Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• properties were characterized [5]. Upon annealing at 500 °C, the metastable cubic phase of ZrO2 was stabilized and ferromagnetic hysteresis of the nanocomposite film was confirmed. Saturation magnetization was measured to be ≈173 emu/g [5]. Undoped ZrO2, prepared by pulsed electron beam deposition [6] or

• -centrosymmetric orthorhombic phase of HfO2 stabilized by doping with foreign cations [40], well-defined ferroelectric hysteresis was recorded. For stabilized hafnia [40] the electrical polarization charge clearly tended to saturate upon the incremental increase in the external electric field strength. Along with

• hysteresis was determined in any case. The ZrO2/Fe2O3 sample with cycle ratio 10:5 (with cation ratio Zr/Fe = 2.0) showed considerably higher saturation magnetization with the value very similar to that measured by Sangalli et al. [19]. It is also worth noting that pure ZrO2 exhibited higher saturation

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

Robust nanobubble and nanodroplet segmentation in atomic force microscope images using the spherical Hough transform

• Yuliang Wang,
• Tongda Lu,
• Xiaolai Li,
• Shuai Ren and
• Shusheng Bi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2572–2582, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.257

• potential for numerous applications. As a result, the automated segmentation and morphological characterization of NBs and NDs in atomic force microscope (AFM) images is highly awaited. The current segmentation methods suffer from the uneven background in AFM images due to thermal drift and hysteresis of

• which are as close as possible to their actual boundaries. Through segmentation, their size, density, contact angle and even volume can be extracted. The major difficulty in automated NB/ND segmentation is the uneven background of AFM images, either because of the thermal drift and hysteresis of AFM

• the value can be taken as NBs and NDs. Due to the existence of thermal drift, noise and hysteresis of AFM scanners [25], their vertical position in an AFM image may vary greatly. It is a difficult challenge to determine the threshold value in the thresholding method, since they do not share the same

Alternating current magnetic susceptibility of a ferronematic

• Natália Tomašovičová,
• Jozef Kováč,
• Veronika Gdovinová,
• Nándor Éber,
• Tibor Tóth-Katona,
• Jan Jadżyn and
• Peter Kopčanský

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2515–2520, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.251

• no hysteresis. At higher magnetic fields (H > 3000 Oe), diamagnetism of the host LC matrix becomes dominating. The distances between the magnetization curves with negative slope of 6CB and of the FNs at these high magnetic fields correspond to the saturation magnetization of the MNPs. For higher

Interface conditions of roughness-induced superoleophilic and superoleophobic surfaces immersed in hexadecane and ethylene glycol

• Yifan Li,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Xuezeng Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2504–2514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.250

• selected. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis measurements Surface wettability can affect boundary slip. In order to decouple the individual effects of roughness and wettability on slip, the contact angle (CA) and contact angle hysteresis (CAH) have to be constant. CA and CAH were measured by using

• nanoparticles coalesce to larger agglomerates and enhance the amplitude parameters of the surfaces. The average width of the roughness pitch (AR) is kept constant at 2000 ± 100 nm. Contact angle and contact angle hysteresis Table 3 shows the CAs and CAHs of hexadecane and ethylene glycol on the superoleophilic

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• Fe0 to Fe2+ (at a potential lower than 3.5 V) and Fe2+ to Fe3+ (at a potential higher than 3.5 V) [88]. The large voltage hysteresis between discharging and charging process can be attributed to sluggish process kinetics, including, for example, phase evolution and the spatial distribution of

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• surfaces, on which an applied drop of water tends to spread, have a low or zero-degree contact angle. Whether droplets adhere on a surface or not is described by the contact angle hysteresis (CAH). It is measured as the difference between the advancing and receding angles of a droplet (CAH = CAadv − CArec

• ). Hysteresis can also be characterized by measuring the tilt angle (TA) of a surface at which an applied droplet of water starts to move. If the droplet rolls with little resistance at a low inclination angle of the surface, the contact angle hysteresis is small. The contact area of the solid surface and the

