Tailoring the ligand shell for the control of cellular uptake and optical properties of nanocrystals

• Johannes Ostermann,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Christopher Wolter,
• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Hauke Kloust and
• Horst Weller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 232–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.22

• -PEG nanocontainers a powerful tool for further in vivo experiments in future. Fluorescence microscopy image of vesicles from PI-b-PEG 1 in water, the bilayer was visualized using the hydrophobic dye Nile Red (A); Size distribution of the micelles build from PI-b-PEG 2 – PI-b-PEG 10 in water

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• division took place in the sample, which resulted in a confluent cell layer after seven days of incubation. In the micromotility assay, we found an impact of nanoparticle density (the number of particles available for one cell) on the cell behavior. Since CTAB nanorods are covered with a bilayer of the

• surfactant [31], the amount of CTAB exposed to the cells correlates with the particle density inducing cytotoxicity. For the live cell imaging assay, we replaced the cell medium for imaging and culturing, possibly reducing or eventually removing the CTAB bilayer during incubation, which could have resulted

Intake of silica nanoparticles by giant lipid vesicles: influence of particle size and thermodynamic membrane state

• Florian G. Strobl,
• Florian Seitz,
• Christoph Westerhausen,
• Armin Reller,
• Adriano A. Torrano,
• Christoph Bräuchle,
• Achim Wixforth and
• Matthias F. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2468–2478, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.256

• particle and the membrane. As shown in [33], the interaction between a neutral (i.e., zwitterionic) lipid bilayer and negatively charged silica surface is repulsive in pure water but attractive in phosphate buffered saline. The authors also give a plausible theoretical explanation for this finding by

• inner and outer medium the GUVs sink down to the chamber bottom. Vesicles in the fluid state will show strong adhesion to the cover glass, rupture and form a solid supported bilayer (SLB) eventually. However, vesicles settling down on top of such a SLB show no significant adhesion and are used for the

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• biomimetic membranes (above 41 °C) exhibits low anisotropy and high fluorescence emission intensity due to an increase in the lipid bilayer mobility and hence the chlorophyll has the possibility to move and to minimize the energy transfer leading to fluorescence quenching. In the gel phase of the artificial

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• . Generally, Sn2+ can act as an acceptor if a stronger reducer is present. By comparing the standard potentials of the S2−/S and Sn/Sn2+ systems, it appears that this explanation is possible and is supported by the fact that in the SnS2–SnS bilayer, only the SnS2-sulfur atoms facing the SnS layer become

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• the spontaneous extracellular electrical activity in a murine neuronal cell line, which yielded results in good agreement with recordings made by means of conventional MEAs (Figure 5). Single-spin NV-NDs embedded in an artificial lipid bilayer [136] and in a real cell membrane, in which there is a

Donor–acceptor graphene-based hybrid materials facilitating photo-induced electron-transfer reactions

• Anastasios Stergiou,
• Georgia Pagona and
• Nikos Tagmatarchis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1580–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.170

• graphene, in which the organic unit is tightly attached on the graphene network, is the method of choice for preparing novel donor–acceptor hybrid materials that can potentially facilitate photo-induced electron-transfer phenomena. Single-layer, bilayer and oligo-layer graphene sheets have been utilized to

Formation of Cu_xAu_1−x phases by cold homogenization of Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films

• Alona Tynkova,
• Gabor L. Katona,
• Gabor A. Langer,
• Sergey I. Sidorenko,
• Svetlana M. Voloshko and
• Dezso L. Beke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1491–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.162

• larger in Au (of the order of 10−11 m/s) than in Cu (of the order of 10−13 m/s). Experimental Au/Cu nanocrystalline thin films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering onto (001)-oriented Si wafers with native SiO2 layer. The following bilayer samples were deposited: Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm), Au(25nm)/Cu(25nm

• ) system a) as deposited sample and b) annealed samples. XRD θ–2θ patterns of Au(25nm)/Cu(12nm) annealed samples. Bright field (top view) TEM images of Au(10nm)/Cu(15nm) bilayer a) as deposited and c) after 1 h of heat treatment at 160 °C. The arrow indicates the area of formation of a new phase. Selected

