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Search for "contamination" in Full Text gives 296 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. Showing first 200.

Comparative study of antibacterial properties of polystyrene films with TiOx and Cu nanoparticles fabricated using cluster beam technique

  • Vladimir N. Popok,
  • Cesarino M. Jeppesen,
  • Peter Fojan,
  • Anna Kuzminova,
  • Jan Hanuš and
  • Ondřej Kylián

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 861–869, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.80

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  • considered, namely a potential contamination with Cu ions. Hence, polymers with Cu NPs should be used carefully in the cases of food or drugs. Experimental Preparation of polymer films with metal clusters PS films are prepared by a standard spin-coating procedure from a solvent mixture of 2 wt % PS in
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Published 12 Mar 2018

Synthesis and characterization of two new TiO2-containing benzothiazole-based imine composites for organic device applications

  • Anna Różycka,
  • Agnieszka Iwan,
  • Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz,
  • Michal Filapek,
  • Natalia Górska,
  • Damian Pociecha,
  • Marek Malinowski,
  • Patryk Fryń,
  • Agnieszka Hreniak,
  • Jakub Rysz,
  • Paweł Dąbczyński and
  • Monika Marzec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 721–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.67

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  • (0.3248 g) and degassed at high vacuum for 8 h at 150 °C in order to remove the contamination. Adsorption–desorption isotherms were recorded at the pressure of 10−5 to 760 mmHg which was close to the saturation pressure of 1.0 p/p0. To calculate the surface area of TiO2 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory
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Published 26 Feb 2018

Dynamics and fragmentation mechanism of (C5H4CH3)Pt(CH3)3 on SiO2 surfaces

  • Kaliappan Muthukumar,
  • Harald O. Jeschke and
  • Roser Valentí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 711–720, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.66

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  • of the organic contamination, a fundamental understanding of how the molecules behave on the substrates is necessary. This will be helpful, either to modify the existing class of precursor materials or to design a novel set of precursors, specific for electron beam deposition. To address this, we
  • fully and partially hydroxylated SiO2 surfaces. We focus on explaining the initial reactions and the possible fragmentation pathways of the (C5H4CH3)Pt(CH3)3 molecule on the SiO2 surface, and we explain the nature of organic contamination in the deposits. Computational Details DFT calculations for the
  • detachment of either the methylcyclopentadienyl ring or the methyl group. Detached methylcyclopentadienyl rings and the dissociated methyl groups block the surface active sites and might be the source of organic contamination. Since the composition of the obtained deposits dictate the conductance behavior
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Published 23 Feb 2018

Tuning adhesion forces between functionalized gold colloidal nanoparticles and silicon AFM tips: role of ligands and capillary forces

  • Sven Oras,
  • Sergei Vlassov,
  • Marta Berholts,
  • Rünno Lõhmus and
  • Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 660–670, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.61

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  • the size and shape of the particles, and longer contact times may contribute to the increase of these interaction forces. The low values of adhesion obtained for –OH coated Au NPs can be explained by a possible contamination of the Au NPs deposited on the silicon wafer. Due to the high polarity of the
  • –OH functional group compared to those of –NH2 and –SH groups, a higher adhesion value might have been expected. However, this high polarity of the tail group also confers a high reactivity to Au NPs, especially with contamination in air. As a result, the final adhesive behavior of the Au coated NPs
  • to take all aspects into account and give decisive explanation of the obtained results and broad scattering of measured values. Possible reasons may include deviation of NPs geometry from spherical shape, variation of the tip radii between different AFM probes, contamination and wear of the AFM tip
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Published 20 Feb 2018

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

  • Maria Cecilia Evora,
  • Xinyi Lu,
  • Nitilaksha Hiremath,
  • Nam-Goo Kang,
  • Kunlun Hong,
  • Roberto Uribe,
  • Gajanan Bhat and
  • Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

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  • polyacrylonitrile (PAN) from the literature (Figure 1c). This process relies on the fundamentals of radiation grafting polymerization. The advantage of the process is that an initiator is not required, avoiding the formation of free radicals on the substrate backbone/monomer, contamination and problems with local
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Published 13 Feb 2018

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

  • Liga Jasulaneca,
  • Jelena Kosmaca,
  • Raimonds Meija,
  • Jana Andzane and
  • Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