• applied liquid also depends on the wetting mode. In the Wenzel mode [26] an applied water droplet penetrates into cavities formed by the surface structures, increasing the contact area, and resulting in high hysteresis of the applied liquid. In Cassie–Baxter mode [27] air remains in the surface cavities

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

• energy hysteresis). Interestingly, energy dissipation in this case is not exclusively proportional to the loss modulus as in the case of steady-state harmonic applications (e.g., DMA, see Equation 8). It is evident that substantial complexity is generated in the analytical relations derived when the

• portion. Instead, the tip remains more time in contact with the sample during the approach than during the retract (see Figure 2). The vdW contribution will thus be referred to as surface energy hysteresis (fifth term on the right-hand side of Equation 30), and is proportional to the mismatch between the

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

• Soraya Sangiao,
• César Magén,
• Darius Mofakhami,
• Grégoire de Loubens and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

• show the formation of a magnetic vortex state in remanence, which nicely agrees with magnetic hysteresis loops performed by local magnetometry showing negligible remanent magnetization. As investigated by local magnetometry, optimal behavior for high-resolution MRFM has been found for cobalt

• maximize the MRFM signal [48]. Moreover, a spherical shape is beneficial to minimize hysteresis effects and makes quantitative analysis more easy [49]. These requirements imply the optimization of the FEBID growth in order to obtain cobalt spheres sufficiently small but at the same time having high metal

• field gradient on the nanosphere. In the experimental conditions, the cantilever frequency shift is directly proportional to the magnetization of the cobalt nanosphere (see Equation 1 in the Experimental section), which allows simple extraction of its hysteresis curve. This is shown in Figure 6a,b for a

Spin-dependent transport and functional design in organic ferromagnetic devices

• Guichao Hu,
• Shijie Xie,
• Chuankui Wang and
• Carsten Timm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1919–1931, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.192

• studies have found that the radical spins are ferromagnetically ordered in the ground state [14][15]. The magnetic properties of poly-BIPO have been measured experimentally, including high Curie temperature (150–190 °C) [9], magnetic hysteresis with residual magnetization (0.025–0.05 emu/g), and coercive

Fabrication of carbon nanospheres by the pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile–poly(methyl methacrylate) core–shell composite nanoparticles

• Dafu Wei,
• Youwei Zhang and
• Jinping Fu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1897–1908, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.190

• adsorption isotherm with H3 hysteresis, indicating the presence of mesopores. This was consistent with the result of the pore size distribution displayed in Figure 8b. The pore size of CP6 ranged from 1.75 nm to 125 nm, with majority of them lying in the range of mesopores. The calculated BET specific

Synthesis and catalytic application of magnetic Co–Cu nanowires

• Lijuan Sun,
• Xiaoyu Li,
• Zhiqiang Xu,
• Kenan Xie and
• Li Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1769–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.178

• replacement under an external magnetic field. The characterization results confirmed that the as-prepared product was bimetallic Co–Cu nanowires with a desirable linear structure. Additionally, the magnetic hysteresis loop showed that the bimetallic Co–Cu nanowires were paramagnetic, which meant they could be

• because they originated from the silicon wafer substrate, PVP and H2PtCl6·6H2O, respectively. Moreover, the elemental mapping profiles (Figure 4c,d) of Co and Cu further proved the presence of Co and Cu as well as their uniform distribution patterns. The magnetic hysteresis loop of bimetallic Co–Cu

• emu·g−1, respectively. The appearance of a hysteresis loop demonstrated that the bimetallic Co–Cu nanowires possessed paramagnetism [12]. Therefore, the bimetallic Co–Cu nanowires could be easily separated from the solution by providing an external magnetic field. Figure 5b shows the plots of evolution

Collembola cuticles and the three-phase line tension

• Håkon Gundersen,
• Hans Petter Leinaas and
• Christian Thaulow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1714–1722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.172

• requires an apparent contact angle exceeding 150°, and a contact angle hysteresis no larger than 10°. The predicted contact angles for all but the lowest values of f (and consequently highest values of ) yielded by the Cassie–Baxter equation do not reflect the observed apparent contact angles of most

Near-infrared-responsive, superparamagnetic Au@Co nanochains

• Varadee Vittur,
• Arati G. Kolhatkar,
• Shreya Shah,
• Irene Rusakova,
• Dmitri Litvinov and
• T. Randall Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1680–1687, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.168

• stirrer. Extinction spectra of (a) Co nanoparticles and (b) Au@Co nanochains. Magnetic properties of the Au@Co nanochains: (a) zero-field-cooling (ZFC), field-cooled (FC) at 100 Oe applied field, and (b) field-dependent magnetization (M vs H) hysteresis loop. Synthesis of Au@Co nanochains

Group-13 and group-15 doping of germanane

• Nicholas D. Cultrara,
• Maxx Q. Arguilla,
• Shishi Jiang,
• Chuanchuan Sun,
• Michael R. Scudder,
• R. Dominic Ross and
• Joshua E. Goldberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1642–1648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.164

• again at the actual noise limit of our instrumentation. However, in air, there is an increase in conductivity of at least three orders of magnitude. Figure 5f shows a representative I–V plot of As:GeH in ambient conditions. In contrast to Ga:GeH, the I–V plot is linear, with minimal hysteresis. The I–V

• four days. The introduction of Ga and As to the lattice decreases the resistance under ambient conditions with large amounts of hysteresis, suggesting that the presence of water can activate these dopants. As was previously observed with P:GeH [29], As:GeH is highly resistive under vacuum, indicating

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• material. In addition the material should yield device characteristics such as high on/off ratio, low hysteresis, and long-term stability. There are only few reports that describe, in a comprehensive way, an influence of each element on the performance of the organic transistor [12][14][15]. At present

• obtained for Parylene C has been attributed to the surface roughness, which increases the nucleation density and leads to less ordered films. The lower film order of Parylene C is compensated by the low charge trapping at the semiconductor/dielectric interface [50] confirmed by IDS hysteresis observed for

• significantly slows down the charge transport when SiO2 is used. By contrast, the PTAA transistor exhibits a marginal hysteresis between forward and backward sweep with similar transistor performance when the Parylene C is used either as self-standing dielectric (Figure 9a(ii)) instead of the SiO2 layer (Figure

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

• Peter Robaschik,
• Ye Ma,
• Salahud Din and
• Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

• information about the chemical composition and structure of the films. Furthermore superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry measurements reveal the ferromagnetic behaviour of the β-MnPc films, which exhibit remarkable coercivity. The opening of the hysteresis loop is preserved at

• spintronic devices, especially on flexible substrates. Magnetic characterisation As expected from optical microscopy and XRD the β-MnPc film formed by annealing of the MnPc:TCNQ utilising a cover exhibits remarkable magnetic properties. Figure 4 shows magnetic hysteresis loops of a MnPc film on Kapton at

• different temperatures. A substantial coercivity of 13 mT, which coincides with the 15 mT found for MnPc powder annealed in Ar atmosphere [26], can be detected at 2 K and an opening of the hysteresis is preserved up to a temperature of 10 K. The magnetisation increases rapidly until a field of 100 mT is

Synthesis of [Fe(L_eq)(L_ax)]_n coordination polymer nanoparticles using blockcopolymer micelles

• Christoph Göbel,
• Ottokar Klimm,
• Florian Puchtler,
• Sabine Rosenfeldt,
• Stephan Förster and
• Birgit Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1318–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.133

• nanocomposite. Most commonly the inverse-micelle technique is used for the preparation of nanoparticles [35][36][37][38][39]. However, the spin-crossover properties of the bulk are often lost upon miniaturisation and only few examples preserving the hysteresis (bistability) in a nanostructured system are known

• of the reaction time and temperature. Having a high crystallinity of the core, the SCO properties were closer to those of the bulk material (thermal hysteresis loop). We herein report the synthesis of three further coordination polymer block copolymer nanocomposites (CP–BCP) using the same synthesis

• centres remains in the HS state. Upon heating, a 3 K wide hysteresis is observed in the region of the first step with T1/2↑ = 127 K and T1/2↓ = 130 K. In the temperature range between 75 and 100 K first a decrease and then an increase of the χMT product upon heating is observed. This is due to a kinetic

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• isotherms in Figure 5 belong to type IV accompanied with a hysteresis loop located at higher relative pressures [32][33]. The specific surface areas of sample A2, sample B2, sample C2 and solid TiO2 nanofibers were approximately 69.9, 48.2, 43.1 and 35.6 m2/g, respectively. It is noteworthy that the

Vapor-phase-synthesized fluoroacrylate polymer thin films: thermal stability and structural properties

• Paul Christian and
• Anna Maria Coclite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 933–942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.95

• hysteresis between advancing and receding contact angle [14]. The advantage of cross-linking with EGDMA is the elimination of the annealing step, resulting in a cross-linked film already in the as-deposited form. The thermal stability of the thin films was evaluated by ellipsometry, Fourier transform

The role of 2D/3D spin-polarization interactions in hybrid copper hydroxide acetate: new insights from first-principles molecular dynamics

• Ziyad Chaker,
• Guido Ori,
• Mauro Boero and
• Carlo Massobrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 857–860, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.86

• ][9] with a similar approach by means of first-principles calculations showed a cooperative spin-state transition upon application of pressure for a hybrid metal–organic framework perovskite. Both the transition pressure and the width of the hysteresis have found to be strongly dependent on the nature

Measuring adhesion on rough surfaces using atomic force microscopy with a liquid probe

• Juan V. Escobar,
• Cristina Garza and
• Rolando Castillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 813–825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.84

• needs to be taken into account is that a drop attached to two flat surfaces can form a liquid bridge that can be compressed and stretched [23][24]; Chen et al. [25] have presented models of the effect of contact angle hysteresis on this phenomenon. Nevertheless, when adhesion is high, the water drop may

• follows a different trajectory than during the approach (4–4′ in Figure 5b) giving rise to force–displacement curve hysteresis. The two discontinuities in the force values are called jump-to-contact in the approach curve and jump-off-contact in the withdrawal curve. It is important to mention that this

• intersection of the lines and the surface drop interaction F(D): 1, 2, 3, 2′, and 4′. When the force gradient is larger than the effective elastic constant, the cantilever becomes unstable generating two discontinuities from which hysteresis follows: The jump-to-contact (2–2′) in the approach curve and the

First examples of organosilica-based ionogels: synthesis and electrochemical behavior

• Andreas Taubert,
• Ruben Löbbicke,
• Barbara Kirchner and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 736–751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.77

• IV isotherm typical of mesoporous solids. The H2 hysteresis loop is due to capillary condensation in the mesopores and is attributed to differences between condensation and evaporation processes occurring in pores with narrow necks and wide cavities often referred to as ink bottle pores. The late

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• ]. Ultrathin 2D MnO2 graphene hybrids form high-performance flexible planar supercapacitors [140]. Graphene-wrapped MnO2 is also used for supercapacitor applications [141]. MnO has low conversion potential, low voltage hysteresis (<0.8 V), and high density (5.43 g·cm−3). The application of MnO in LIB is a

Fiber optic sensors based on hybrid phenyl-silica xerogel films to detect n-hexane: determination of the isosteric enthalpy of adsorption

• Jesús C. Echeverría,
• Ignacio Calleja,
• Paula Moriones and
• Julián J. Garrido

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 475–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.51

• hysteresis loops of type H-2, according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry classification [17]. The Type IV isotherms are characteristic of mesoporous materials common in many inorganic oxide gels having interconnected pore networks. The amount of adsorbed N2 decreased with an increase

• in the molar percentage of PhTEOS in the mixture of silicon precursors. As the percentage of PhTEOS increased, the position of the capillary condensation step shifted towards higher relative pressure, indicating an increase in pore size. The hysteresis loops did not close at p/pº of 0.42, as is

• common in most N2 isotherms. This phenomenon is related to the irreversible adsorption in pores with opening diameters close to the kinetic diameter of the adsorbate [25]. For the PhTEOS hybrid xerogels, the non-closure of the hysteresis loop could be associated with the presence of cage-like domains in