Tattoo ink nanoparticles in skin tissue and fibroblasts

• Colin A. Grant,
• Peter C. Twigg,
• Richard Baker and
• Desmond J. Tobin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1183–1191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.120

• . Further, we also investigate the cell viability of dermal fibroblasts after incubation with filtered/unfiltered diluted tattoo ink and discuss these results in the context of nanoparticle research. Results and Discussion Tattoo ink particle size distribution Following three repeats of the particle size

• 2895 nm2, which translates to a diameter of 60.7 nm assuming a spherical shape. For this study we have only examined one commercially available tattoo ink. However, the AFM and particle size distribution results are in strong agreement with Høgsberg et al., who carried out a large study of 58 tattoo

• embedded in the dermal collagenous network, which were visible especially at the periphery of a clump of deposited particles. Wherever primary pigment particles could be resolved they were of approximately this diameter, suggesting that the observed ink particle size distribution reflects the range of

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• thermodynamic equilibrium, the intermedia transport of ENMs is governed by physical transport processes of particulate matter. Therefore, a description of the environmental fate and transport of ENMs requires the particle size distribution (PSD) to be accounted for within the modeling framework, as well as the

• distribution (percent) among the various compartments, (d) ENM apportionment throughout the ambient particle size distribution (Figure 8), and (e) the magnitude of intermedia transport rates, as a fraction of the ENM release rates, that allows assessment of the relative significance of various intermedia

• the environmental distribution of ENMs. ITP: intermedia transport processes, PSD: particle size distribution. Examples of MendNano web-based graphical user interface for scenario building showing inputs of soil parameters. Examples of graphical representations of MendNano simulation results depicting

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• instrument in high vacuum without sputtering. Particle size distribution and PDI were measured by DLS with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS (Malvern Instruments GmbH, Herrenberg, Germany). The uncoated ZnO-NPs NM110 belonged to a set of representative manufactured nanomaterials provided and characterized by the

• European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC, Ispra, Italy). Particle size distribution was determined by DLS. Shortly before incubation with PCLS, ZnO-NPs were dispersed following the Nanogenotox dispersion protocol [49]. The quartz particles (Min-U-Sil 5, crystalline silica, α-quartz) with a purity of

Anticancer efficacy of a supramolecular complex of a 2-diethylaminoethyl–dextran–MMA graft copolymer and paclitaxel used as an artificial enzyme

• Yasuhiko Onishi,
• Yuki Eshita,
• Rui-Cheng Ji,
• Masayasu Onishi,
• Takashi Kobayashi,
• Masaaki Mizuno,
• Jun Yoshida and
• Naoji Kubota

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2293–2307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.238

• Discussion Supramolecular DDMC/PTX complex Characterization of the supramolecular DDMC/PTX complex A complex consisting of DDMC and PTX (DDMC/PTX) was obtained by using the antitumor alkaloid PTX as the guest and DDMC as the host. The particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the DDMC/PTX complex were

• complex. From the above, Figure 3b shows the presence of a large hydrophobic bond in the DDMC/PTX complex. Particle size distribution and ζ-potential The particle size distribution and the ζ-potential of the DDMC/PTX complex were measured by dynamic light scattering and particle electrophoretic mobility

• ) DDMC, (2) DDMC/PTX complex (DDMC 9.6 mg/PTX 0.385 mg), (3) DDMC/PTX complex (DDMC 9.6 mg/PTX 0.709 mg), and (4) PTX. (b): Reprinted from [62]. Characteristics of the DDMC–paclitaxel complex. (a) Particle size distribution and ζ-potential of the DDMC–paclitaxel complex determined by dynamic light

Nanoencapsulation of ultra-small superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide into human serum albumin nanoparticles

• Matthias G. Wacker,
• Mahmut Altinok,
• Stephan Urfels and
• Johann Bauer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2259–2266, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.235

• high electron density appeared in black. Since the agglomeration of HSA molecules during desolvation process is depending on the charge of the molecules, particles increase in diameter with increasing amount of incorporated iron (Figure 4A and B). Determination of particle size distribution by

• morphology of the particles was investigated with a Philips EM 208S electron microscope, at a nominal magnification of 16,000–21,000 and analyzed by using the GATAN software package (Gatan Inc., Pleasanton, USA). Particle size distribution by nanoparticle tracking analysis NTA was conducted by using a

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Imaging the intracellular degradation of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles

• Anne-Kathrin Barthel,
• Martin Dass,
• Melanie Dröge,
• Jens-Michael Cramer,
• Daniela Baumann,
• Markus Urban,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.201

• convolved with the broad PLLA particle size distribution (see inset in Figure 3) and the unknown cross section through the particle. Accordingly, Poisson statistics will take effect rather than a Gaussian standard deviation. The measurement error scales with N−1/2, where N is the number of events

A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Manfred Kluwig and
• Thomas Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192

• its particle size distribution is optimized for best scattering efficiency according to Mie's theory [2][3]. The most common industrial processing routes are the sulfate process and the chloride process. In the sulfate process, for example, ilmenite ore is dissolved in sulfuric acid, iron and titanium

