Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• interaction of the probe with the sample is used in off-resonance dynamic modes [6]. Although they have various names, depending on the specific manufacturer (PeakForce Tapping, Hybrid Mode, Digital Pulsed Force Mode), a common feature of these methods is that the transition to the contact is carried out

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• connectors that structurally bridge the gap between the nano- and the macroscopic worlds and have a hybrid structure of pores and repeating units. This article presents a comprehensive review on inorganic fabricated fractals (fab-fracs) synthesized in labs and employed as gas sensors across materials

• . 3D porous nanoscale hybrid SnO2/CuO foam sensors were prepared by Jeun et al. via electrochemical deposition followed by thermal oxidation [72]. These foam sensors were studied for H2S gas sensing. Figure 10a and Figure 10b show SEM images of the porous and 3D network structure of as-prepared Sn/Cu

• at 250 °C. The study shows that the SnO2/CuO nanoscale hybrid foam sensor outperforms the porous 3D network structure, mainly due to larger surface area, the formation of p–n junctions, and the sulfurization of CuO on metallic conductors. The foam sensor also showed a response to 20 ppm of hydrogen

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• phenylketonuria. Bera et al. [37] studied the effect of chiral on aromatic amino acid self-assembly. They found that the hybrid ᴅʟ system (racemate) alters the morphology and dynamics of the assemblies. For example, either ʟ-phenylalanine or ᴅ-phenylalanine can form amyloid fibers, but the ᴅʟ system shows a

• and pH values [49]. Rizzo et al. studied camptothecin loaded into Fmoc-F hydrogels in the presence of haloalkyl nanotubes. Importantly, this hybrid co-assembly method could not only control the release of camptothecin in the form of active lactone, but also showed significant inhibitory activity on

• alcohol dehydrogenase may be incorporated into Cys microspheres, resulting in hybrid microspheres with photocatalytic and biocatalytic activities. In addition, Cys/Zn microspheres were modified with CO32−-doped ZnS nanocrystals by a hydrothermal treatment, and then glutamic acid dehydrogenase was

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• cost, early degradation, and a low overall performance including poor external quantum efficiencies (EQE) as compared to inorganic LED. A combination of LED and OLED or hybrid LED (HyLED) overcame some of these drawbacks. Nevertheless, HyLED presently may not be the most popular LED for the display

• observed with super-aligned carbon nanotubes (SACNT) decorated with AuNP (2 nm) [46]. The hybrid material was employed as a current-spreading layer in AlGaInP LED. At a current injection of 2 mA, a decrease in the forward voltage from 2.18 (without SACNT) to 2.03 V (with Au-coated SACNT) was noted. A

• , the device with 2–3% Ag-doped ZnO EIL shows maximum luminance of 10982 cd/m2, maximum current efficiency of 41.0 cd/A, and EQE of 15.2%. The addition of AgNP to PBD-based ETL enhances the green emission [75]. Kandulna et al. have addressed the effect of plasmonic NP on hybrid metal oxide–polymer

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• associated with smaller sizes and possible internalization by endocytosis (particles with sizes <150 nm can be internalized by clathrin- or caveolin-mediated endocytosis), while particles with sizes from 250 nm to 3 µm can be internalized by macropinocytosis and phagocytosis. Lipid–polymer hybrid

• nanoparticles (LPHN). Lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles have recently emerged as a strategy directed to take advantage of the intrinsic benefits of both liposomes and PNP, as well as to improve drawbacks such as structural disintegration, limited circulation time, and drug leakage. The hybrid materials are

• constituted by lipophilic and hydrophilic polymers which contribute to increase their systemic mobility and residence time [86]. The advantages of this hybrid system include high encapsulation efficiency, well-defined release kinetics, well-tolerated serum stability, and well-triggered tissue, cellular, and

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• of carrageenan and surfactants. The dissolution of several compounds would significantly contribute to a species-rich system with higher conductivity. This unique hybrid model will create a platform for synthesizing n different nanomaterials with combinatorial possibilities of 2n since there are n

Modification of a SERS-active Ag surface to promote adsorption of charged analytes: effect of Cu²⁺ ions

• Bahdan V. Ranishenka,
• Andrei Yu. Panarin,
• Irina A. Chelnokova,
• Sergei N. Terekhov,
• Peter Mojzes and
• Vadim V. Shmanai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 902–912, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.67

• even technical tasks need to be solved for practical applications of the method [2][3][4]. Raman signal surface enhancement uses so-called SERS-active substrates that are mainly inorganic or hybrid nanostructured materials. Significant attention has been devoted to the development of formation methods