• area electron diffraction patterns of Au(10nm)/Cu(15nm) bilayer b) as deposited and d) after 1 h of heat treatment at 160 °C. Dependence of the average concentration of elements on the annealing time at 150 °C in a) Au(25nm)/Cu(50nm), b) Au(25nm)/Cu(25nm) and c) Au(25nm)/Cu(12nm) systems. Calculated

Sublattice asymmetry of impurity doping in graphene: A review

• James A. Lawlor and
• Mauro S. Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1210–1217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.133

• more recent studies suggest that this could also be possible with other impurities [43]. Whilst it is known experimentally that molybdenum impurities exhibit same sublattice configurations in bilayer epitaxial graphene, the mechanism behind this is not currently understood [60]. Boron has been studied

Model systems for studying cell adhesion and biomimetic actin networks

• Dorothea Brüggemann,
• Johannes P. Frohnmayer and
• Joachim P. Spatz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1193–1202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.131

• actin networks and talin into model cells. Keywords: actin network; cell adhesion; giant unilamellar vesicle; integrin; lipid bilayer; synthetic cell; protein reconstitution; talin; Review Introduction Since Hooke first described a biological cell in 1665 tremendous progress has been made in

• found to quantify the binding energy of different integrin–ligand pairs under bioanalogue conditions [43]. This system was developed further to facilitate the mobility of the integrin receptors within the supported lipid bilayer. Thus, it was shown that integrin mobility controls the force-induced

• lipid bilayer, like the membrane of natural cells. With these attributes GUVs have gained increasing importance as bottom-up model systems in synthetic biology over the past years. GUVs can be used to study cellular functions and the interplay between various proteins, which are incorporated in the

Electron-beam induced deposition and autocatalytic decomposition of Co(CO)₃NO

• Florian Vollnhals,
• Martin Drost,
• Fan Tu,
• Esther Carrasco,
• Andreas Späth,
• Rainer H. Fink,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1175–1185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.129

• bilayer and even multilayer nanostructures. Results and Discussion EBID plus autocatalytic growth EBID structures were deposited from Co(CO)3NO on native SiOx on Si(100) and 100 nm Si3N4 membranes, and on commercially available, thermal 300 nm SiO2 on Si(100). The beam energy was 15 keV at a beam current

• energies, a contribution of (25 ± 5)% of the Fe intensity at the Fe L3 edge is determined for the Co L3 edge, i.e., This correction was taken into account to determine the apparent thickness of the Co contribution in the CoOxNyCz/Fe bilayer. As the first step, the autocatalytic growth of the iron

Adsorption and oxidation of formaldehyde on a polycrystalline Pt film electrode: An in situ IR spectroscopy search for adsorbed reaction intermediates

• Zenonas Jusys and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 747–759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.87

• (111) surface at 0.5 V (NHE) [51]. A recent detailed theoretical study on the stability, configuration and interconversion of formyl (CHO) and hydroxymethylidyne (COH) adsorbed on Pt(111) under a water bilayer suggested that CHOad is the only (meta-)stable form under these conditions, while the COHad

• configuration dissociates easily to COad + H [52]. For CHOad on a bridge site under a water bilayer, only a single C–O bond vibration was calculated at wave numbers of 1250 cm−1 [52]. For an adsorption potential of 0.4 V (Figure 2b), the initial IR spectra exhibit distinct differences compared to the spectra

Analytical development and optimization of a graphene–solution interface capacitance model

• Hediyeh Karimi,
• Rasoul Rahmani,
• Reza Mashayekhi,
• Leyla Ranjbari,
• Amir H. Shirdel,
• Niloofar Haghighian,
• Parisa Movahedi,
• Moein Hadiyan and
• Razali Ismail

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 603–609, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.71

• the measurement of quantum capacitance of bilayer graphene in an ionic liquid electrolyte. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quantum capacitance of single layer graphene sheet as a function of voltage, and validate theoretical predictions with the experimental results [26]. Results and

Towards precise defect control in layered oxide structures by using oxide molecular beam epitaxy

• Federico Baiutti,
• Georg Christiani and
• Gennady Logvenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 596–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.70

• ) oscillations observed at low grazing angle (right inset). No XRR modulations deriving from the bilayer structure are expected, given the similar density of the constituent layers (7.22 g/cm3 for LCO and 7.14 g/cm3 for LNO). A crucial parameter for the growth of complex oxides is the system oxidation power. The

