A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• . Graphene sheets exfoliated from graphite are evidence of the interaction between FLG and Ce6 in pure water. Ce6 stabilizes graphene sheets, avoiding aggregation due to its high attraction through π–π stacking interactions, and the oxygenated moieties on Ce6 allow the stabilization of the hybrid

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• obtained from hot toluene consisting of a stable fibrillar network. The aggregation of bundles of pBzG338-α-helices with a thickness of 1.5 nm and a length of 50.7 nm results in a three-dimensional network with much higher dimensions in the range of micrometers. It was proposed that additional

Nickel nanoparticles supported on a covalent triazine framework as electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction and oxygen reduction reactions

• Secil Öztürk,
• Yu-Xuan Xiao,
• Dennis Dietrich,
• Beatriz Giesen,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jie Ying,
• Xiao-Yu Yang and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 770–781, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.62

• crystallographic open database (CrOD) files. TEM images of Ni/CTF-1-600-22 showing (a) Ni nanoparticles supported on CTF, (b,c) the aggregation of the primary Ni nanoparticles and (d) the lattice planes of the Ni nanoparticles. SEM images and EDX elemental mappings of Ni for (a) Ni/CTF-1-400-20, (b) Ni/CTF1-400-35

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂ nanocolumn arrays

• Jinghan Xu,
• Yanqi Liu and
• Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

• deposition in AFT1, no obvious nanoparticles can be observed in the TNC array, and not much Ag aggregation is present around the nanopore marked with the red circle. This implies that Ag can still enter the nanocolumn easily. In contrast, Ag nanoparticles can be clearly seen on the inner wall of the TNC of

Silver-decorated gel-shell nanobeads: physicochemical characterization and evaluation of antibacterial properties

• Marta Bartel,
• Katarzyna Markowska,
• Marcin Strawski,
• Krystyna Wolska and
• Maciej Mazur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 620–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.49

• [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The resulting composites exhibit a double function, they support the metal nanoparticles and prevent their aggregation. For example, polystyrene microspheres have been decorated with silver nanoparticles and were used as catalysts, Raman-enhancing materials

• reports indicating a profound resistance of bacteria grown in biofilms to antimicrobials. Bacterial biofilms are generally less susceptible to silver nanoparticles than planktonic cells, probably due to the extracellular matrix coating the cells in a biofilm, aggregation of the cells to reduce their

• exposed surface and the retardation of the nanoparticle diffusion caused by aggregation [48]. Some species develop less complicated biofilm structures or even are not capable to form biofilms. The S. epidermidis strain used in our experiments probably does not form complex biofilm structures, as the three

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• the fluorescent quenching to the aggregation of CDs, which increased the particle size from 2.6 ± 0.2 nm to 4.4 ± 0.2 nm. However, there are few studies in the literature focusing on the comparison of the PL behavior of CDs made from the same biomass precursor with different synthetic or processing

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• purpose of investigating the role of surface curvature and chemistry on platelet aggregation, activation and adhesion. Substantial differences were found in the composition of the protein corona depending on the chemical nature of the nanoparticles, while the surface curvature was found to play a minor

• , the results presented herein suggest the existence of independent modes of action that are differently affected by the physicochemical properties of the materials, potentially leading to vessel occlusion and/or formation of thrombi in vivo. Keywords: aggregation; nanoparticles; platelet aggregation

• other hand, contrasting data have been reported on the potential of isometric carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) like carbon black, fullerenes and diesel exhaust particles to induce platelet activation and NP aggregation [10][11][13]. Systemic administration of carbon black in mice resulted in fibrinogen and

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• biochemical processes [14][15][16][17]. The large molecular mass of GFP might affect the folding process of tagged proteins, or a possible aggregation may lead to cytotoxicity. Beyond molecular and biomolecular luminescent materials, colloidal luminescent nanomaterials have gained attention in recent years

• of colors covering ultraviolet to near-infrared (NIR). Furthermore, SCQDs offer better sensitivity, stability against photobleaching, and a narrow spectral bandwidth compared to conventional organic dyes. However, due to their cytotoxicity, the tendency to undergo aggregation inside the cells, and