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Published 25 Jan 2018

Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)2, Co2(CO)8 and Me2Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

  • Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
  • Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
  • Artur Rydosz,
  • Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
  • Fanny Béron,
  • Kleber R. Pirota,
  • Stanislav Moshkalev,
  • José Alexandre Diniz and
  • Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

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  • , respectively. The precursors have been separately filled into their reservoirs inside a glove box in argon atmosphere, before being introduced on the substrate surface by heating up to 50 °C the GIS. Each precursor was used separately on different samples and experiments in order to avoid cross contamination
  • . Thus, the K-values of each atom were extracted from both the FEBID deposit and the substrate. The background signal from the detector, as well as the residual carbon signal arising from contamination deposition occurring during the EDX scan, were subtracted from the EDX spectra using a reference
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Published 09 Jan 2018

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

  • Ziyan Warneke,
  • Markus Rohdenburg,
  • Jonas Warneke,
  • Janina Kopyra and
  • Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

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  • insights into the chemistry that occurs during purification of FEBID nanostructures with implications also for the stability of the carbonaceous matrix of nanogranular FEBID materials under humid conditions. Keywords: carbon contamination; electron induced reactions; focused electron beam induced
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Published 08 Jan 2018

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

  • Leo Sala,
  • Iwona B. Szymańska,
  • Céline Dablemont,
  • Anne Lafosse and
  • Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

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  • corresponds to the loss of an entire ligand, which is certainly the most favourable situation to achieve improved purity of the final deposit. On the contrary, the ligand fragmentation can be viewed as a potential source of carbonaceous contamination of the future deposited product. The amine ligand
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Published 05 Jan 2018

Facile synthesis of silver/silver thiocyanate (Ag@AgSCN) plasmonic nanostructures with enhanced photocatalytic performance

  • Xinfu Zhao,
  • Dairong Chen,
  • Abdul Qayum,
  • Bo Chen and
  • Xiuling Jiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2781–2789, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.277

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  • . Keywords: Ag@AgSCN; degradation of oxytetracycline; plasmonic photocatalyst; stability; Introduction In the past decade, water decontamination technology has attracted great attention due to the increasing health risk that water contamination poses to humankind. The removal of pollutants has been
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Published 22 Dec 2017

Impact of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on purification and contamination of nematic liquid crystals

  • Dmitrii Pavlovich Shcherbinin and
  • Elena A. Konshina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2766–2770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.275

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  • contamination of liquid crystals. Nematic liquid crystals with high and low initial ionic contamination have been examined. It has been shown that titanium dioxide nanoparticles reduced the ion density of liquid crystals with high initial ionic contamination from 134.5 × 1012 cm−3 to 63.2 × 1012 cm−3. In the
  • case of liquid crystals with low initial ionic contamination, the nanoparticles led to an insignificant increase of ion density from 19.8 × 1012 cm−3 to 25.7 × 1012 cm−3. Keywords: ionic impurities; liquid crystals; nanoparticles; titanium dioxide; Findings Nowadays, liquid crystals (LCs) are widely
  • addition, nanoparticles can induce other new functions in liquid crystals, including improved response time [14][15], surface plasmon resonance [16], and improvements in alignment [17]. The ionic contamination of LCs remains one of the challenges to LC technology. Ionic conductivity negatively affects LC
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Published 21 Dec 2017

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

  • Christian Lutz,
  • Julia Syurik,
  • C. N. Shyam Kumar,
  • Christian Kübel,
  • Michael Bruns and
  • Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

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  • in a good agreement with XPS investigations of CNFs by other authors [41][42]. The weak component at 285.0 eV (blue dashed line) originates from so-called ’adventitious carbon’ sp3, describing hydrocarbon contamination due to the exposure to ambient atmosphere. The HRTEM images in Figure 4 b reveal
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Published 15 Dec 2017

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

  • Fan Tu,
  • Martin Drost,
  • Imre Szenti,
  • Janos Kiss,
  • Zoltan Kónya and
  • Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

Graphical Abstract
  • contain high amounts of carbon as contamination. For example, Sharma et al. [20] presented the possibility to control the deposited particle size by varying the EBID parameters (i.e., electron dose and beam current) but no further CNTs were shown to grow on these as-deposited Fe-containing nanoparticles
  • . Carbon contamination had a pronounced negative influence on the activity of the EBID deposits. The CNT yield on these deposits was low and post-treatment with oxygen plasma was necessary to clean the EBID Co deposits before the corresponding CVD experiment could be successfully conducted with sufficient
  • CNT yield [21]. The existence of the corresponding carbon contamination was traced back to deposits from the residual gas in the high-vacuum (HV) environment and the dissociation of the carbon-containing precursor ligands [19]. With our “surface science approach” to FEBIP, that is, working in an ultra
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Published 05 Dec 2017

Direct writing of gold nanostructures with an electron beam: On the way to pure nanostructures by combining optimized deposition with oxygen-plasma treatment

  • Domagoj Belić,
  • Mostafa M. Shawrav,
  • Emmerich Bertagnolli and
  • Heinz D. Wanzenboeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2530–2543, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.253

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  • microstructures can be fabricated by one-step direct-write lithography process using focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID). Typically, as-deposited gold nanostructures suffer from a low Au content and unacceptably high carbon contamination. We show that the undesirable carbon contamination can be
  • only slightly increased under deposition in reactive environments [43][44]. Logically, it would seem that the best way to avoid carbon contamination is to use a carbon-free precursor. Indeed, FEBID experiments using the PF3AuCl precursors yielded almost pure Au structures [32], but this precursor was
  • content of the deposit. The carbon contamination, which mainly originates from the imperfect chemical decomposition of the precursor, is a strong limitation for possible usage of FEBID nanomaterials in optical, magnetic, electronic or information storage devices. It is therefore essential to improve their
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Published 29 Nov 2017

Strategy to discover full-length amyloid-beta peptide ligands using high-efficiency microarray technology

  • Clelia Galati,
  • Natalia Spinella,
  • Lucio Renna,
  • Danilo Milardi,
  • Francesco Attanasio,
  • Michele Francesco Maria Sciacca and
  • Corrado Bongiorno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2446–2453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.243

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  • controlled rate in order to reproducibly grow layers of silicon oxide of a defined thickness. Thermal growth allows high-quality SiO2 films to be obtained with very low auto-fluorescence and very low contamination. The wafers were then cut in pieces to the exact dimensions of conventional microscope slides
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Published 20 Nov 2017

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

  • Rumen G. Nikov,
  • Anna Og. Dikovska,
  • Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
  • Georgi V. Avdeev and
  • Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

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  • their fabrication. Such applications require contamination-free nanostructures, suggesting that the development and use of physical nanofabrication methods is further warranted. One of the physical vapor deposition techniques widely applied in bottom-up nanotechnology is pulsed laser deposition (PLD
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Published 17 Nov 2017

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

  • Oliver Hagedorn,
  • Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
  • Hans Georg Mainx,
  • Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
  • Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

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  • applied droplets, even on superhydrophobic leaves, to reduce undesirable soil contamination by roll-off of agrochemical formulations from the plant surfaces. The wettability and morphology of soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf surfaces before and after treatment with six different surfactants (Agnique® SBO10
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Published 08 Nov 2017

Material property analytical relations for the case of an AFM probe tapping a viscoelastic surface containing multiple characteristic times

  • Enrique A. López-Guerra and
  • Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2230–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.223

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  • damage induced by constant tip drag. Additionally, these methods are prone to significant tip wear and contamination which could make quantitative characterization unreliable due to constant changes in tip geometry. Dynamic methods have been designed to overcome the above issues, whereby tapping-mode AFM
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Published 26 Oct 2017

Ester formation at the liquid–solid interface

  • Nguyen T. N. Ha,
  • Thiruvancheril G. Gopakumar,
  • Nguyen D. C. Yen,
  • Carola Mende,
  • Lars Smykalla,
  • Maik Schlesinger,
  • Roy Buschbeck,
  • Tobias Rüffer,
  • Heinrich Lang,
  • Michael Mehring and
  • Michael Hietschold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2139–2150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.213

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  • location of esterification, respectively: 1) The ester molecules originate all from the solution (either as contamination or as the result of an esterification in the bulk liquid phase); 2) the seed molecules for the ordered adsorbed ester pattern originate from the solution but around them further
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Published 12 Oct 2017