• recommendation of the European Commission [4], the method gives a conservative estimate of the particle size distribution. Results and Discussion In order to establish the proposed method, especially for the sizing of pigment-grade titanium dioxide, the reproducibility of the method was primarily tested. Each

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• broad size distributions. Due to the differences in the preparation procedures, the three silica particle types exhibit different properties beyond the realizable particle size and particle size distribution, for example, with respect to density and surface porosity [54][56][58][59]. Silica

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• not substantially differ showing a relatively high uniformity in terms of size and spherical shape (Figure 1). The average diameter of the particles was 6–7 nm and their polydispersity (weight- to number-average particle diameter) was 1.3–1.5 indicating a moderately broad particle size distribution

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• particle size distribution of PLAL products is generally very broad [24][32]. Hence laser-fabricated ligand-free nanoparticles are excellent model systems to simulate implant wear processes and correlated toxic effects. Reference nanomaterials are particularly useful when their size and composition are

• reference materials is of paramount importance in reproduction biology, as fertilization is a highly sensitive process where a single cell counts. Influence of laser pulse length on particle size distribution. A) Representative normalized weight frequency of nanoparticle diameter of gold nanoparticles

• obtained from PLAL in deionized water using picosecond (black curve) and nanosecond (red curve) pulses. B) Gold nanoparticles obtained from femtosecond laser ablation showing a bimodal particle size distribution. (Reprinted with permission from [50]. Copyright 2003 AIP Publishing ICC). Size control of

Microstructural and plasmonic modifications in Ag–TiO₂ and Au–TiO₂ nanocomposites through ion beam irradiation

• Venkata Sai Kiran Chakravadhanula,
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra,
• Venkata Girish Kotnur,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi,
• Thomas Strunskus,
• Vladimir Zaporotchenko,
• Dietmar Fink,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Franz Faupel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.154

• ]. The dark and bright contrasts in the TEM image correspond to Ag nanoparticles and TiO2 matrix, respectively. Detailed investigations on the particle size distribution of the Ag nanoparticles embedded in a TiO2 matrix have been performed by 3D-tomography studies [39][40]. Tomography results have

• ). The average diameter of the nanoparticles has not much increased but the particle size distribution has broadened. The diameter of some nanoparticles even exceeds 6 nm, with more nanoparticles (Figure 3c) in the size range from 2 to 6 nm as compared to pristine state (Figure 3a) and those irradiated

• images are shown in Figure 4. The pristine Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite sample exhibits Ag nanoparticles with a bi-modal particle size distribution (Figure 4a and the corresponding particle size distribution) [39][40]. After irradiation with 100 MeV Ag8+ ions at a fluence of about 1 × 1012 ions/cm2, the average

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• replace traditional carbon support, e.g., Vulcan XC-72. The addition of more corrosion-resistant ZrC to XC-72 carbon (1:1) provided a narrower particle size distribution and a better dispersion on the surface and resulted in a higher activity during formic acid oxidation [138]. Nanocomposite-based on Pd

Mimicking exposures to acute and lifetime concentrations of inhaled silver nanoparticles by two different in vitro approaches

• Fabian Herzog,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Sandor Balog,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Matthias Epple,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1357–1370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.149

• and Figure 1B the particle size distribution as measured with DLS. In order to compare this study with previous works using Au and Ag NPs (20 nm) with the same setup [42][44] the stock solutions (1.5 mg Ag/mL) were diluted to 24 and 240 μg Ag/mL, respectively, and concentrated by ultrafiltration to

• Dunnett’s post-hoc test was performed. Values were considered significantly different with p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**). Scanning electron microscopic image (A) of Ag NPs deposited on a silicon wafer. The particle size distribution (B) was measured by dynamic light scattering and showed an average

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• is a method for the determination of particle size distribution and particle agglomerates. It is important to mention that the mean particle diameter (Zaverage) for polymer-nanocomposites turns out to be significantly larger than the corresponding values determined by TEM. More specifically, Zaverage

• is 254 nm (0.123), 470 nm (0.208) and 831 nm (0.271) where values in parenthesis represent polydispersity index (PDI) values. The PDI is an indicator of the broadness of the particle size distribution for P3HT:CISe/CIGSe/CZTSe, respectively. This discrepancy in the size values of nanocomposites

Manipulation of isolated brain nerve terminals by an external magnetic field using D-mannose-coated γ-Fe₂O₃ nano-sized particles and assessment of their effects on glutamate transport

• Tatiana Borisova,
• Natalia Krisanova,
• Arsenii Borуsov,
• Roman Sivko,
• Ludmila Ostapchenko,
• Michal Babic and
• Daniel Horak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.90

• of particles with the diameter Di) documents a moderately broad particle size distribution (Table 1). The obtained iron oxide nanoparticle colloids were also investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of the nanoparticles calculated from DLS was about 10 times