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• considered [30][36]. Many different smart or stimulus-responsive drug carriers have been used in combination with US. These include exosomes, liposomes, polymeric, organic or inorganic hybrid NPs, as well as other nanomaterials to control drug release behavior as well as to investigate their potential

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• non-planar swinging swimming mode. The fish-like micro/nanorobot and the freestyle swimmer micro/nanorobot both have obvious advantages in terms of maximum movement speed and propulsion efficiency with the latter robot performing better. Mushtaq et al. [21] designed a soft hybrid nanorobot that mimics

• . Chen et al. [39] proposed Z-shaped Au/Pt hybrid self-actuation micro/nanorobot for cancer treatment and targeted drug delivery systems. It is based on self-electrophoretic actuation. The platinum end is designed to be wider than the gold end. Thus, the movement of the micro/nanorobot was directed

• towards the platinum end, and a maximum movement speed of 4 μm/s was achieved. After that, Chen et al. [40] designed a Z-shaped platinum hybrid nanorobot in order to meet the growing demand for micro/nanorobots in the biomedical field. It was manufactured using a combination of focused ion beam and plasma

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• propulsion [58]. Catalytic converters that use biocompatibles fuel to move cannot move in biologically relevant ionic media [60]. Therefore, hybrid magnetoelectric drives [13] have become a main structure of MNRs. Table 2 shows several different forms of magnetoelectric concepts. Electromagnetic driven

• operating frequency range. Targeted treatment and controlled drug delivery with MNRs have been achieved [74][75]. For locomotion and drug delivery, the same external power sources should be chosen, if possible. Chen et al. [76] proposed a hybrid magnetoelectric nanowire for MNR applications, which could use

• magnetism to assist targeted drug delivery in vitro. They designed and manufactured wire-shaped magnetoelectric MNRs that could perform wireless locomotion and on-site triggered release of therapeutics under the action of a single external power source (i.e., a magnetic field). The designed hybrid

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• output generated by the sweat-evaporation-biosensing sensor when three people are cycling [37]. (e) The FBFC converts glucose to produce DC output, the FNG produces AC output from the same periodic pressure, and the hybrid system output of FBFC and FNG in series [35]. Figure 4e,f was reproduced from [35

• ]. Copyright © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Used with permission from Caofeng Pan et al., “Fiber‐Based Hybrid Nanogenerators for/as Self‐Powered Systems in Biological Liquid”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, John Wiley and Sons. (f) Output of the hybrid system under different

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• effects caused by secondary or backscattered electrons have minor influence on size and shape of the deposit. Recently, it could be demonstrated that FEBIP can be used to fabricate functional hybrid structures consisting of metallic nanostructures on top of organic 2D materials. The prototype of organic

• hybrid structure can be lifted off from the substrate and transferred onto bulk substrates, such as SiO2, or onto TEM grids in order to obtain a free-standing CNM with a metallic nanostructure on top. It was shown that the membrane is mechanically stable enough during the whole process and that the

• metallic nanostructures fabricated via EBID and Fe(CO)5 remain unchanged, besides oxidation. This result was achieved by using a SAM consisting of 1,1′,4′,1′′-terphenyl-4-thiol (TPT) on a Au substrate [21]. In this work, we want to gain more insight into the underlying processes yielding such hybrid

Extended iron phthalocyanine islands self-assembled on a Ge(001):H surface

• Rafal Zuzak,
• Marek Szymonski and
• Szymon Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 232–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.19

• applied in hybrid systems to couple organic molecules with the underlying surface in a controlled way [34][35], or even provide pivot points for nanoscale rotors [30]. It is also worth mentioning that bringing into practice newly designed nanoscale circuits might be beneficial especially on Ge or Si

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• with various combinations (i.e. hybrid compounds), allowing the process to be adjusted accordingly in order to yield the desired complex product with tuned physiochemical characteristics [146]. In addition, combined with the hydrothermal approach (synthesis in a hot aqueous environment under high

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Department of Structural Biology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 3, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.12.8 Abstract A freestanding ultrathin hybrid membrane was synthesized comprising two functional layers, that is, first, a carbon nanomembrane (CNM) produced by

• PM on a solid support. The resulting hybrid membrane has a potential application as a light-driven two-dimensional proton-pumping membrane, for instance, for light-driven seawater desalination as envisioned soon after the discovery of PM. Keywords: bacteriorhodopsin; carbon nanomembrane

• histidine-tag at the extracellular side of a PM mutant (c-His PM). The functionalization and the resulting hybrid membrane were examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and infrared