• substrate. XRD θ–2θ scan of a bilayer heterostructure La2NiO4 (diamonds)–La2CuO4 (circles) on a STO(100) substrate (S). The thickness of the La2NiO4 and La2CuO4 is 26 nm and 40 nm respectively, according to the number of RHEED oscillations recorded during the growth. In the left inset: magnification of the

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• of gold rod-like particles in the aqueous medium. The issue with CTAB, however, is that it forms a tightly bound cationic bilayer on the surface of the AuNR with the cationic trimethylammonium head group exposed to the external environment. The presence of CTAB on the AuNRs surface poses a threat to

• group of CTAB molecules preferentially binds to specific crystallographic faces of gold. Thus the gold atoms are directed to deposit on selective faces of gold and attain anisotropic nanoparticles in the solution medium [6][28][29]. In this process, CTAB forms a tightly bound cationic bilayer on the

Effect of contaminations and surface preparation on the work function of single layer MoS₂

• Oliver Ochedowski,
• Kolyo Marinov,
• Nils Scheuschner,
• Artur Poloczek,
• Benedict Kleine Bussmann,
• Janina Maultzsch and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 291–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.32

• , e.g., lower the contact resistance and improve their performance. First experiments adressing this issue for MoS2 by using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) have already been reported [28][29]. However, these measurements were not done on SLM but bilayer MoS2 (BLM) and higher layer numbers and the

Nanoscale patterning of a self-assembled monolayer by modification of the molecule–substrate bond

• Cai Shen and
• Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 258–267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.28

• bilayer of metal, which is intercalated at the SAM–substrate interface [20][21][22][23][24]. The interest in this process arises from the alteration in the strength of the S–substrate bond. Following the order Au < Ag < Cu [25] patterning is enabled by a localised UPD of Cu or Ag on Au and the subsequent

Surface assembly and nanofabrication of 1,1,1-tris(mercaptomethyl)heptadecane on Au(111) studied with time-lapse atomic force microscopy

• Tian Tian,
• Burapol Singhana,
• Lauren E. Englade-Franklin,
• Xianglin Zhai,
• T. Randall Lee and
• Jayne C. Garno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 26–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.3

• inscribed by multiple sweeps across the same selected region, which produced a double-layer thickness for the circles and letter shapes. It has previously been reported that multiple sweeps during nanografting of carboxylic acid-terminated SAMs produced bilayer nanopatterns [36]. The square nanopattern of

Ultramicrosensors based on transition metal hexacyanoferrates for scanning electrochemical microscopy

• Maria A. Komkova,
• Angelika Holzinger,
• Andreas Hartmann,
• Alexei R. Khokhlov,
• Christine Kranz,
• Arkady A. Karyakin and
• Oleg G. Voronin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 649–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.72

• were followed by 2 cycles of Ni–HCF deposition forming one “bilayer”. AFM images of Prussian blue and Ni–HCF deposited on top are shown in Figure 1. After the last deposition step the electrodes were activated by CV as described in the Experimental section of this manuscript. Increasing the number of

Routes to rupture and folding of graphene on rough 6H-SiC(0001) and their identification

• M. Temmen,
• O. Ochedowski,
• B. Kleine Bussmann,
• M. Schleberger,
• M. Reichling and
• T. R. J. Bollmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 625–631, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.69

• Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). SHI irradiation results in rupture of the SLG sheets, thereby creating foldings and bilayer graphene (BLG). Applying the other modification methods creates enlarged (twisted) graphene foldings that show rupture along preferential edges of zigzag and armchair type

• microelectronics technology [3], in which especially bilayer graphene (BLG) is of interest, as its band gap can be tuned [4]. Although the electronic properties of AB-stacked (Bernal) BLG is of special interest due to its tunable bandgap, rotationally stacked or twisted BLG is more attractive from an application

• carpet [32]. The Kelvin-compensated NC-AFM topography measurements taken on SLG reflect the substrate step structure with its bilayer step height of 0.33 ± 0.10 nm [13]. A representative line profile is shown in the inset of Figure 2. To determine whether the roughness on the SLG reflects the contours of

Characterization of electroforming-free titanium dioxide memristors

• John Paul Strachan,
• J. Joshua Yang,
• L. A. Montoro,
• C. A. Ospina,
• A. J. Ramirez,
• A. L. D. Kilcoyne,
• Gilberto Medeiros-Ribeiro and
• R. Stanley Williams

