A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

• Senuri Kumarage,
• Imalka Munaweera and
• Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• nanotechnology allows us to create conceptually new test systems for chemical analyses and to develop sensitive and compact sensors for various types of substances. However, at present, there are very few commercially available compact sensors for the determination of toxic and carcinogenic substances, such as

• ) used for chemical sensors can be divided into three groups depending upon their structure, that is, one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. 2D and 3D structures used as chemical sensors are studied in most projects. 2D structures consist

• ) formation of a sensitive polymer matrix, (b) impregnation of the reagent, (c) immobilization of the reagent and (d) preparation of the sensor elements from molecularly imprinted polymers. Organic solvents are usually detected by using polymer matrix sensors (Table 1) through matrix interaction [7][8][9][15

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• , Copyright (2005), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. The conversion processes of NO on perfect SnO2(110), SnO2−x(110) and O2 + SnO2−x(110) surfaces. Figure 5 was reprinted from [54], Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol. 221, by Xu, G.; Zhang, L.; He, C.; Ma, D.; Lu

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• sodium; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles; Introduction Luminescent materials are of great interest in biotechnology and medicine since they can be utilized in sensors, labelling, and imaging [1][2][3][4][5]. Luminescent proteins, luminescent synthetic polymers, and quantum dots are the most

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• the development of energy harvesters and sensors. Among the piezoelectric materials, special attention has been paid to electroactive polymers such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFe), which is one of the most extensively

• the use of a top electrode or of high magnetic fields (the maximum value of d33 was obtained at 50 mT, using a current of 0.4 A) making the PVDF-TrFE/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite suitable for the fabrication of highly efficient devices for energy harvesting and wearable sensors. Keywords: CoFe2O4; magnetic

• in the fabrication of energy harvesting devices or wearable sensors for flexible electronics applications. Experimental The PVDF-TrFe/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite thin films were produced through spin coating. The CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (Sigma-Aldrich, 99%) were dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• ultrafast sensors, actuators, and signal processing components. Of special interest are molecular systems because molecules due to their softness easily deform during tunneling processes, giving rise to excitation of local phonon modes. The polaronic transport through molecular systems has been recently

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• connectors that structurally bridge the gap between the nano- and the macroscopic worlds and have a hybrid structure of pores and repeating units. This article presents a comprehensive review on inorganic fabricated fractals (fab-fracs) synthesized in labs and employed as gas sensors across materials

• to be possessing better gas sensing capabilities. Fab-fracs with these salient features will help in designing the commercial gas sensors with better performance. Keywords: adsorption sites; fabricated fractal; fractal dimension; gas sensor; morphology; pore network; recovery time; response time

• incidents due to the effusion of toxic vapors in the environment [1][2][3][4]. Such gas tragedies worldwide in the form of chemical leaks, smoke from fire accidents, and gas leaks from sewage systems, mines and industries, highlight the need of installing efficient gas sensors capable of detecting a range

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• surface. Fabrication of two-dimensional arrays of in-plane microneedles is very difficult, but it is easier to integrate in-plane microneedles with micropumps, sensors, microfluid chips, and electronic circuitry. On the other hand, it is significantly more convenient to fabricate arrays of out-of-plane

• cross-section of brain displaying cells (Hoechst staining), astrocytes (GFAP staining), and neurons (cresyl violet staining) at the insertion location of the microneedle [66]. Figure 3a–h were reprinted from [66], Sensors and Actuators B, Chemical, vol. 209, by Lee, H. J.; Son, Y.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y. K

A Au/CuNiCoS₄/p-Si photodiode: electrical and morphological characterization

• Adem Koçyiğit,
• Adem Sarılmaz,
• Teoman Öztürk,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Murat Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 984–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.74

• great attention due their unique electronic, magnetic, optical, and gas sensing properties. Spinel compounds can be employed in data storage applications, lithium-ion batteries, gas sensors, and medical diagnostics [1][2]. Spinels have a cubic crystal structure with the general chemical formula AB2X4

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• decreased to 0.64 ± 0.09 µm (Figure 1f). It is worth noting that a decrease in LCu1 value leads to a significant reduction of the absolute length deviation. Segment 2 – gold The high chemical stability of Au makes it an intrinsic material for electrochemical sensors and has motivated the choice of this

• the active recessed nanoelectrodes was quantified. It was shown that 45 ± 15% of electrodes have electrical contact with the current collector. The obtained recessed NEAs are prospective for creating electrochemical sensors, in which the template sterically stabilizes the sensing material. It is

Self-assembly of Eucalyptus gunnii wax tubules and pure ß-diketone on HOPG and glass

• Miriam Anna Huth,
• Axel Huth and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 939–949, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.70

• solvent and were done in tapping mode with tapping-mode cantilevers (Tap300-G, Budget Sensors, Sofia, Bulgaria). The scan rates ranged from 0.7 to 2.3 Hz and the scan sizes from 3 × 3 to 10 × 10 µm. The maximum possible set point was used (approx. 60–70% of drive amplitude). Obtained topography and

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• properties in various fields, such as supercapacitors, integrated electrodes, catalysis, and sensors [10][11][12][13]. Furthermore, the interaction between graphene and matrix materials directly affects the mechanical properties of composites [14]. The van der Waals force between graphene and metals can

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

• more different stimuli, which can be chemical, biochemical, or physical in nature. These smart/intelligent systems have many advantages and unique potential in drug delivery, tissue engineering, diagnosis, or biological sensors [4]. In order to produce stimulus-responsive platforms, we need to design

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• with different magnetisms with applications in, for example, energy-saving logic, sensors, environmental remediation, and data storage [52]. Chen et al. [53] studied compensated magnetic heterostructures containing ferrimagnetic CoGd alloys and antiferromagnetic IrMn layers. The terahertz emission from

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• can be exfoliated into 2D sheets continue to generate significant interest across various disciplines, including batteries [1][2], catalysis [3][4], electronics [5][6][7][8][9][10], photonics [11][12], and sensors [13][14][15][16]. This is due in part to the interesting properties of these 2D

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• , Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK 10.3762/bjnano.12.54 Abstract Self-powered sensors can provide energy and environmental data for applications regarding the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence. Nanogenerators provide excellent material compatibility, which also leads to a

• rich variety of nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors. This article reviews the development of nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for the collection of human physiological data and external environmental data. Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors can be designed to detect physiological

• data as wearable and implantable devices. Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors are a solution for collecting data and expanding data dimensions in a future intelligent society. The future key challenges and potential solutions regarding nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors are discussed

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• interesting experimental material to study [1][2][3]. Importantly, it is a promising material for new kinds of low-dimensional transistors, gas sensors, ultra-capacitors, electrodes for solar cells, and for van der Waals heterostructures. In order to construct these devices, an interaction between graphene

• mobility and, consequently, graphene conductivity. On the other hand, chemical functionalization of graphene may improve the sensitivity of graphene-based sensors [6]. Therefore, the control of density and types of defects in graphene might be a new way to prepare efficient molecular sensors. Systems

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy, the tip oscillates parallel to the surface. Existing amplitude calibration methods are not applicable for mechanically excited LFM sensors at low temperature. Moreover, a slight angular offset of the oscillation direction (tilt) has a significant influence on

• energy to excite the sensor is very small and mechanical vibrations can dominate the excitation [19]. For low-temperature LFM, the lattice of the substrate can be used to calibrate the amplitude if the periodicity of the lateral features is known [20]. For electrically excited piezoelectric-based sensors

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• can also be used as sensors [22]. TENGs, originally proposed by Prof. Zhongling Wang [23], are microgenerators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy based on the triboelectric effect [24]. In most TENG simulations, a triboelectric polymer material is in direct contact with an electrode

• [40]. It is attractive that, in addition to providing power for electronic devices, TENGs can also be used as self-powered sensors for pressure, vibration, speed, chemicals, and body motion. Regarding leaks in gas pipelines or harmful gases in underground coal mines, it is necessary to detect the

• presence of a specific gas or the content of gas in ambient air. Therefore, gas sensors are usually indispensable in safety systems. Ordinary sensors need to be charged externally, and once the power is used up, the gas sensor loses its function. TENGs generate electricity that can be used for developing

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• Reimer Karstens Thomas Chasse Heiko Peisert Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany Center for Light–Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics (LISA+) at the University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076

• cells, field-effect transistors (FETs), and sensors [1][2]. Possibly, one of the most extensively studied oxide material in this context is rutile titanium dioxide [3]. However, also interfaces between SrTiO3 (STO) and organic molecules are studied increasingly using both experimental [4][5] and

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• satisfies the needs of reliability for flexible tactile sensors in realizing human–machine interfaces. This work expands the potential application of S-TENGs from wearable electronics and smart sensing systems to real-time robotics control and virtual reality/augmented reality interactions. Keywords: human

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• space science come with a new dimension of microstructural representation of advanced functional materials [10][11]. Metamaterial structures are of significant interest not only in space science but also in the fields of public security and sensors [9][10][11]. Materials with dielectric properties, such

• properties. Transparent oxides are an attractive class of plasmonic materials which are under intense study for their integration into low-loss metamaterial structures and a series of applications in transformation optics, sensors, and imaging. Here we used oxide thin films and studied their optical

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• recovery rate. Also, it should work at low cost and with low power consumption [3]. In comparison to conventional gas sensors, nanostructure-based gas sensors are more sensitive because of their increased detection area [4]. The most common mode used in gas sensing is the resistance mode, where the change

• ][9]. Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) are the most commonly used gas sensors [10]. MOS can be divided into n-type and p-type MOS. In n-type MOS electrons are the majority charge carriers, while in p-type MOS holes are the majority charge carriers [6]. The exposure to reducing gases causes a decrease

• forms a p–n heterojunction, which improves the gas sensing abilities significantly [25]. Carbon-based materials are also promising gas sensors, because of their high surface area and high chemical and thermal stability [26][27]. Pristine graphene is a good conductor but rather inactive for gas sorption

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• preoperative evaluation and functional cortex mapping [44]. ECoG uses strips and grids of electrodes applied to the cortical surface in either subdural or epidural space (Figure 2a) [42]. For example, in a recent iEEG study (Figure 2b), multicontact sensors were implanted in different brain regions to collect

• sensors could be implanted for iEEG recording. Sensor group cortical surface (CS) are strips and grids of electrodes, and sensor groups trans-occipital (TO) and orthogonal-to-mesial (OM) represent in-depth electrodes. Figure 2b was reprinted from [45], Physiological Measurement, vol. 39, by A. Sanz-Garcia

• ; T. Rings; K. Lehnertz, “Impact of type of intracranial EEG sensors on link strengths of evolving functional brain networks”, article no. 074003, published 13 July 2018, https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6579/aace94; © Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine. Reproduced with permission of IOP

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• ], and graphene nanomechanical resonators have been employed as various sensors [42][43][44][45][46]. Yet, the sensitivity at room temperature is limited by a rather low quality factor. Patterning of the devices into trampoline-shaped resonators yields a large increase in quality factor and, thus, device