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• material phases based on AFM topography. Additional chemical characterization on the nanoscale is performed by an AFM/infrared-spectroscopy hybrid method. Mechanical properties (kr) and attractive forces (Fattr) are calculated and a structure–property correlation is obtained by a manual principle component

• Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPM) [27] which were developed to identify local chemical or structural specificities in the samples. All the methods mentioned above are, to different degrees, advanced techniques which require additional equipment and expertise. TERS and AFM-IR are hybrid setups which

• structural or a chemical change, a complementary AFM-IR method was used. This hybrid setup is comprised of an AFM and a tunable pulsed laser source focused on the sample volume underneath the AFM tip. The absorption at distinct wavelengths is measured by detecting the thermal expansion of the material by the

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• electronic and magnetic properties. The preparation method of partially encapsulated manganese ferrite enables the formation of a hybrid nanoparticle/tube system, which exhibits properties of manganese ferrite nanoparticles inside and attached to the external surface of the tubes. The effect of having

• were attributed to an increase in the dipolar interparticle interactions due to the close packing of nanoparticles within the tubes [7]. There are several potential applications that use metal–metal oxide/CNTs hybrid systems. Carbon nanostructures decorated with titania and silica are used for the

• surface) of the tubes. This study is the first attempt to synthesize and investigate structural, surface, electronic, and magnetic properties of such a hybrid manganese ferrite nanoparticles/MWCNT system, called partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles, and compare their properties with free

Molecular dynamics modeling of the influence forming process parameters on the structure and morphology of a superconducting spin valve

• Alexander Vakhrushev,
• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Roman Morari and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1776–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.160

• atomic structures depending on the main parameters of the deposition process. Keywords: hybrid nanostructure; mathematical modeling; modified embedded-atom method; molecular dynamics; spintronics; spin valve; vacuum deposition; Introduction Multilayer superconductor/ferromagnetic (S/F) hybrid

• that smooths the potential after x exceeds the cutoff distance rc. Problem Statement and Software The influence of the process parameters on the formation of spin system S/F hybrid structures is studied for a multilayer nanosystem based on cobalt and niobium. This system is a functional material that

• structures, but also construct spatial profiles and distributions by the target parameter, e.g. height or coordination number. Results and Discussion A series of numerical experiments on modeling the multilayer hybrid structure formation processes based on cobalt and niobium were performed. The variable

Functional nanostructures for electronics, spintronics and sensors

• Anatolie S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1704–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.152

• superconductivity, triplet pairing and triplet spin-valve and memory effects – just to name some of the new phenomena that have been detected in layered S/F hybrid nanostructures [8]. Moreover, the detected effects are very promising for technical applications directed towards enhancing the storage capacity of

• in astrophysics and read-out tracts measuring signals generated by quantum circuits at a frequency of 6–9 GHz. Summarizing the above-mentioned milestones, one can see that the main focus of this thematic issue is the new area of research: superconductor/ferromagnetic hybrid nanostructures and their

• international SPINTECH conference “NANO-2019: Limits of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies” and the summer school it followed, “S/F Hybrid Structures for Spintronics”, that took place in September 2019 in Chisinau, Moldova. Presented by many of the participants of the conference and lecturers of the summer school

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag₂S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

• Raid A. Ismail,
• Hanan A. Rawdhan and
• Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

• melting/fragmentation [19]. In the present work, we demonstrate a novel technique to prepare monodisperse Ag2S NPs using CTAB surfactant-assisted pulsed laser ablation of Ag2S NPs in a thiourea (Tu) solution. Moreover, a high-performance hybrid Ag2S/Si photodetector was fabricated. Experimental Colloidal

• band diagram of hybrid n-Ag2S NPs/p-Si heterojunction. Figures of merit of Ag2S/Si photodetector and other silicon heterojunction photodetectors. Stability of the photodetectors.

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• technologies are increasingly based on advanced functional materials, which are often blends of organic and inorganic components. For example, in search for renewable energy solutions, hybrid perovskites are currently the best candidate to replace silicon in our solar cells [1]. In medicine, hybrid materials

• have been studied extensively for applications in tissue engineering [2] and drug delivery [3]. To optimize the functional properties of these materials, we need detailed knowledge of their atomic structure. Of particular interest is the hybrid interface, which has a central role in defining the

• its reliable identification, we must explore the PES thoroughly. Calculating the full PES for complex hybrid materials requires either (i) fast energy computations, or (ii) an advanced method of constructing the complete PES with a small number of energy points. Classical force-field potentials are