Atomic scale interface design and characterisation

• Carla Bittencourt,
• Chris Ewels and
• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1708–1711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.174

• . Finally some reviews cover key examples of successful nanomaterial integration. Recent drives to improve and refine nanomaterial synthesis routes have adopted different approaches. The increasingly important role played by organic chemists in the field of nanocarbon design has led to new families of

• -ray microscopy has shown to be a powerful tool for chemical analysis of radiation-sensitive nanomaterial [7]. Combining the chemical and magnetic information provided by XPEEM with the structural sensitivity of LEEM has created a complete characterization tool of material properties at the nanometer

Structural and magnetic properties of iron nanowires and iron nanoparticles fabricated through a reduction reaction

• Marcin Krajewski,
• Wei Syuan Lin,
• Hong Ming Lin,
• Katarzyna Brzozka,
• Sabina Lewinska,
• Natalia Nedelko,
• Anna Slawska-Waniewska,
• Jolanta Borysiuk and
• Dariusz Wasik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1652–1660, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.167

• nanomaterial. It has been already reported that the iron oxide layer at the surface of nanoparticles shows a tendency towards the similar crystallographic orientation as the underlying Fe core [21]. Thus, it is believed that amorphous iron, which lies between the crystalline iron core and iron oxide layer of

• investigated iron nanowires can be treated as straight chains of iron nanoparticles. Therefore, the “chain-of-spheres model” can be applied for this nanomaterial [30]. Moreover, this model can be used only for the single-domain particles with diameters of around 100 nm [9], which matches perfectly with the

• influences the samples, is the application of the external magnetic field during the fabrication process of iron nanowires. The external field enables the formation of wire-like nanomaterial, which actually should be considered as straight chains of single domain iron nanoparticles with dipolar interactions

The eNanoMapper database for nanomaterial safety information

• Nina Jeliazkova,
• Charalampos Chomenidis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Bengt Fadeel,
• Roland Grafström,
• Barry Hardy,
• Janna Hastings,
• Markus Hegi,
• Vedrin Jeliazkov,
• Nikolay Kochev,
• Pekka Kohonen,
• Cristian R. Munteanu,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Bart Smeets,
• Pantelis Sopasakis,
• Georgia Tsiliki,
• David Vorgrimmler and
• Egon Willighagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1609–1634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.165

• expectations and (inter)national standards. This usually translates into a set of available study summaries (rarely raw data) for a given ENM. The inclusion of links to product databases could also be considered (e.g., whether the nanomaterial occurs in nature, whether it is emitted by cars or is present in

• certain food sources, as well as known therapies in which the nanomaterial is used). However, supporting raw data files (including microscopy images) is an important requirement in contexts other than regulatory, enabling the reproducibility of the data preprocessing and analysis. Links to the

• ], Nanomaterial-Biological Interactions Knowledgebase (http://nbi.oregonstate.edu/), caNanoLab (http://cananolab.nci.nih.gov/caNanoLab/) [7], InterNano (http://www.internano.org/), Nano-EHS Database Analysis Tool (http://icon.rice.edu/report.cfm), nanoHUB (nanohub.org/resources/databases/), NanoTechnology

How decision analysis can further nanoinformatics

• Matthew E. Bates,
• Sabrina Larkin,
• Jeffrey M. Keisler and
• Igor Linkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1594–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.162

• Science and Information Systems, College of Management, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA 10.3762/bjnano.6.162 Abstract The increase in nanomaterial research has resulted in increased nanomaterial data. The next challenge is to meaningfully integrate and interpret these data for better

• , however, have yet to efficiently focus data acquisition efforts on the research most relevant for bridging specific nanomaterial data gaps. Collecting unnecessary data and visualizing irrelevant information are expensive activities that overwhelm decision makers. We propose that the decision analytic

• ; Introduction Extensive nanomaterial research has yielded an increasing amount of nanomaterial data [1]. The nanomaterial data are currently so vast that it has become difficult to find data relevant to a specific need. However, a formal knowledge infrastructure, inclusive of current nanomaterial data, is

Experiences in supporting the structured collection of cancer nanotechnology data using caNanoLab

• Stephanie A. Morris,
• Sharon Gaheen,
• Michal Lijowski,
• Mervi Heiskanen and
• Juli Klemm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1580–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.161

• Laboratory (caNanoLab) data portal is an online nanomaterial database that allows users to submit and retrieve information on well-characterized nanomaterials, including composition, in vitro and in vivo experimental characterizations, experimental protocols, and related publications. Initiated in 2006

• , caNanoLab serves as an established resource with an infrastructure supporting the structured collection of nanotechnology data to address the needs of the cancer biomedical and nanotechnology communities. The portal contains over 1,000 curated nanomaterial data records that are publicly accessible for

• review, comparison, and re-use, with the ultimate goal of accelerating the translation of nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics, diagnostics, and imaging agents to the clinic. In this paper, we will discuss challenges associated with developing a nanomaterial database and recognized needs for

Influence of surface chemical properties on the toxicity of engineered zinc oxide nanoparticles to embryonic zebrafish

• Zitao Zhou,
• Jino Son,
• Bryan Harper,
• Zheng Zhou and
• Stacey Harper

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1568–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.160

• set of intrinsic properties of ligands and/or capping agents with their biological effects could serve as the basis of nanomaterial structure–activity relationships (nanoSARs) [23][24]. However, there is a limited understanding of how to link different nanoparticle surface chemistries directly to the

• Supporting Information File 1). The results of the endpoint analysis using the Fisher’s exact test for all tested NPs are provided in Supporting Information File 2. Detailed raw toxicity data for each individual exposure is also available online from the Nanomaterial-Biological Interactions knowledgebase

• . Experimental Nanomaterials The ZnO NPs with different capping agents and sizes were obtained from a variety of commercial and research laboratories (Table 1). More detailed characterization of the nanomaterials are also available on the open-source Nanomaterial-Biological Interactions Knowledgebase [39

Using natural language processing techniques to inform research on nanotechnology

• Nastassja A. Lewinski and
• Bridget T. McInnes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.149

• and their associated physico-chemical properties, performance, exposure scenarios, and biological effects. In this paper, we review the different informatics methods that have been applied to patent mining, nanomaterial/device characterization, nanomedicine, and environmental risk assessment. Nine

• , Nanomaterial Registry), domain ontologies (e.g., NanoParticle Ontology), terminologies and standards (e.g., ISA-TAB-Nano), data and text mining (e.g., NEIminer, TechPerceptor), and modeling/simulation (e.g., HDAT). Extracting information usually comes from two different sources: (1) literature to which natural

• , have also been developed [20][21]. In the following section, we describe our method for identifying the nanoinformatics literature discussed in this paper, and then review the different informatics methods that have been applied such as patent mining, nanomaterial/device characterization, nanomedicine

Thermal treatment of magnetite nanoparticles

• Beata Kalska-Szostko,
• Urszula Wykowska,
• Dariusz Satula and
• Per Nordblad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1385–1396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.143

• , mainly on the type of nanomaterial and method of fabrication [16]. As for all nanomaterials, the properties of magnetite change on the nanoscale. At the bulk level, the oxidation of magnetite to hematite at room temperature is inhibited, and only by heating to 600 °C can changes in the crystalline

Simulation tool for assessing the release and environmental distribution of nanomaterials

• Haoyang Haven Liu,
• Muhammad Bilal,
• Anastasiya Lazareva,
• Arturo Keller and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.97

• CeO2 Release Rates in Newcastle UK by VMT and Diesel Fuel Consumption). The estimated CeO2 release rates for the above two cases are 21.48 and 44.82 kg yr−1, respectively. Applications and Merits In summary, an integrated release and environmental distribution of nanomaterial (RedNano) simulation tool

Pt- and Pd-decorated MWCNTs for vapour and gas detection at room temperature

• Hamdi Baccar,
• Atef Thamri,
• Pierrick Clément,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Adnane Abdelghani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 919–927, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.95

• desorption of nitrogen dioxide from the surface of the active nanomaterial. Similar results were previously observed for the detection of this pollutant gas with different types of metal-decorated MWCNT sensors [34][35][36]. Figure 7 shows the calibration curves for the detection of NO2 using Pd- and Pt

Protein corona – from molecular adsorption to physiological complexity

• Lennart Treuel,
• Dominic Docter,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 857–873, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.88