• to their aggregation tendencies, polydispersity and difficulties in controlling the directionalities. In this context, atomically precise gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) opened a new opportunity for the field of colloidal science [38][39][40]. Atomically precise NCs with a core diameter below 3 nm contain

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• formation and aggregation. This sequential adsorption of layers finally leads to electrostatically bound multilayers in which charge inversion is the main driving force controlling the assembly [40]. The strength and physical principles governing electrostatic interactions was recently explored by Lytle et

• resonance of the outer shell electrons present in noble metals. The absorbed light is converted to heat energy, which causes layer damage, thereby opening the capsules and releasing the encapsulated material [83]. The parameters such as the preparation condition of capsules, the distribution and aggregation

• of copper in CuAAC may be undesirable in certain biological applications as it is toxic to cells. This copper content can also cause aggregation of proteins and degradation of some biomolecules, which can be avoided by using chelating agents [101]. Incorporation of biomolecules Biomolecular ligands

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• thermodynamic stability with respect to the desorption of capping ligands and subsequent particle aggregation [68]. The nature and the length of the spacer aglycon are known to affect the presentation of carbohydrate ligands [84][85][86][87][88][89][90]. This, in turn, determines the molecular recognition of

• glyco-GNPs 3 and 4. The TEM data of the prepared Ara6-GNPs 3 and 4 (Figure 2) clearly suggest that coupling of the Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 with GNPs did not change the size of nanoparticles (d = 15 nm) and that aggregation is absent. The addition of NaCl solution to conjugates of GNPs with Ara6

• the prepared glyco-GNPs 3 and 4 against aggregation followed from the experiments with three different types of solutions of glyco-GNPs 3 and 4, which (1) contained an excess of Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 (pH ≈9.7; these solutions were used for immunization), (2) were prepared in water from glyco-GNPs 3

Nanoparticles based on the zwitterionic pillar[5]arene and Ag⁺: synthesis, self-assembly and cytotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line A549

• Dmitriy N. Shurpik,
• Denis A. Sevastyanov,
• Pavel V. Zelenikhin,
• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Yuriy N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 421–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.33

• sulfobetaine fragments to produce nanoparticles without Ag–Ag bonds leads to the formation of a limited number of particle forms [28]. Macrocycle molecules do not swell and have a greater degree of freedom in aqueous solutions while zwitterionic fragments prevent their aggregation. The lack of aggregation and

• NMR spectroscopy, two-dimensional 1H,1H-NOESY NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, MALDI–TOF mass-spectrometry and elemental analysis. Association of decasubstituted pillar[5]arenes with Ag+ In addition, the self-association of the obtained macrocycles 2–4 and their aggregation with AgNO3 in water was

• of macrocycle 3, the baseline is raised (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S13). In the case of the compound 4 in the UV–vis spectra the baseline rise was not observed. Apparently, the baseline rise in the UV–vis spectra is due to the processes of Ag+ aggregation with pillar[5]arene 3. To confirm

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• 750 °C to 1000 °C [34]. Likewise, Venkatesan and Kim (2010) isolated Hap from Thunnus obesus fish and their study revealed that a high temperature facilitates aggregation and increases the crystal size of the nanoparticles [35]. On the other hand, it was proven by Hung et al. (2012) that an increase

• and Materials standard F756-00. Generally, the addition of hydroxyapatite microcrystals with blood will lead to hemolysis via aggregation of erythrocytes and membrane damage induced by crystals [49]. Moreover, Wiessner et al. (1988) showed that the crystallinity of the Hap plays a crucial role in

• blood cells and inhibiting them [52]. Further, the length of the nanorods and their aggregation inside the blood vessels also may be the reason for its concentration dependent hemolytic activity [53]. Furthermore, Han et al. (2012) showed that the size and surface charge of Hap nanoparticles are

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• the use of emergent nanomaterials. Over the last decade, a number of novel and optically active nanomaterials involving semiconductor or metal nanocrystals enabled the development of sensing devices with rather simple transduction mechanisms [3]. For example, the aggregation-induced color change of a

• over aggregation or redispersion processes is of paramount importance in the design of devices for the naked-eye detection of molecular events on the surface of nanoparticles. The early experiments by Mirkin and co-workers [60][61] on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles stabilized with radially

• distributed single-stranded DNA (Au@DNA) through selective hybridization of complementary DNA opened up new possibilities in the development of colorimetric sensors capable of discriminating single-point mutations. This methodology comprised the selective aggregation of two types of noncomplementary DNA

High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor made of NiMoO₄ nanorods@Co₃O₄ on a cellulose-based carbon aerogel

• Meixia Wang,
• Jing Zhang,
• Xibin Yi,
• Benxue Liu,
• Xinfu Zhao and
• Xiaochan Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 240–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.18

• surface area of the NiMoO4@Co3O4/CA composite could be attributed to the aggregation and gathering of ZIF-67 particles on the porous skeleton of NiMoO4/CA forming such a porous structure, which is in agreement with the SEM images shown in Figure 2. On the one hand, the micropores mainly originate from the

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• PDT. Block copolymer nanoassemblies offer the unique possibility to protect the photosensitizer in a hydrophobic environment (as described in Figure 3) and to prevent the aggregation. At the same time, they improve the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and photochemical reactivity of the

• effect of the position of the photosensitizer in the polymer backbone is not trivial and it is an element one can play with in order to maximize the phototoxicity with minimal amounts of photosensitizer as will be discussed in the next section [82]. Self-quenching, also known as aggregation-induced

• polyethyleneimine coupled to β-carotene. After disassembly of the nanoparticles, the mean distance between pheophorbide a and β-carotene increases thus activating PDT. In an alternative strategy, aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores have been proposed as a solution to aggregation-induced quenching. These

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• lipids in the outer leaflet in the membrane and the cationic groups of the CPP. This causes a lateral rearrangement of the negative charges and a thinning of the membrane. The aggregation of the CPPs at the membrane surface provokes a reduction of the local surface tension and allows for intercalation of

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• in the template process and significant aggregation takes place during the TPP–HA exchange. The templated chitosan/HA nanoparticles therefore have a mildly larger size (measured by dynamic light scattering alone or by field flow fractionation coupled to static or dynamic light scattering), and above

• performing better in macrophages and those with high-MW chitosan in HCT-116. Keywords: aggregation; chitosan; field flow fractionation; light scattering; targeted drug delivery; Introduction Chitosan is a linear copolymer of β-1,4-ᴅ-glucose-2-amine and N-acetyl-ᴅ-glucose-2-amine, and is commonly employed

• DLS was performed to check that no aggregation occurred during this step. In a typical experiment, parameters were set as: 1) the detector flow rate 0.5 mL/min, 2) 100 µL of samples injected over 10 min at 0.3 mL/min, 3) cross flow rate 2.0 mL/min, and 4) focusing flow rate 2.70 mL/min (focusing step

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

• Anna V. Epanchintseva,
• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Dmitrii V. Pyshnyi,
• Elena I. Ryabchikova and
• Inna A. Pyshnaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2568–2578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.248

• degradation of molecules, attachment of extra molecules from the incubation medium, and irreversible aggregation of the particles. Previous studies concerning vehicles for TNAs describe their therapeutic effect but not their stability and storage conditions [12][13][14][20][21]. The storage problem of the

• buffers with different pH values by analyzing the optical absorption spectra in the range of 400–800 nm (Figure 2). We did not observe a wide peak in the range of 650–700 nm, which would indicate nanoparticle aggregation. This peak appeared only in the case of mixing of the AuNP-siRNA suspension with the

• nanoconstructions of TNA and metal nanoparticles is not covered in the literature, and began the study of this issue starting with a short period of 24 h. We focused on studying the main signs of preparation spoiling, aggregation of AuNP-siRNA and disruption of siRNA molecules (loss of duplex integrity). The

Advanced hybrid nanomaterials

• Andreas Taubert,
• Fabrice Leroux,
• Pierre Rabu and
• Verónica de Zea Bermudez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2563–2567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.247

