Effect of channel length on the electrical response of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors to deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization

• Hari Krishna Salila Vijayalal Mohan,
• Jianing An,
• Yani Zhang,
• Chee How Wong and
• Lianxi Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2081–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.217

• .5.217 Abstract A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in a field-effect transistor (FET) configuration provides an ideal electronic path for label-free detection of nucleic acid hybridization. The simultaneous influence of more than one response mechanism in hybridization detection causes a variation

• comparable to the size of single biomolecules, and to the electrostatic screening length in physiological solutions, which offers high sensitivity because of their large specific area; ii) their tubular structure allows fabrication of ultrasensitive, single nanotube-based devices; and iii) their excellent

• nanotube surface. However, with increasing channel length, the large channel resistance could be a limiting factor in the detection sensitivity. In particular, the FET electrical parameters such as conductance, transconductance, threshold voltage and hysteresis gap extracted from the current–voltage

Optical properties and electrical transport of thin films of terbium(III) bis(phthalocyanine) on cobalt

• Peter Robaschik,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Peter Richter,
• Manuel Monecke,
• Michael Fronk,
• Svetlana Klyatskaya,
• Daniel Grimm,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Mario Ruben,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2070–2078, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.215

• transporting layer [10] and recently Urdampilleta et al. reported a supramolecular spin valve made of a carbon nanotube (CNT) covered by only a few TbPc2 molecules [5]. For electronic and spintronic devices it is crucial to know and to control the molecular orientation on the device-related substrates. The

Photodetectors based on carbon nanotubes deposited by using a spray technique on semi-insulating gallium arsenide

• Domenico Melisi,
• Maria Angela Nitti,
• Marco Valentini,
• Antonio Valentini,
• Teresa Ligonzo,
• Giuseppe De Pascali and
• Marianna Ambrico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1999–2006, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.208

• , 70126, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.5.208 Abstract In this paper, a spray technique is used to perform low temperature deposition of multi-wall carbon nanotubes on semi-insulating gallium arsenide in order to obtain photodectors. A dispersion of nanotube powder in non-polar 1,2-dichloroethane is used as

• spray technique to deposit the nanotube film. Two different configurations have been analysed. The first with a Ti/Au back contact (SFS) and a CNT film on the other face. The second with CNTs on both sides (DFS). Furthermore an ITO/GaAs/Ti/Au device was prepared to better understand some experimental

Non-covalent and reversible functionalization of carbon nanotubes

• Antonello Di Crescenzo,
• Valeria Ettorre and
• Antonella Fontana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1675–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.178

• in order to act as a good carbon nanotube dispersant both in water and in organic solvents. The review pinpoints also a few examples of dispersant design. The last section is devoted to the exploitation of the major quality of non-covalent functionalization that is its reversibility and the

• micrometers. They are ideally obtained by a rolled up graphene sheet and their diameter, curvature and electronic properties are uniquely defined by the combination of the rolling angle and radius, which is referred to as nanotube chirality (Figure 1) [1]. CNTs made up of a rolled up single graphene sheet and

• attachment of molecular pendants to the Csp2 backbone [19][20] and ii) non-covalent functionalization by adsorption of molecules onto the nanotube surface [21]. Alternatively, in order to use CNTs for elected applications, encapsulation of molecules in the inner empty cavity of the nanotubes has been

Growth and structural discrimination of cortical neurons on randomly oriented and vertically aligned dense carbon nanotube networks

• Christoph Nick,
• Sandeep Yadav,
• Ravi Joshi,
• Christiane Thielemann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1575–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.169

• . These neuron cells attach preferentially on the CNT sidewalls of the vertically aligned CNT architecture instead than onto the tips of the individual CNT pillars. Keywords: carbon nanotube; chemical vapour deposition; interface; neuron; scaffold; Findings Biochemically functionalised carbon nanotubes

• sizes while maintaining a good performance in signal recording [10]. This subject has been of strong interdisciplinary interest over the last decade [9][11][12]. Mainly unordered randomly deposited CNTs and dense carbon nanotube fibres (CNF) have been studied as growth substrate for cells. It was found

Liquid fuel cells

• Grigorii L. Soloveichik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1399–1418, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.153

• ]. The use of crude glycerol from the biodiesel process in an AEM fuel cell has been reported [115]. The use of dealloyed PtCo nanoparticles on a carbon nanotube support surface in such a cell allowed for a peak power density of 268.5 mW/cm2 at 80 °C with the anode catalyst loading of 0.5 mg Pt/cm2 [116