• slowly evolves to a “hard” corona with less dynamic exchange [112][162][163]. Previous studies investigating nanomaterial exposure to complex biological environments [3][8][41][112][162] have largely failed to allow for the highly dynamic situation of physiological systems. Corona-carrying NPs may need

Microwave assisted synthesis and characterisation of a zinc oxide/tobacco mosaic virus hybrid material. An active hybrid semiconductor in a field-effect transistor device

• Shawn Sanctis,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann,
• Sabine Eiben and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 785–791, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.81

• zinc oxide films. The fabricated FET shows a reasonable performance for the as-prepared device, without any post processing of the bio-inorganic hybrid nanomaterial. Such an approach towards generation of a bio-inorganic material encourages the use of nanoscale virus templates to obtain hybrid

Chains of carbon atoms: A vision or a new nanomaterial?

• Florian Banhart

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 559–569, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.58

Hematopoietic and mesenchymal stem cells: polymeric nanoparticle uptake and lineage differentiation

• Ivonne Brüstle,
• Thomas Simmet,
• Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus,
• Katharina Landfester and
• Volker Mailänder

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 383–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.38

• intracellular depot of a drug or a nucleic acid construct with slow release kinetics. Thus, the intended nanoparticles should be tested for toxicity and the nanomaterial as a carrier ideally should not influence cellular functions itself, that is, only the payload should exert such an effect. Once introduced

Mechanical properties of MDCK II cells exposed to gold nanorods

• Anna Pietuch,
• Bastian Rouven Brückner,
• David Schneider,
• Marco Tarantola,
• Christina Rosman,
• Carsten Sönnichsen and
• Andreas Janshoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 223–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.21

• that have been focussed on. Cytoxicity of nanomaterial has been assessed by common cytotoxicity assays targeting enzymatic activity such as LDH, MTT and ECIS. So far, however, less attention has been paid to the mechanical parameters of cells exposed to gold particles, which is an important reporter on

Boosting the local anodic oxidation of silicon through carbon nanofiber atomic force microscopy probes

• Gemma Rius,
• Matteo Lorenzoni,
• Soichiro Matsui,
• Masaki Tanemura and
• Francesc Perez-Murano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 215–222, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.20

• solid amorphous carbon, while a CNT is a tubular crystalline nanomaterial, therefore we expect both common and distinctive features of CNF as a tool for LAO-AFM, as compared to CNT probes. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time the use of CNF for SPL. Our CNFs are batch grown by ion

The fate of a designed protein corona on nanoparticles in vitro and in vivo

• Denise Bargheer,
• Julius Nielsen,
• Gabriella Gébel,
• Markus Heine,
• Sunhild C. Salmen,
• Roland Stauber,
• Horst Weller,
• Joerg Heeren and
• Peter Nielsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 36–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.5

• directly with the nanomaterial surface and is therefore tightly bound (hard corona), and a secondary layer (soft corona) that interacts with a weak protein–protein binding and exhibits dynamic exchange, if competing protein is added [8][9][10][11]. It is also reported that in the presence of plasma

Size-dependent density of zirconia nanoparticles

• Agnieszka Opalinska,
• Iwona Malka,
• Wojciech Dzwolak,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Adam Presz and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 27–35, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.4

• into the cells and tissues [19]. The chemical composition of the nanomaterial surface has a strong influence on its chemical interaction with tissue [20]. Microcrystalline ZrO2 has three polymorphs: monoclinic (m), tetragonal (t), and cubic (c) phases. The monoclinic phase is thermodynamically stable

• films depends on the number of surface –OH groups. Moreover, the –OH groups on the nanomaterial surface can influence the surface reactivity and wetting [26]. Since hydroxy groups greatly affect the properties of zirconia nanoparticles, detecting their surface concentration and optimizing the synthesis

• observation is related to the presence of hydroxy groups on the nanomaterial surface. Similar behavior for bulk material was observed by Srdic et al. [34] who investigated the sintering process of nanocrystalline zirconia. The authors found that sintering at 950 °C under vacuum lead to an increase in particle

Mammalian cell growth on gold nanoparticle-decorated substrates is influenced by the nanoparticle coating