Magnetic properties of optimized cobalt nanospheres grown by focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) on cantilever tips

  • Soraya Sangiao,
  • César Magén,
  • Darius Mofakhami,
  • Grégoire de Loubens and
  • José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2106–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.210

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  • reports on Co-FEBID, which have confirmed this layer to be non-ferromagnetic [50]. Furthermore, a thin layer containing carbon and oxygen of about 7 nm is formed due to contamination before and during the electron beam irradiation in the TEM experiment. As a result, the average diameter of cobalt under
  • ). Figure 5a shows the bright field image of the Co nanosphere overlapped with the interference fringe pattern of the hologram, revealing a significant amount of contamination which did not disappear after standard Ar/O2 plasma cleaning procedures. Furthermore, the holograms before and after (not shown
  • ) reversing the object show how contamination builds up during the experiment, which affects the quantitative properties of the technique (particularly for the smaller sphere of 90 nm, shown in the Supporting Information File 1). The electrostatic (φE) and magnetic (φM) contributions to the phase shift
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Published 09 Oct 2017

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

  • Peter Krauß,
  • Jörg Engstler and
  • Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

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  • quality of the transferred graphene. The protective polymer coatings typically used generate residues and contamination on the ultrathin graphene layer. In this work, we have developed a graphene transfer process which works without a coating and allows the transfer of graphene onto arbitrary substrates
  • without the need for any additional post-processing. During the course of our transfer studies, we found that the etching process that is usually employed can lead to contamination of the graphene layer with the Faradaic etchant component FeCl3, resulting in the deposition of iron oxide FexOy
  • ][34]. As graphene is close to or even atomically thin, even very minor amounts of contamination can affect its electronic properties [22][33][34]. Additional processing such as thermal annealing in vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere is required to completely remove the protective layer, making polymer
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Published 26 Sep 2017

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

  • Gerhard Franz,
  • Florian Schamberger,
  • Hamideh Heidari Zare,
  • Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
  • Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

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  • above mentioned concepts do not address these deficits: 1. The exterior side of the catheter has intimate contact to the urethra along its whole length. Therefore, it is most likely that contamination with bacteria only happens during its implantation. Depositing an antibacterial layer only on the
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Published 22 Sep 2017

Identifying the nature of surface chemical modification for directed self-assembly of block copolymers

  • Laura Evangelio,
  • Federico Gramazio,
  • Matteo Lorenzoni,
  • Michaela Gorgoi,
  • Francisco Miguel Espinosa,
  • Ricardo García,
  • Francesc Pérez-Murano and
  • Jordi Fraxedas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1972–1981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.198

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  • layers) is about 17–18%, as obtained by comparing the area of the O–C=O contribution to the total area of the C 1s line. The lower proportion can be ascribed to contamination during exposure to air. From Figure 5a,b we observe that the proportions are about 7% and 13% for the unexposed and exposed
  • samples, respectively. Apart from surface contamination, the lower values are due to the contribution from the underlying PS–OH brush layer, which adds to the main C–C/C–H line, and to a lesser extent, to the C–OH line. The lower the values, the larger the contribution from the brush layer, so that we can
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Published 21 Sep 2017

Intercalation of Si between MoS2 layers

  • Rik van Bremen,
  • Qirong Yao,
  • Soumya Banerjee,
  • Deniz Cakir,
  • Nuri Oncel and
  • Harold J. W. Zandvliet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1952–1960, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.196

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  • photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [31]. It should be pointed out here that this study showed that the S 2p3/2 peak in MoS2 is at around 167.6 eV, which is considerably higher than the pure core-level line of pure S. This high value might be an indication of contamination with O [32] or Ni [33]. Here we revisit
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Published 19 Sep 2017

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

  • Lars Smykalla,
  • Carola Mende,
  • Michael Fronk,
  • Pablo F. Siles,
  • Michael Hietschold,
  • Georgeta Salvan,
  • Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
  • Oliver G. Schmidt,
  • Tobias Rüffer and
  • Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

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  • predefined dimensions seems possible. Related structural aggregates were hitherto obtained through solution processing only [58]. The disadvantages of this wet-chemistry deposition technique are the possible contamination and/or substrate oxidation [11][15][59]. The dendrites could be particularly suitable
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Published 29 Aug 2017
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