irreversible processes, such as

Thickness-modulated tungsten–carbon superconducting nanostructures grown by focused ion beam induced deposition for vortex pinning up to high magnetic fields

• Ismael García Serrano,
• Javier Sesé,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow,
• Sebastián Vieira,
• Manuel Ricardo Ibarra and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1698–1708, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.162

• magnetic fields on type-II superconductors gives rise to a vortex lattice that is hexagonal in most cases [23]. In the presence of a current, vortices move under the action of the Lorentz force [24], producing dissipation and limiting its electrical current and magnetic field working ranges. Vortex motion

• matching effects is given by the comparison of the resistance–field curves at 2.5 K for all the investigated samples, as shown in Figure 5. In the flat sample (no corrugation), the resistance is observed to increase monotonously above 0.5 T, ascribed to the dissipation caused by the vortex motion, and

• Equation 3. Two results should be highlighted. First, in all the samples with thickness modulation, the normalized resistance is smaller than in the flat sample at all magnetic fields. This suggests the relevance of the used pinning landscape to hamper the vortex motion and the associated dissipation. For

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• and subsequent dissipation of the heat to the surrounding environment (see Supporting Information File 2). As a comparison, control experiments performed by irradiating the blank substrate under the same conditions showed a negligible photothermal effect (ΔT ≤ 0.4 °C). The much higher temperature

• increase achieved on the printed GNS patterns under ambient conditions compared to the values previously reported for GNS in aqueous solutions [17][30] is likely due to the absence of the thermal dissipation from the bulk solvent (water) that has a high thermal capacity compared to air (see the model

Adiabatic superconducting cells for ultra-low-power artificial neural networks

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev and
• Maxim V. Tereshonok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.130

• , 124460, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.7.130 Abstract We propose the concept of using superconducting quantum interferometers for the implementation of neural network algorithms with extremely low power dissipation. These adiabatic elements are Josephson cells with sigmoid- and Gaussian-like activation functions