• from DLS was about 0.17 suggesting that the particle size distribution was not too broad, which is in agreement with the TEM analysis. Particle diameters in Table 1 thus do not show any significant differences between neat and D-mannose-coated γ-Fe2O3. It can be therefore concluded that the observed

• 200 CX transmission electron microscope (TEM). The size was calculated by using the Atlas program (Tescan, Digital Microscopy Imaging, Brno, Czech Republic). The hydrodynamic diameter Dh (z-average) and polydispersity as a measure of the particle size distribution were determined by dynamic light

Cyclodextrin-poly(ε-caprolactone) based nanoparticles able to complex phenolphthalein and adamantyl carboxylate

• Daniela Ailincai and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.76

• (DLS) experiments were carried out with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS ZEN 3600 at a temperature of 25 °C. The particle size distribution is derived from a deconvolution of the measured intensity autocorrelation function of the sample by a general purpose method, i.e., the non-negative least squares

An ultrasonic technology for production of antibacterial nanomaterials and their coating on textiles

• Anna V. Abramova,
• Vladimir O. Abramov,
• Aharon Gedanken,
• Ilana Perelshtein and
• Vadim M. Bayazitov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 532–536, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.62

• morphology of the structure, the chemical and phase composition of the settled NPs using an electron microscope (CAM SCAN S2) and an X-ray spectral microanalyzer. Studies of the particle size distribution were carried out by using DLS measurements. X-ray diffraction was performed on the diffractometer “AMUR

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• the origin of this effect remains unclear to date. In addition to the mean diameter, the particle size distribution has been analyzed. It was found to be close to Gaussian and only slightly skewed, which stands in contrast to results gained with other inert gas condensation techniques like thermal

One pot synthesis of silver nanoparticles using a cyclodextrin containing polymer as reductant and stabilizer

• Arkadius Maciollek and
• Helmut Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 380–385, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.44

• temperature of 20 °C. The particle size distribution is derived from a deconvolution of the measured intensity autocorrelation function of the sample by a general purpose method (non-negative least squares) algorithm included in the DTS software. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were recorded on

Morphological characterization of fullerene–androsterone conjugates

• Alberto Ruiz,
• Margarita Suárez,
• Nazario Martin,
• Fernando Albericio and
• Hortensia Rodríguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 374–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.43

• about the particle size of the C60–androsterone conjugates. The concentration range studied was 0.1–0.4 mg·mL−1. The histograms of the four C60–androsterone derivatives Ia,b and IIa,b in Figure 4 show the average particle size distribution in water at 0.1 mg·mL−1, in which the particles of 5–12 nm and a

• more broad range of 12–26 nm of hydrodynamic radius are shown for Ia,b and IIa,b, respectively. The four samples analyzed had polydispersity index values of 0.393 to 0.454, which are consistent with polydisperse samples. The histograms of particle size distribution by volume at the same concentration

• micrographs (TEM) of fullerene–androsterone conjugates. Size distributions of 250 nanoparticles of C60–androsterone (A) Ia,b and (B) IIa,b adsorbed on the TEM grids. Histogram analyses of the particle size distribution by number, and solubility profile in water at 0.1 mg·mL−1 of fullerene–steroid derivatives

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• shape, presenting an overall quasi-spherical morphology. Particle size distribution analysis of Gd2O3 nanoparticles confirmed that the nanoparticles are in the range of 3–8 nm with an average size of 6 nm (Figure 2B). The interplanar distance of Gd2O3 nanoparticles was estimated to be 2.75 Å and

• micrograph recorded from drop-cast films of Gd2O3 nanoparticle solution formed by the reaction of GdCl3 with the fungal biomass of Humicola sp. for 96 h. (B) Particle size distribution determined from TEM microgaph. (C) HR-TEM image of Gd2O3 nanoparticles showing inter planar distance. (D) Selected area

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• distribution. Pt@HGS 3–4 nm and Pt/Vulcan 3–4 nm on the other hand offer a comparable particle size distribution, but the structure of the carbon support is different. An in-depth characterization of the degradation behavior of all three materials, thus, promises insight into the effect of both particle size

• to the HGS-based catalysts, colloidal deposition was utilized for platinum deposition in the Pt/Vulcan material. This allowed us to obtain a comparable and defined particle size distribution to the one of Pt@HGS 3–4 nm. Another Pt/Vulcan material with an average particle size of 5–6 nm was used for

• with previous observations [12][14]. The 5–6 nm Pt/Vulcan catalyst exhibits a slightly increased specific activity compared to all other Pt/C catalysts with smaller sizes, however, this may also be an artifact due to the very broad particle size distribution (ranging from 3–13 nm) of this particular

Cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of PVP-coated silver nanoparticles after intratracheal instillation in rats

• Nadine Haberl,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Alexander Wenk,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Blair D. Johnston,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling and
• Carsten Schleh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 933–940, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.105

• samples were ultrasonically dispersed (ultrasound bath) in ethanol and then transferred to holey carbon-coated copper grids. Immediately prior to intratracheal instillation, the particle size distribution and the polydispersity index were measured by dynamic light scattering with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano