Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• reactivity, sensitivity of NPs, as well as their cellular uptake and systemic transfer [21]. However, in order to develop predictive models, a deeper understanding of the interactions at the bionano interface and their relationship to material and protein properties is necessary. Gathering more information

• predictions of the binding strength, preferred orientations, and relative abundance of the specified molecules on the specified material surfaces or NPs and, thus, gives an insight into the mechanisms of bionano interaction. We can compare different materials in terms of the protein binding affinity and

• obtained from the UnitedAtom model and corresponding 3D representations of the interactions of (a) AS1C, (b) AS2C, (c) BC, (d) BLAC, (e) ALAC, and (f) BSA with Al(110) in the preferred orientations. The figure highlights the closest AAs to the surface of the material. Mass abundance of proteins on Al and

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• nanopatterning approach. Direct combination of this approach with top-down nanotechnology, such as ion beams, has not been considered because of the soft nature of the DNA material. Here we demonstrate that the shape of 2D DNA origami nanostructures deposited on Si substrates is well preserved upon irradiation

• of various factors concerning material properties and the parameters of the impinging ion beam [22][23][24][25]. While crucial for modern nanotechnology, SHI cause severe damage to DNA [26][27][28]. This challenges the use of DNA-based nanomaterials for combined top-down and bottom-up nanoprocessing

• regimes become the basis of commonly used material processing techniques such as high-energy ion implantation, widely applied in laser, detector, and semiconductor industries [30]. Finally, at low (keV) energies, the interaction of heavy ions is dominated by nuclear stopping, which is used in the most

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• kind of X-ray microscopy and has come to the conclusion that such fractal structures boost superconductivity. In particular, the work demonstrates that this material has a small number of very highly ordered regions and larger numbers of disordered regions, with a power-law distribution describing them

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• : direct writing; dwell time; electron dose; etching; graphene; maskless lithography; nanopatterning; Introduction The discovery of extraordinary and controllable electrical conductivity in graphene back in 2004 made it the most recognized 2D material [1]. The newly discovered phenomena, such as

• communication devices. All those future technologies will require high-precision lithography techniques with excellent lateral resolution, high throughput, and minimized possibility of material damage. In the last decade, several approaches have been made to provide the most suitable method for patterning

• 50 nm (20 nm in the best case). However, due to the long residual time of the water molecules inside the SEM chamber, the collection of an image can further destroy the investigated material. Therefore, we performed a second series of experiments for a detailed analysis with Raman spectroscopy and

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• delivery system. The delivery system is comprised of three components: the carrier, the imaging agent, and the therapeutic drug, all of which need clinical approval before being used in humans. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is an approved biodegradable and biocompatible material for clinical use [1

• ]. Particularly, PLGA is widely used for nanoparticle formulation because it is a versatile material that can serve multiple functions, including transporting of therapeutic drugs and imaging agents [2][3]. In addition, PLGA can be altered in numerous ways to increase the half-life of nanoparticles in the blood

• ], mannose for the mannose receptor on activated macrophages [6][7], and folic acid for the overexpression of the folate receptor on the surface of cancer cells and activated macrophages [8]. Thus, in this study, PLGA was chosen for NP formulation since it is a biocompatible and biodegradable material

Modification of graphene oxide and its effect on properties of natural rubber/graphene oxide nanocomposites

• Nghiem Thi Thuong,
• Le Dinh Quang,
• Vu Quoc Cuong,
• Cao Hong Ha,
• Nguyen Ba Lam and
• Seiichi Kawahara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 168–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.16

• also attracted significant interest. This material with exceptionally high specific surface area, high mechanical properties, and high thermal conductivity is expected to prepare high-performance rubber composites [21][22][23]. In our recent work [24], we successfully designed a DPNR/GO composite by

CdSe/ZnS quantum dots as a booster in the active layer of distributed ternary organic photovoltaics

• Gabriela Lewińska,
• Piotr Jeleń,
• Zofia Kucia,
• Maciej Sitarz,
• Łukasz Walczak,
• Bartłomiej Szafraniak,
• Jerzy Sanetra and
• Konstanty W. Marszalek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 144–156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.14

• .15.14 Abstract Organic solar cells are a promising candidate for practical use because of their low material cost and simple production procedures. The challenge is selecting materials with the right properties and how they interrelate in the context of manufacturing the device. This paper presents

• efficiencies is ternary organic cells [3][4][5][6]. The idea of ternary organic cells is to introduce additional material (donor or acceptor) into a typical donor–acceptor active layer in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ). This arrangement is supposed to combine the absorption of the three components to obtain

• are used in opto- and nanoelectronics. QDs establish a class of materials transitional between subatomic and mass types of matter. The classification of QDs according to the core material is divided into cadmium [7][8], silver [9][10], indium [9], carbon [11][12], and silicon [13][14]. Numerous

Enhanced feedback performance in off-resonance AFM modes through pulse train sampling

• Mustafa Kangül,
• Navid Asmari,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Marcos Penedo and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 134–143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.13

• material properties [17][18][19][20][21][22]. AFM companies included variations of the pulse force mode in their microscopes, such as PeakForce™ Tapping (Bruker), Digital Pulsed Force Mode™ (WITec), HybriD mode (NT-DMT), and WaveMode (Nanosurf). While these implementations have subtle differences, we refer

• led to a significant increase in the achievable ORT frequency [24]. The other speed-limiting factor is the snap-off ringing of the cantilever, especially for applications in air and vacuum [27]. Although this physical phenomenon can be used to extract material properties [28], it slows down the

• . Importantly, this method not only preserves the mechanical properties maps but also provides improved material contrast at higher imaging speeds. Results It is possible to analyze the conventional ORT control framework [29][31] by decomposing it into its different functional blocks. In the beginning of an ORT

In situ optical sub-wavelength thickness control of porous anodic aluminum oxide

• Aleksandrs Dutovs,
• Raimonds Popļausks,
• Oskars Putāns,
• Vladislavs Perkanuks,
• Aušrinė Jurkevičiūtė,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Uldis Malinovskis,
• Iryna Olyshevets,
• Donats Erts and
• Juris Prikulis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 126–133, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.12

• microscopy and is particularly valuable for the small-scale production of PAAO-based functional optical coatings. Keywords: electrochemistry; ellipsometry; porous anodic alumina; spectroscopy; thin films; Introduction Porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAAO) is a versatile self-organized material with

• -center distance, and ≈30 nm pore diameter corresponded well to the expected results of using anodization in 0.3 M oxalic acid electrolyte and 40 V voltage [24][25]. PAAO is not a homogeneous material; instead, it consists of a porous layer and the barrier layer on top of the Al substrate (Figure 1b). To

• achieve precise optical characterization, one could employ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) with more refined division into sub-layers [26] and consider additional material properties, such as the anisotropy of PAAO [27] and the optical dispersion of the refractive index (RI) of Al2O3 [28]. However, for

Assessing phytotoxicity and tolerance levels of ZnO nanoparticles on Raphanus sativus: implications for widespread adoptions

• Pathirannahalage Sahan Samuditha,
• Nadeesh Madusanka Adassooriya and
• Nazeera Salim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 115–125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.11

• ZnO NPs characterization The PXRD technique provides important insights into the chemical composition, physical characteristics of the material and crystallographic structure, and crystalline particle size based on the scattered X-ray beam intensity [20][21]. The PXRD pattern (Figure 1a) of

Development and characterization of potential larvicidal nanoemulsions against Aedes aegypti

• Jonatas L. Duarte,
• Leonardo Delello Di Filippo,
• Anna Eliza Maciel de Faria Mota Oliveira,
• Rafael Miguel Sábio,
• Gabriel Davi Marena,
• Tais Maria Bauab,
• Cristiane Duque,
• Vincent Corbel and
• Marlus Chorilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 104–114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.10

• , leading to the generation of dispersed material on a nanoscale [15]. The low-energy methods are characterized by the use and control of the chemical energy of the system in the formation of droplets on the nanoscale. A crucial point is that these systems can be obtained at low cost and with eco-friendly

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• Le Thi Le Hue Thi Nguyen Liem Thanh Nguyen Huy Quang Tran Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen Phenikaa University Nano Institute (PHENA), Phenikaa University, Hanoi 12116, Vietnam School of Material Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 11600, Vietnam Faculty of Biomedical

• researchers due to their unique characteristics. First, high porosity and large surface-to-volume ratio of nanofiber scaffolds give the material the potential to be exposed to the biological media for drug release. Besides, 3D nanofiber scaffolds resemble the natural extracellular matrix, promoting nutrients

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• tissues. The amount of water absorbed depends on factors such as the structure of the hydrogel, the composition of the precursor hydrogel solution, the cross-link density, and the technique of its synthesis. The simple reaction of one or more monomers is used for the production of this kind of material [1

• of the polymer hydrogel in an aqueous environment makes this unlikely choice of material very important, and the optimal combination of polymer and catalyst can provide a robust and efficient electrode system in which the aqueous electrolyte is absorbed in the polymer matrix. This structure is

• designed to facilitate and increase mass transport; therefore, it is vital to achieve the desired three-dimensional structure of the material. In addition, the free space in the form of pores and the network structure within the polymer facilitate the penetration by the electrolyte, the diffusion of ions

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• established criteria were identified. Inorganic and polymeric nanoparticles were the most prevalent nanosystems used. Gold was the primary material used to produce inorganic nanoparticles, while poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) and chitosan were commonly used to produce polymeric nanoparticles. None of these

• , and because of that, it is resistant to low pH values [23]. So, when nanoparticles with this material are orally administered, they resist against gastric secretions and release the drug in the intestine. This protects many drugs and increases their bioavailability [24]. Inorganic nanoparticles (IN

• classic nanocarriers are not present in SLN, such as lack of biocompatibility, difficulty to produce on a large scale, and high raw material cost [36]. Many methods are used to prepare SLN, and they are divided into (1) high-energy methods, for dispersion of the lipid phase (such as high-pressure

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• mode to avoid melting of the PMMA resist. The second approach involved etching a thin Py film with an ion beam while preserving the intended structure with an electron-beam-patterned negative resist mask. Redeposition of etched material was found to construct fences at the edges of the structures

• magnetron sputtering through the resist aperture. We used DC magnetron sputtering in a pure Ar environment at a pressure of 1 Pa to deposit Py at room temperature. The effective permalloy target had a diameter of 8 mm. The sputtered material almost forms a parallel beam when it approaches the substrate at a

• primary beam is much bigger than the redeposition rate of etched materials. As observed in Figure 7, there was redeposition of etched material along the edge of the resist. This can be avoided by taking an additional step before etching the Py: The resist is heated at 120 °C for 5 min to reflow the resist

Determination of the radii of coated and uncoated silicon AFM sharp tips using a height calibration standard grating and a nonlinear regression function

• Perawat Boonpuek and
• Jonathan R. Felts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1200–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.99

• AFM tip and the sample, which depends on the tip radius, defines how accurately the AFM tip determines those properties and the shape of fabricated micro- and nanostructures. The contact radius of the tip is a key variable for calculating the stiffness and Young’s modulus of the material by fitting

• silicon tip (HQ:CSC17/No Al, nominal radius < 8 nm for regular force contact AFM; Figure 1c), all supplied by MikroMasch. The full cone angle for all tips is 40° as given by MikroMasch [9]. The tip end is a hemisphere with specific radius. For the coated tips, the tip radius includes the coating material

• Engineering Experiment Station Office, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA regarding experimental facility and material purchase. Costs of data analysis are supported by School of Manufacturing Engineering, Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• the potential to widen the scope of applicable nanomaterials. In FEBID, a focused electron beam is directed onto the surface of a substrate in close proximity to a gas inlet, through which a precursor compound is supplied to deliver the material for the nanostructures to be built. For metallic

• electron beam energy and current, the substrate material, the environment inside the deposition chamber, and the composition of the precursor [14][15][16][17]. Heretofore, various chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursors have been applied for FEBID depositions. For gold nanostructures, these include, for

• purification of FEBID deposits, where carbon removal led to ≈18% height reduction of the respective nanoparticles [42]. Notwithstanding, changes in the deposition time and in the associated different volume of the deposited material may also contribute to the observed particle size reduction. AFM of FEBID on

Hierarchically patterned polyurethane microgrooves featuring nanopillars or nanoholes for neurite elongation and alignment

• Lester Uy Vinzons,
• Guo-Chung Dong and
• Shu-Ping Lin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1157–1168, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.96

• -cost SU-8 substrates can be used as a reusable master mold to create nano-/micropatterns on polyurethane (PU), a soft, versatile material that has been used for nerve conduits [17]; and finally, by showing, for the first time, significant enhancement of both PC12 neurite elongation and alignment on the

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• properties of single nanoparticles might be dependent on the studied material, as some materials show viscoelastic properties whereas others might show pure elasticity. However, if one is aiming for a more standardized method to characterize mechanical properties of nanoparticles in a way that particle sizes

• measurements on nanoparticles and not only on bulk materials [28]. A corresponding bulk material gives significantly different elasticity values than those of the actual NPs even if using the same measurement conditions. This was already demonstrated by Alsharif et al. [29]. Furthermore, they could show the

• during formulation development. There is a clear trend for biological interactions among particles of the same material. However, different mechanical properties are expected when comparing across these particles. This topic will be discussed in the subsequent section. Nanoparticle elasticity and

A multi-resistance wide-range calibration sample for conductive probe atomic force microscopy measurements

• François Piquemal,
• Khaled Kaja,
• Pascal Chrétien,
• José Morán-Meza,
• Frédéric Houzé,
• Christian Ulysse and
• Abdelmounaim Harouri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1141–1148, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.94

• imaging and spectroscopic (i.e., I–V curves) modes with a 1% achievable relative uncertainty level in the range between 106 Ω and 5 × 1010 Ω. The protocols adopted in this study highlight several routes for further improvements. Using platinum as metallic material instead of gold for the small electrode

Density functional theory study of Au-fcc/Ge and Au-hcp/Ge interfaces

• Olga Sikora,
• Małgorzata Sternik,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Franciszek Krok,
• Przemysław Piekarz and
• Andrzej M. Oleś

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1093–1105, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.90

• provide surface energy details for gold and germanium crystals and the charge density differences for the Au/Ge heterostructures. Methodology Interfacial energy and the work of separation in DFT calculations In contrast to the bulk phase of a material, the surface atoms have an incomplete set of neighbors

• , is the energy per atom in the X(Y) bulk form, nX(Y) is the number of X(Y) atoms in the XY supercell and Aint is the area of the interface. The work of separation (Wsep) is defined as the energy required to reversibly separate a bulk material into two semi-infinite bulks with free surfaces. Here we

Properties of tin oxide films grown by atomic layer deposition from tin tetraiodide and ozone

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Tanel Käämbre,
• Aile Tamm and
• Kaupo Kukli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1085–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.89

• application of sequential ALD cycles resulted in a continuous growth of solid film material, expressed by the mass sensor signal in arbitrary units. Monitoring the film growth by means of the QCM allowed for a fast determination of the metal precursor pulse length required for a nearly self-saturating

• outmost surface of the film. Conclusion SnO2 thin films were deposited from SnI4 and O3 via ALD in the temperature range of 100–600 °C. The resulting films formed in the crystalline tetragonal phase of SnO2 when the deposition temperature was over 225 °C, and the proportion of crystallised material in the

• File 10: Supplementary material. Funding The study was partially supported by the European Regional Development Fund projects Nos. TT20 and 2014-2020.4.01.20-0278 „Developing new research services and research infrastructures at MAX IV synchrotron radiation source“ (MAX-TEENUS), “Emerging orders in

Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination

• Zeinab Eftekhari,
• Nasim Rezaei,
• Hidde Stokkel,
• Jian-Yao Zheng,
• Andrea Cerreta,
• Ilka Hermes,
• Minh Nguyen,
• Guus Rijnders and
• Rebecca Saive

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1059–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.87

• photostrictive materials have simultaneously been examined through KPFM to determine the generated photovoltage and the following lattice change of the material [31]. Here, we present a KPFM study involving modulated illumination to investigate local height changes (vertical displacement) and the correlative SPV

• piezoelectric membrane as a reference sample, which can reveal its contribution to the piezo/photodiode device. Methodology Sample fabrication The device type-I employed in this study is a piezo/photodiode device, fabricated following a previously reported procedure [32], where the piezoelectric material, lead

• effect of gravity on the displacement is taken into account. The voltage excitation signal is introduced to the LNO terminals as shown in the inset of Figure 2. The material properties of PZT and LNO thin films were derived from the literature and are summarized in Table 1. The strain-charge form is

Experimental investigation of usage of POE lubricants with Al₂O₃, graphene or CNT nanoparticles in a refrigeration compressor

• Kayhan Dağıdır and
• Kemal Bilen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1041–1058, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.86

• of the amorphous nature of the material. It is noted that the Al2O3 nanoparticles used in this study have been previously evaluated and similar XRD results were reported in our previous study [21]. Characterization of graphene nanoplatelets The morphological features of the graphene nanoparticles

• hybridisation in the chemical structure of the material. The chemical states of the elements for the graphene nanoplatelets were evaluated by XPS. Figure 16a shows a graphitic C 1s peak at 284.27 eV and a weak O 1s peak at 532.09 eV. Figure 16b shows that the graphene has a single intense peak at 284.19 eV

A visible-light photodetector based on heterojunctions between CuO nanoparticles and ZnO nanorods

• Doan Nhat Giang,
• Nhat Minh Nguyen,
• Duc Anh Ngo,
• Thanh Trang Tran,
• Le Thai Duy,
• Cong Khanh Tran,
• Thi Thanh Van Tran,
• Phan Phuong Ha La and
• Vinh Quang Dang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1018–1027, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.84

• applications, photodetection is an attractive area because photodetectors are the critial component to convert photon energy into electrical signals based on a nonlinear interaction between electromagnetic field and material surface [7]. Currently, many scientists are studying this topic in order to apply

• ]) to extend the light absorption towards the visible region. Copper oxide (CuO) is a candidate because of its narrow bandgap (ca. 1.35 eV), which is suitable for visible-light detection. Hence, CuO can be a potential material for solving the problem of limited light absorption of ZnO. Conduction and

• major carriers. ZnO is a commonly known n-type material, where electrons are dominant. The Fermi levels of both materials will be aligned, which will result in energy band bending at the interface. To achieve the equilibrium state, electrons from ZnO NRs are diffused to CuO NPs while holes are