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 467–473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.55

• single layer TiO2 (30 nm) was sputter-deposited from a titania source. For electroforming-free devices (described below), a bilayer was used consisting of TiO2−x (30 nm) and TiO2 (5 nm), where the thicker oxygen deficient layer was sputter deposited from a Ti4O7 Magnéli phase target and the thinner

• stoichiometric TiO2 film is predominantly amorphous with some small (<10 nm) anatase grains, while the bilayer film is amorphous with no observed structural ordering. Electrical measurements of both types of devices are shown in Figure 1. Both showed reversible bipolar resistance switching. The standard device

• electroforming step is irreversible. In contrast, the bilayer device, Figure 1b, did not require such an electroforming step and subsequent bipolar resistance switching showed that the initial conductive state of the device (“Virgin”) is nearly equivalent to the subsequent OFF state. Thus, this bilayer device

Nanoscopic surfactant behavior of the porin MspA in aqueous media

• Ayomi S. Perera,
• Hongwang Wang,
• Tej B. Shrestha,
• Deryl L. Troyer and
• Stefan H. Bossmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 278–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.30

• hydrophilic vestibule (the “head” of the surfactant) can potentially be deformed when single MspA proteins aggregate. Protein deformation is often observed during crystallization [26]. The formation of a bilayer is evidence for attractive interactions between MspA units. Predicting the geometry of

• formation. Then the change in the chemical potential (Δμ°) during supramolecular aggregation is dependent on the transfer of MspA from the aqueous phase into the MspA-bilayer and the interaction of the head groups. The term (Δµº/kBT)transfer is negative, because the solvation of extended hydrophobic

• describes the energetic contribution arising from the interactions of the vestibules of MspA in the bilayer. Due to the presence of polar amino-acid side-chains at the exterior of the MspA’s “head”, hydrogen bonding [29] is most likely responsible for the discrepancy of the calculated packing parameter P

Growth behaviour and mechanical properties of PLL/HA multilayer films studied by AFM

• Cagri Üzüm,
• Johannes Hellwig,
• Narayanan Madaboosi,
• Dmitry Volodkin and
• Regine von Klitzing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 778–788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.87

• . It was found that the film thickness increases linearly with the bilayer number n, ranging between 400 and 7500 nm for n = 12 and 96, respectively. The apparent Young’s modulus E ranges between 15 and 40 kPa and does not depend on the indenter size or the film bilayer number n. Stress relaxation

• Bilayer number n versus film thickness h The thickness h of (PLL/HA)n films with n = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 was measured both to determine the growth regime and to be able to study the mechanical properties. Two methods were used to determine the thickness. The first one is the scratch-and-scan

• and full-indentation is presented in Figure 3. The results of the two completely independent methods coincide very well within the experimental errors. Film thickness increases linearly with increasing bilayer number n (with an exception of n = 48) and ranges from about 0.4 to 7 μm for n = 12 and n

Large-scale analysis of high-speed atomic force microscopy data sets using adaptive image processing

• Blake W. Erickson,
• Séverine Coquoz,
• Jonathan D. Adams,
• Daniel J. Burns and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 747–758, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.84

• bilayer of mixed composition. Figure 2A and Figure 2E show the starting data. If present, the 1-D errors must be corrected first because any attempts to correct for the 2-D distortions will be biased by these 1-D offsets. To do this, the offset caused by the 1-D distortions is removed from each line

• routine on an example lipid bilayer of mixed composition are shown as the inputs and outputs of each major block. Each block will be discussed separately in detail. 1.1 Identify the background, generate a mask, estimate the polynomial background The purpose of this section is to identify the background

• in the image. Panel E shows the raw data of a mixed lipid bilayer on mica. Panel F shows the results of line-by-line second-order polynomial subtraction. Panel G shows 1-D artifact correction followed by 2-D second-order polynomial subtraction. Panel H shows the results of 1-D artifact correction

Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji,
• Arne Albrecht and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.74

• <λp>, and the characteristic particle spacing s increase with increasing film thickness for the dewetted nanoparticles on flat substrates [19]. However, the prepatterned substrates with nanostructures lead to an obvious reduction of the particle size and spacing [19]. Although the total bilayer