• yield diverse materials, which were found to depend on the P/Ti atom ratio [20]. The ratio was found to determine the particle size and the aggregation state and thereby could strongly tune the porosity of the resulting materials. Colloidal chemistry with patchy silica nanoparticles was employed to

• SAXS” to identify and characterize subtle interparticle interactions [24]. This study shows that fast in situ synchrotron SAXS provides an understanding of lysozyme deformation molecules during aggregation. All these contributions indicate a marked interest of current research in hybrid materials for

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• that are sufficiently resistant to aggregation in body fluids such as blood. The stability of control and targeted liposomes was examined after exposure to 10% heat-inactivated FBS for 24 or 72 h at different temperatures (Figure 3c,d). There were noticeable increased in liposome size and PDI as a

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• stability and tumour accumulation of curcumin [17]. Overall, there is a consensus that using colloidally stable nanoparticles is crucial for understanding and controlling cellular uptake, because materials that are prone to aggregation show higher non-specific interactions with biological fluids and cell

• stability studies in culture media were first carried out. We found no sign of aggregation build up for at least 5 hours, as verified using dynamic light scattering measurements, where mono-modal autocorrelation function along with a single intensity vs hydrodynamic size peak (i.e., Laplace transform

pH-Controlled fluorescence switching in water-dispersed polymer brushes grafted to modified boron nitride nanotubes for cellular imaging

• Saban Kalay,
• Yurij Stetsyshyn,
• Volodymyr Donchak,
• Khrystyna Harhay,
• Ostap Lishchynskyi,
• Halyna Ohar,
• Yuriy Panchenko,
• Stanislav Voronov and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2428–2439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.233

• aggregation of poly(acrylic acid) due to hydrophobic interactions was shown [54]. At neutral or basic pH, the hydrodynamic diameter of the poly(acrylic acid) macromolecules was significantly decreased, indicating the disruption of intermolecular aggregates [54]. Cellular imaging using P(AA-co-FA

Air oxidation of sulfur mustard gas simulants using a pyrene-based metal–organic framework photocatalyst

• Ghada Ayoub,
• Mihails Arhangelskis,
• Xuan Zhang,
• Florencia Son,
• Timur Islamoglu,
• Tomislav Friščić and
• Omar K. Farha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2422–2427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.232

• the catalytic activity of Py-DCA, most likely due to the heterogeneous nature of the MOF, which assembles the pyrene linkers periodically within a robust three-dimensional framework, preventing their deactivation through aggregation. In all cases the 1O2 acted as a highly selective oxidant for the

Coating of upconversion nanoparticles with silica nanoshells of 5–250 nm thickness

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Maysoon Saleh,
• Bastian Rühle,
• Ute Resch-Genger and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2410–2421, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.231

• thicknesses of about 40–50 nm, followed by the growth of a thick silica layer by continuously adding TEOS in a Stöber-like growth step. Thereby, particle aggregation, which can occur during a Stöber-like growth process, and the formation of NPs from the shell material can be elegantly prevented, and

• indicate low colloidal stability of the particles, which is also supported by the high PDI values suggesting partial aggregation (Table 1). Repeated centrifugation and redispersion in ethanol were carried out in an attempt to improve the colloidal stability by removing the remaining surfactant from the

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• aggregation agent [1][2]. Consequently, many studies explain the SERS effect by the formation of electromagnetic hot-spots, i.e., sites with highly increased field strengths generated by the aggregated nanoparticles. Early SERS studies highlighted the importance of a strong electronic coupling between the

• in the SERS effect was evidenced experimentally also by Watanabe et al. and Doering et al., who showed that thiosulfate, a photographic fixing agent that dissolves Ag+ ions, completely quenches the SERS signal [8][12]. Furthermore, the aggregation of nanoparticles was completely excluded since the

• − showing a high affinity for the silver surface. The colloidal nanoparticles used here are surrounded by citrate anions in an electrostatic interaction with the silver surface, which confer the nanoparticles a negative zeta potential and thus electrostatically stabilize the AgNPs and prevent aggregation