Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• from the surrounding environment, nanoparticle exposure was performed in the absence and presence of foetal bovine serum as a model biofluid. Indeed, it is crucial to utilize some type of biofluid, because it has been shown that in its absence the high surface energy of the bare nanoparticle surface

• association with cells due to the formation of a biomolecular corona [41] reducing the high surface energy of the bare particle surface [36][38]. We next performed time resolved experiments (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S9) where Caco-2 barriers (cultured for 21 days) were exposed to nanoparticles

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• of the high surface energy of the substrate, which neutralizes the reactive monomer species that are adsorbed on the substrate surface and prevents further initiation and propagation of the polymerization reaction. For example, non-substituted p-xylylene and chlorine-substituted p-xylylene (monomers

• functionalized p-xylylenes [81]. The compromised selectivity was recently reactivated by supplying electrical energy to the (conducting) substrates. The deposition selectivity was enhanced by increasing the transition of the surface energy instead of relying on native surface energy of the substrates. In other

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• with PPX derivatives containing nitrogen and oxygen heteroatoms, further work was conducted by Wu et al. [24]. The deposition of various PPX derivatives could be inhibited by electrically charging conducting substrates. Supplying electrical energy to the surface increases the surface energy, which

• successfully applied in order to create patterned and structured polymer coatings. Structuring both in two and three dimensions can be achieved by either using masks or taking advantage of selective deposition properties on prepatterned substrates, exploiting substrate properties such as the surface energy

• , monomer partial pressure and substrate temperature. The three-dimensional growth of pillared microstructures was found at low substrate temperatures, while at increased substrate temperatures, web-like growth occurred. The membrane formation could be spatially controlled by patterning of the surface

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• decomposition of low-surface-energy organic components attached to the nanostructured surface [19]. As will be presented in this work, LPEI shows the ability for complexation of metal ions, e.g., copper, not only leading to a change in the morphology of the silica shell, but also incorporating metal centers

Assembly of metallic nanoparticle arrays on glass via nanoimprinting and thin-film dewetting

• Sun-Kyu Lee,
• Sori Hwang,
• Yoon-Kee Kim and
• Yong-Jun Oh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1049–1055, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.106

• to a previous report [11], the (100) orientation of Au particles on a Si template with inverted pyramidal pits predominates when the cubic (111) crystal planes, which have the lowest surface energy, become parallel to the facets of the pits. Therefore, we assume that the imprinted facets of the pits

Study of the correlation between sensing performance and surface morphology of inkjet-printed aqueous graphene-based chemiresistors for NO₂ detection

• F. Villani,
• C. Schiattarella,
• T. Polichetti,
• R. Di Capua,
• F. Loffredo,
• B. Alfano,
• M. L. Miglietta,
• E. Massera,
• L. Verdoliva and
• G. Di Francia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1023–1031, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.103

• graphene ink-Si/SiO2 system was very poor inducing a not continuous and not controlled deposition. This is expected since the measured surface energy of the substrate (30.95 mN/m) is comparable with the surface tension of the solution (26.30 mN/m). Hence, an UV–ozone treatment of the substrate was

• necessary to increase its surface energy, allowing for a more uniform deposition of the material. Nonetheless, the macroscopic aspect of the film printed on the treated substrate looks different from the others, with the material distributed over a larger area (Figure 2). In addition, the Si/SiO2-based

• device has not reached exactly the same base resistance value of the other two samples because the drying process redistributes the graphitic material differently, depending on the surface energy but primarily on the roughness of the substrate. All that said, the characterized device (D-SO) has been

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• . Keywords: EGDMA; iCVD; in situ; PFDA; spectroscopic ellipsometry; temperature dependent; X-ray diffraction; Introduction Fluoropolymers, such as polytetrafluoroethylene, are interesting for a variety of different applications due to their low surface energy. The resultant hydrophobic and oleophobic

• homopolymer. This behavior reflects the fact that thermal transitions become weaker with increasing EGDMA content and are fully absent for the p-EGDMA homopolymer (in the investigated temperature range). As the WCA (i.e., the surface energy) displayed little dependence on the EGDMA content (below 40% fraction

Investigation of growth dynamics of carbon nanotubes

• Marianna V. Kharlamova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 826–856, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.85

• metal, ΔHfusion is the latent heat of fusion, ρs and ρl are the densities of solid and liquid metal, respectively, σsl is the solid–liquid interfacial energy and σl is the surface energy of the liquid [50][51]. Figure 2 demonstrates the melting temperature of iron, nickel, gold and silver particles as a

• catalytic particles on Ta had a hemispherical shape, whereas the particles on SiO2 had a bead shape. The contact angles of the Fe catalyst particles with the SiO2 and Ta substrates revealed that the tip-growth was observed when the surface energy of the bare substrate was smaller than that of the catalyst