Nano-rings with a handle – Synthesis of substituted cycloparaphenylenes

• Anne-Florence Tran-Van and
• Hermann A. Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1320–1333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.145

• cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs), the smallest armchair carbon nanotube, has been a quest for the past decades which experienced a revival in 2008 when the first synthesis was achieved. Since then CPPs with various ring sizes have been realized. The incorporation of substituents and the synthesis of CPPs with building

• a nanotube, and the trans conformer, in which the rings are far from each other. The cis conformer could serve as a starting point to construct a longer nanotube by closing more carbon–carbon bonds via Scholl reaction. Switching between the two configurations allows for interesting applications in

• . Another synthesis of acene-based rings has being developed by the Isobe group (Scheme 12). Their work afforded different fragments of nanotubes [60][61], for instance, a fragment of a zig-zag CNT was targeted [60]. The shortest zig-zag nanotube is the cyclacene fragment. However, the synthesis of this

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

Fringe structures and tunable bandgap width of 2D boron nitride nanosheets

• Peter Feng,
• Muhammad Sajjad,
• Eric Yiming Li,
• Hongxin Zhang,
• Jin Chu,
• Ali Aldalbahi and
• Gerardo Morell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1186–1192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.130

• such as spiraling layer is also observed as shown in Figure 2c that could be related to nanotube in the “parchment model” [20]. Associated with the widths, density or directions of the ripples, in a significant number of cases, we observe various cases, in which two structures of ripples are combined

Organic and inorganic–organic thin film structures by molecular layer deposition: A review

• Pia Sundberg and
• Maarit Karppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1104–1136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.123

Photocatalysis

• Rong Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1071–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.119

• dots integrated with TiO2 nanotube arrays, and carbon nitride, have been explored to construct photocatalysts with enhanced performances. On the other hand, molecular catalysts have an advantage in design flexibility and structural tunability. A contribution based on the investigation of molecular

Gas sensing with gold-decorated vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Prasantha R. Mudimela,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Oriol González-León,
• Nicolas Reckinger,
• Rony Snyders,
• Eduard Llobet,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 910–918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.104

• decorated with gold nanoparticles were investigated as gas sensitive materials for detecting nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at room temperature. Gold nanoparticles of about 6 nm in diameter were sputtered on the top surface of the carbon nanotube forests to enhance the sensitivity to the pollutant gas. We showed

• that the sensing response to nitrogen dioxide depends on the nanotube length. The optimum was found to be 300 µm for getting the higher response. When the background humidity level was changed from dry to 50% relative humidity, an increase in the response to NO2 was observed for all the sensors

• , regardless of the nanotube length. Keywords: alignment; carbon nanotubes; decoration; gas sensors; metal nanoparticles; thermal CVD; Introduction The interest in gas sensing for reaching a widespread, continuous pollution detection and control has been growing steadily in the last decades due to the

Optical modeling-assisted characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO₂ nanotube arrays as photoanodes

• Jung-Ho Yun,
• Il Ku Kim,
• Yun Hau Ng,
• Lianzhou Wang and
• Rose Amal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.102

• , University of New South Wales, Kensington NSW 2052, Australia 10.3762/bjnano.5.102 Abstract Photovoltaic characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using TiO2 nanotube (TNT) arrays as photoanodes were investigated. The TNT arrays were 3.3, 11.5, and 20.6 μm long with the pore diameters of 50

An analytical approach to evaluate the performance of graphene and carbon nanotubes for NH₃ gas sensor applications

• Elnaz Akbari,
• Vijay K. Arora,
• Aria Enzevaee,
• Mohamad. T. Ahmadi,
• Mehdi Saeidmanesh,
• Mohsen Khaledian,
• Hediyeh Karimi and
• Rubiyah Yusof

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 726–734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.85

• compared with the experimental data. A satisfactory agreement, within the uncertainties of the experiments, is obtained. Graphene-based gas sensor exhibits higher conductivity compared to that of CNT-based counterpart for similar ambient conditions. Keywords: carbon nanotube (CNT); conductance; FET-based

• first discovered by Sumio Iijima in 1991 [15] and have been extensively studied ever since. A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is formed by rolling up a honeycomb lattice of a single atomic carbon sheet, i.e., graphene along a specific axis [16], known as chiral direction. The diameter of a typical