• Christina Rosman,
• Sebastien Pierrat,
• Marco Tarantola,
• David Schneider,
• Eva Sunnick,
• Andreas Janshoff and
• Carsten Sönnichsen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2479–2488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.257

• related to the cytotoxicological properties of the surface bound moieties. We assume that cellular contact with NH2–PEG particles results in a disturbed growth process. This interaction should be characterized and studied in more detail to understand the nanomaterial characteristics leading to an

Proinflammatory and cytotoxic response to nanoparticles in precision-cut lung slices

• Stephanie Hirn,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Matthias Epple,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Markus Rehberg and
• Fritz Krombach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2440–2449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.253

• , there are only a few studies using PCLS in the field of nanotoxicology, yet. It was demonstrated that solid lipid NPs induced a cytotoxic response in PCLS, but only at very high concentrations (1 mg/mL and higher) [15][16][17][18]. Wohlleben et al. reported that a cobalt ferrite nanomaterial elicited a

• value in detecting nanomaterial pulmonary toxicity [47]. Here we show that there was no cytotoxic response of PCLS to micron-sized quartz particles, only a slight cytotoxic response to PVP-coated Ag-NPs, but a strong cytotoxic response to uncoated ZnO-NPs. Moreover, none of the materials induced a

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• (sunscreens, antiseptics) or those meant to enter viable skin (dermatotherapy, cosmetics), respectively. With the increasing use of nanoscale architectures in all of these fields, the question as to whether a nanomaterial deposited on the skin surface is capable of penetrating horny layers and reaching viable

• dermatological perspective. Results and Discussion Skin barrier translocation of nanomaterials The first contact of nanomaterial occurs with the horny layers of terminally differentiated corneocytes. Pathways across the intact stratum corneum have been postulated for some, mostly deformable, particles, such as

• relevant immune response [12][13][14]. Furthermore, low penetration rates may become relevant, when large skin surface areas come in contact with the respective nanomaterial, or when repetitive exposure occurs over prolonged time periods. The susceptibility to artefacts also underlines the value of methods

Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• revealed to be a promising nanomaterial that attracts a growing interest among researchers and opens new avenues for investigation. Preparation and structural properties of carbon nano-onions Carbon nano-onions were first discovered by Ugarte in 1992, who obtained them by intense electron irradiation of

• , grants the future investigation of the applications of CNOs in a variety of fields. The characteristic properties of CNOs render them of great interest for a large number of applications, as we will elucidate in the corresponding section of this review article. The diameter of the CNO nanomaterial

• ), when referring to CNOs. In this review article, we have usually included the diameter of the utilized CNO nanomaterial, together with their fabrication method. If there are any divergent structural properties from the common definition of CNOs observed, we have included this information as well. High

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• size of the nanomaterial itself [87][88][89], as well as on the presence of metal contaminants and the residues of the GO preparation method in graphene samples [90]. Biomedical applications of graphene and its derivatives range from photothermal tumour ablation therapy to biosensors, from gene therapy

Room temperature, ppb-level NO₂ gas sensing of multiple-networked ZnSe nanowire sensors under UV illumination

• Sunghoon Park,
• Soohyun Kim,
• Wan In Lee,
• Kyoung-Kook Kim and
• Chongmu Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1836–1841, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.194

• increasing UV illumination intensity from 0 to 1.2 mW/cm2. The results show that ZnSe nanowires are also a promising nanomaterial for the fabrication of NO2 gas sensors when used at room temperature. In addition, the enhanced response of the ZnSe nanowires under UV illumination to NO2 gas might be due to (1

• NO2 gas in the dark and under 365 nm UV illumination at 1.2 mW/cm2. (a) Electrical response and (b) response and recovery times of ZnSe nanowire gas sensors under UV (365 nm) illumination for different UV illumination intensities. Responses of various nanomaterial gas sensors to NO2 gas

A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

• Ralf Theissmann,
• Manfred Kluwig and
• Thomas Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1815–1822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.192

• 2011 on the definition of particulate nanomaterial, or for other forthcoming regulations in the future. Experimental The experimental procedures described below are in full agreement with the practical guide for particle size characterization published by NIST [22]. Sample preparation A well-prepared