Vapor deposition routes to conformal polymer thin films

• Priya Moni,
• Ahmed Al-Obeidi and
• Karen K. Gleason

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 723–735, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.76

• porous materials, including membranes, foams, and textiles, or irregular surface geometries, as well as for encapsulating fibers, nanowires, or particles [1]. For example, tailoring the surface energy of the pore walls of a separation membrane without obstructing the pore can enhance the passage of the

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• nanocubes, show higher catalytic activity towards OER in alkaline medium. This is due to the presence of the low surface energy crystal plane of Co3O4 NPs and their synergistic interaction between N-doped because graphene helps to tune the properties of the OER electrocatalyst. Yang et al. fabricated

Modeling of the growth of GaAs–AlGaAs core–shell nanowires

• Qian Zhang,
• Peter W. Voorhees and
• Stephen H. Davis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 506–513, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.54

• understanding of the mechanisms leading to these heterostructures could be very helpful in controlling the formation of these core–shell nanowires. There are two issues that need to be understood. One is the mechanism responsible for the morphological evolution of the shells. The surface energy density on the

• unit normal vector of the i-th facet and γ(ni) is the surface energy density on the i-th facet. Thus, if there is deposition, the mass conservation around the surface gives the following equations: where ui is the normal velocity of the i-th facet, is the surface diffusion flux along i-th facet and μi

• the surface from below. Similar to the pure-material model, the chemical potentials can be related to the surface energy density (γ) and bulk energy density (gα) in its average sense, as follows: where is the average surface energy density of the i-th facet. In addition, the advancing surface leaves

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• through a nozzle that is electrically charged to a grounded plate. This charges the droplet surface, increasing the surface energy and thus triggering the fission into smaller droplets. This Coulomb fission phenomenon and the evaporation of the solvent leads to crystallization and the deposition of

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• , re-condensate as silicon spheres due to the surface-energy minimization principle. During the formation of the microspheres, a fraction of the Si feedstock sublimates and the molecules in the vapor phase aggregate in the form of lighter Si nanostructures. These are transported downstream in the

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• rapid thermal annealing has been performed under various atmospheric conditions. In spite of the general tendency of the agglomeration of nanoparticles to lower the surface energy at elevated temperatures, our plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray

• nitrogen environment. The lattice transformation from cubic Cu to monoclinic CuO, and hence the change in surface energy of the particles, assists the wetting process. The occurrence of wetting during the oxidation step implies a strong interaction between the oxidized film and the silicon surface

• thickness increment is due to the lattice expansion as the cubic copper lattice is transformed into a monoclinic CuO structure [3][44]. On the other hand, the surface energy of the CuO thin film is greater than that of the Cu2O thin film [45]. Thus combining the lattice expansion and the surface energy

Functionalized TiO₂ nanoparticles by single-step hydrothermal synthesis: the role of the silane coupling agents

• Antoine R. M. Dalod,
• Lars Henriksen,
• Tor Grande and
• Mari-Ann Einarsrud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 304–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.33

• stable polymorph), brookite, and anatase [4]. Due to the differences in surface energy, anatase and brookite are more stable than rutile at nanosize, and anatase is more stable than brookite at even smaller sizes (generally below 15–30 nm) [5][6][7]. Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles, via core

• Supporting Information File 1). Particle size and surface energy are some of the main factors for phase stability crossovers in nano-titania [5][6][7] and specific adsorption of aminosilanes could reduce the surface energy of the forming nanoparticles, promoting anatase nucleation during the synthesis, even

Influence of hydrofluoric acid treatment on electroless deposition of Au clusters

• Rachela G. Milazzo,
• Antonio M. Mio,
• Giuseppe D’Arrigo,
• Emanuele Smecca,
• Alessandra Alberti,
• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Filippo Giannazzo,
• Corrado Spinella and
• Emanuele Rimini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 183–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.19

• that the HF dissolves the silicon oxide layer formed on top of the thin flat clusters and promotes the partial atomic rearrangement of the layered gold atoms, driven by a reduction of the surface energy. The X-ray diffraction investigation indicated changes in the crystalline orientation of the flat

Structural and tribometric characterization of biomimetically inspired synthetic "insect adhesives"

• Matthias W. Speidel,
• Malte Kleemeier,
• Andreas Hartwig,
• Klaus Rischka,
• Angelika Ellermann,
• Rolf Daniels and
• Oliver Betz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 45–63, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.6

• increased flexibility towards substrates of different surface energy and polarity, (ii) their possible non-Newtonian viscosity shifts implying adjustable viscosities [24][25] and (iii) the formation of lipoid shields that prevent the aqueous fraction of an adhesive from desiccation and its sticking to the

When the going gets rough – studying the effect of surface roughness on the adhesive abilities of tree frogs

• Niall Crawford,
• Thomas Endlein,
• Jonathan T. Pham,
• Mathis Riehle and
• W. Jon P. Barnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.201

• spherical bead) underneath the tree frog’s foot will lead to an elastic energy penalty associated with the deformation of the toe pad as well as a change in surface energy associated with the interface opening. Assuming the bead and the underlying surface are infinitely stiff compared to the toe pad, only

• the soft toe pad will deform to accommodate the asperity. The total energy (U) of the system is then given by the elastic energy of the toe pad deformation and the surface energy of the opening by Utotal = Uelastic + Usurface. We approximate the elastic energy according to Hertz theory with an

•  10D,E). Gap width was selected as the experimental variable, as this was considered the simplest single parameter to change to view the effects on real contact area and thus adhesive force. PDMS is hydrophobic by nature, and so to cancel out any possible effect that surface energy may have on adhesive

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• the small-slope approximation can be used. The chemical potential of atoms on the surface, µ, is proportional to a local curvature of the surface µ = Ωγκ, where the curvature, κ, is given by and Ω, γ are the atomic volume and the surface energy, respectively. The diffusion flux, j, is proportional to

• between the circles rn by a cone. The chemical potential of atoms on the surface for r = rn is determined as are the variations of the surface energy and the cone volume, respectively, with the displacement of the y-coordinate of the nth circle. Direct calculation yields the following expressions

A novel electrochemical nanobiosensor for the ultrasensitive and specific detection of femtomolar-level gastric cancer biomarker miRNA-106a

• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Kobra Omidfar and
• Hossein Ghanbarian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2023–2036, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.193

• electrochemical characteristics, high surface-to-volume ratio, remarkable surface energy, and great biocompatibility, gold nanoparticles have been one of the most common choices for labeling in electrochemical biosensors [35]. In the present study, we fabricated a simple, sensitive, and specific electrochemical

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• produced by advanced processing methods like various types of deposition methods and used in shape of tiny parts for microelectronic devices. In thin film materials, the application of surface energy-driven grain growth is very useful and powerful for controlling the grain boundary microstructure. When a

• sharp texture is introduced in thin films with help of orientation-dependent surface free energy (namely by applying the surface energy-driven grain growth during annealing), specific low-Σ CSL boundaries can be preferentially introduced, depending on the type and the sharpness of texture [52][128][129

• were designated as Type A, Type B and Type C specimens, respectively. The sharpness of the {111} texture was increased in these specimens by surface energy-driven grain growth during annealing. The Type A specimen had the smallest average grain size of 91 nm and the highest total fraction of low-angle

Monolayer graphene/SiC Schottky barrier diodes with improved barrier height uniformity as a sensing platform for the detection of heavy metals

• Ivan Shtepliuk,
• Jens Eriksson,
• Volodymyr Khranovskyy,
• Tihomir Iakimov,
• Anita Lloyd Spetz and
• Rositsa Yakimova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1800–1814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.173

• epitaxial graphene layers. The growth of graphene on the carbon face of SiC and 6H polytype results in a barrier height that is higher than that on the Si face and 4H polytype. This can be explained by a difference in surface energy between different interfaces, which governs the growth kinetics and

Nano- and microstructured materials for in vitro studies of the physiology of vascular cells

• Alexandra M. Greiner,
• Adria Sales,
• Hao Chen,
• Sarah A. Biela,
• Dieter Kaufmann and
• Ralf Kemkemer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1620–1641, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.155

• increase of boundaries and surface energy on the surface [10][36]. Many cells show directed migration and a polarized morphology on nano- and microstructured substrates. The process by which cells orient and migrate along the longest axis of a surface feature is called contact guidance [186][216]. Many

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• in caries therapy [5]. Various studies demonstrate that owing to its high surface energy, nanoscale HAp can enhance its mechanical features, enabling a quicker implant surface turnover [6]. Hydroxyapatite materials are used as substitute bones, antiwrinkle creams, and sun creams. They are used in the

• reduce the matter surface energy by a reduction of the SSA [31] (Table 4). HAp morphology varies depending on the executed process parameters. The synthesis temperature growth (Type 3, 4, 5 and 6) leads to more regular, spherical HAp particles (Figure 5). Numerous reports have proved that synthesis at a

Photothermal effect of gold nanostar patterns inkjet-printed on coated paper substrates with different permeability

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Anni Määttänen,
• Petri Ihalainen,
• Maddalena Collini,
• Elisa Cabrini,
• Giacomo Dacarro,
• Piersandro Pallavicini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1480–1485, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.140

• commonly employed material that combines low-cost and excellent environmental compatibility [20]. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of this superb printing substrate (e.g., topography, roughness, stiffness, surface energy, polarity, porosity and pore geometry) can be easily tailored by