• given by η = (EF – EG)/kBT. This equation can be numerically solved by applying the partial integration method [44][45][46]. The general model for the conductance of carbon nanotube-based gas sensor can be derived similar to that of silicon-based model proposed by Gunlycke [47]. is the Fermi–Dirac

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• CdSe to TiO2 via oxygen vacancy states mediated by N-doping [39][40]. There are also a large number of heterostructures in literature consisting of quantum dots and transition metal oxides, for instance, CdS/CdSe co-sensitized TiO2 [41], CdTe or CdTe/CdSe quantum dots on TiO2 nanotube arrays [42][43

• example, Zhang and co-workers have investigated the influence of different sizes of gold nanoparticles on the performance of the composite Au/TiO2 nanotube photonic crystal (NTPC) photocatalysts [72]. As described in Figure 6, a variable photocurrent density can be obtained if the TiO2 NTPC is modified

• nanoparticles–Fe2O3 [69][82][83], gold nanoparticle–ZnO nanorods [68], gold nanorod–TiO2 [70][71][84], gold nanoparticles–TiO2 nanotube [66][72]. For more details, readers may refer to recent excellent reviews for basic principle and detailed effects of localized surface plasmons on transition metal oxides [85

A visible-light-driven composite photocatalyst of TiO₂ nanotube arrays and graphene quantum dots

• Donald K. L. Chan,
• Po Ling Cheung and
• Jimmy C. Yu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 689–695, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.81

• Donald K. L. Chan Po Ling Cheung Jimmy C. Yu Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China 10.3762/bjnano.5.81 Abstract TiO2 nanotube arrays are well-known efficient UV-driven photocatalysts. The

• incorporation of graphene quantum dots could extend the photo-response of the nanotubes to the visible-light range. Graphene quantum dot-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays were synthesized by covalently coupling these two materials. The product was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR

• light irradiation. Keywords: anodic oxidation; graphene quantum dots; photocatalyst; photodegradation; TiO2 nanotube arrays; Introduction Semiconductor-mediated photocatalysis is a promising technique for the conversion of solar energy as well as degradation of organic pollutants in air and water [1

Chemi- vs physisorption in the radical functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes under microwaves

• Victor Mamane,
• Guillaume Mercier,
• Junidah Abdul Shukor,
• Jérôme Gleize,
• Aziz Azizan,
• Yves Fort and
• Brigitte Vigolo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 537–545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.63

• the functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by the diazonium method was studied. The usage of a new approach led to the identification of the strength of the interaction (physical or chemical) between the functional groups and the carbon nanotube surface. Moreover, the nature

DNA origami deposition on native and passivated molybdenum disulfide substrates

• Xiaoning Zhang,
• Masudur Rahman,
• David Neff and
• Michael L. Norton

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 501–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.58

• pyrene 1-pyrenemethylamine has been employed as a linker to bind DNA to graphene and carbon nanotube surfaces [3][22]. Here, we adopted a similar approach by treating the MoS2 surface with 1-pyrenemethylamine, a bifunctional bridging compound, and then exposing the substrate to a solution of DNA origami

Tensile properties of a boron/nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube–graphene hybrid structure

• Kang Xia,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Ye Wei and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 329–336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.37

• properties of nanomaterials. Recently, a graphene and carbon nanotube hybrid structure (GNHS) has been reported, which extends the excellent properties of carbon-based materials to three dimensions. In this paper, we carried out a first-time investigation on the tensile properties of the hybrid structures

• residual CNT wall are found to adhere to each other after failure with a distance of about 3.4 Å. This study provides a fundamental understanding of the tensile properties of the doped graphene–nanotube hybrid structures, which will benefit the design and also the applications of graphene-based hybrid

• in the fields of mechanics, photology, electronics and bio-sensing [1][2]. Through the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, a graphene–nanotube hybrid structure (GNHS) has been synthesized recently [3][4][5], which evidently demonstrates an improved performance for the application as field

Modeling and optimization of atomic layer deposition processes on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Nuri Yazdani,
• Vipin Chawla,
• Eve Edwards,
• Vanessa Wood,
• Hyung Gyu Park and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 234–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.25

• aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays have emerged as possible scaffolds to support large surface area ceramic layers. However, obtaining conformal and uniform coatings of ceramics on structures with high aspect ratio morphologies is non-trivial, even with atomic layer deposition (ALD). Here we implement

• it overlaps with ceramic from a neighboring site. In this way, a conformal coating forms on the surface of the nanotube [16][25][26][27]. While the number of cycles required to arrive at a state of complete coverage depends on the density of defect sites, 50–100 cycles are typically sufficient for a

En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays

• Slawomir Boncel,
• Sebastian W. Pattinson,
• Valérie Geiser,
• Milo S. P. Shaffer and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 219–233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.24

• nanotube arrays, i.e., 5 × 108 nanotubes per mm2 (100 times more than for MWCNTs grown in the absence of nitrogen precursor). In turn, the internal crystallographic order of the N-CNTs was found to be of a ‘bamboo’-like or ‘membrane’-like (multi-compartmental structure) morphology. The nitrogen content in

• the nanotube products, which ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 wt %, was controlled through the concentration of pyrazine in the feedstock. Moreover, as revealed by Raman/FT-IR spectroscopy, the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the nanotube walls was found to be proportional to the number of deviations from

• ) type as compared to the purely ‘base’-type for undoped MWCNTs. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; catalytic chemical vapour deposition; crystallinity; nitrogen doping; vertically aligned nanotube arrays; Introduction The doping of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with boron [1][2], nitrogen [3][4] or phosphorus [5

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes from unprocessed colemanite

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 843–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.95

• yield, low cost and pure BNNTs. Keywords: boron nitride nanotube; chemical vapor deposition; colemanite; synthesis; Introduction Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O) is one of the most important compounds of more than 200 different boron ores. All boron ores include boron oxide (B2O3) at varying percentages in

• used to synthesize boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT)s [3][4]. BNNTs, structural analogoues of carbon nanotube (CNT)s, have superior properties than CNTs due to their robust structure which resists high temperatures and harsh chemical conditions. They also have a high hydrogen storage capacity due to the

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• controlled mineralization of silica, which resulted in hierarchically structured thin coatings composed of LPEI@silica hybrid nanotubes. However, the synthesis of silica nanotube powders through the alkali-induced self-assembly route was not studied systematically. In this paper, we examined the synthesis

• of roughly 3 nm. While self-assembled polypeptides could template the formation of silica nanotubes with uniform diameter, it still remains challenge for the polypeptide template to synthesize stable silica nanotube structures with very small diameters (i.e., 10 nm) [21][22][23][24][25][26][27

• 3.5 nm, which corresponds to the hollow inner of nanotube (Figure 2B) [38][39], which is in good agreement with the TEM observations (Figure 1C). This BET result indicates that our silica nanotubes have an excellent thermal stability compared to the conventional mesoporous silica (i.e., M41S), which

Size-dependent characteristics of electrostatically actuated fluid-conveying carbon nanotubes based on modified couple stress theory

• Mir Masoud Seyyed Fakhrabadi,
• Abbas Rastgoo and
• Mohammad Taghi Ahmadian

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 771–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.88

• exceeded a maximum limit, bending and buckling would occur, and the fluid stream that passes through the nanotube would be blocked. In another research, Grujicic et al. applied this concept to boron nitride nanotubes as nanovalves [28]. Chen et al. designed a one-way nanovalve based on a CNT junction and a

• the larger tube can be the movable part of the system as considered in this paper, and the other parts such as graphene sheets and actuation devices can be added to the considered section of the nanotube (Figure 3). Another application of the system is its utilization for feedback control. A control

• the CNT can be applied as control parameters for a desired behavior of the CNT by changing the stiffness and the damping of the system. Application of an external force on a nanotube and its local buckling. Electrostatic actuation of a CNT that conveys a fluid (top: “open”, bottom: “closed

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• nanocomposite exhibits well constructed core–shell and nanotube structures, with Fe3O4 cores and graphitic shells/tubes. The as-synthesized material could be used directly as anode in a lithium-ion cell and demonstrated a stable capacity, and good cyclic and rate performances. Keywords: electrochemistry; iron

• was synthesized by a simple one-step pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5. The nanocomposite exhibits well-constructed core–shell and nanotube structures with Fe3O4 cores and graphitic shells/tubes. The nanocomposite electrode exhibits a stable reversible capacity of 920 mAh·g−1 at 93 mA·g−1 in the subsequent 50