Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• consisting of the CNM substrate as the upper and an indium tin oxide (ITO) as the lower capacitor plate. A sample drop was placed between the two electrodes. For electrostatic experiments (drop was in contact with substrate plate only) the plate separation distance was held constant at 10 mm, while it was

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• WvdW (force FvdW) needed to bring single neutral molecules from infinite to a finite separation r correlates with the inverse of the sixth power of the distance, −C/r6 (−6C/r7) and with the different positive coefficients CKeesom, CDebye, and CLondon. This is valid for the interaction of single

• (with ncAFM smooth inorganic crystalline samples are preferred) or using Fattr instead of Fadh as in the cAFM case. Fadh takes into account the separation between the tip and the sample upon contact, which might be drastically changed due to impurities. We found that surface cleaning, which is common

Atomic layer deposited films of Al₂O₃ on fluorine-doped tin oxide electrodes: stability and barrier properties

• Hana Krýsová,
• Michael Neumann-Spallart,
• Hana Tarábková,
• Pavel Janda,
• Ladislav Kavan and
• Josef Krýsa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 24–34, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.2

• follows the Randless–Ševčík equation, and on the calculation of the effective pinhole area (EPA), as described in detail in our previous work [18][20] and in Supporting Information File 1. For all the voltammograms of Al2O3 films on FTO (Figure 2), the voltammetric peak separation (ΔEpp) normalized to

• identified by significant changes observed in the cyclic voltammogram of the [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− couple (Figure S8, Supporting Information File 1). This redox couple showed a nearly reversible behaviour in the voltammogram of bare FTO. However, the irreversibility (quantified by peak-to-peak separation) became

Kondo effects in small-bandgap carbon nanotube quantum dots

• Patryk Florków,
• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1873–1890, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.169

• periodic conditions along the circumference. When the closest quantization line misses the K point, a bandgap appears. The bandgap depends on the minimum separation of the circular quantization lines from the Dirac points. The semiconducting gaps are of the order of a few hundred millielectronvolts [9

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO₂@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO₂ core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

• Bridget K. Mutuma,
• Xiluva Mathebula,
• Isaac Nongwe,
• Bonakele P. Mtolo,
• Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
• Rudolph Erasmus,
• Zikhona Tetana and
• Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

• nanostructures are attractive candidates for photocatalysis owing to their tunable physicochemical properties, their interfacial contact effects, and their efficacy in charge-carrier separation. This study reports, for the first time, on the synthesis of mesoporous silica@nickel phyllosilicate/titania (mSiO2

• . Although rattle-type TiO2@void@SiO2 systems could provide high dye adsorption ability, a core–shell architecture (TiO2@SiO2) provides a better separation rate of the photogenerated electrons and holes by restricting the electron–hole recombination through the close interaction of silica with the titania

• separation between the Ni 2p3/2 primary line and the satellite of less than 6 eV, which is smaller than that of nickel oxides [60][61]. The data for the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 suggest a decrease in binding energies (Ni 2p1/2 at 872.6 eV and Ni 2p3/2 at 853 eV), possibly indicative of an interaction with TiO2 and

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• visible-light region (2.1–2.8 eV), high chemical stability, and ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties at room temperature [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. Furthermore, slow electron–hole recombination as a result of efficient separation of the charge carriers has yielded an enhancement of its

• consumption of excited electrons by the electron scavenger AgNO3 and the resulting enhanced separation of electron–hole pairs [60]. Photogenerated electron holes could play an important role in the present reaction, as the addition of the electron-hole scavenger EDTA (2 mM) decreases the degradation

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• –Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al (hν = 2.95 eV and hν = 2.42 eV) do not depend on the polarity of the applied voltage. The presence of two maxima in the photoconductivity spectra of Al–Ge0.30As0.04S0.66–Al, located at hν = 2.95 eV and hν = 2.42 eV, indicates a probable separation of this sample into multiple phases that

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• (MOTISs) [12] or classical FIBs equipped with mass separation and liquid metal alloy ion sources working with suitable alloys containing light elements [2]. In the past, mostly heavier ions have been used in liquid metal alloy ion sources (LMAISs). A number of applications have been shown, including using

• following, the discussion will focus on the usage of GFISs and LMAISs in FIBs. GFISs are operated with highly purified helium or neon. No additional mass separation is required in the column. In a LMAIS, in contrast, the source material is a complex alloy delivering several ion species simultaneously in a

• the electric field strength of the filter perpendicular to the optical axis of the ion column. l is the filter length, D is the distance between the filter and the separation aperture at the exit of the filter, and d is the diameter of this aperture. As an example for a LMAIS mass spectrum, we show

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• with prefabricated nanostructures can be implemented in different schemes for nanoparticle control and separation in microfluidic systems [34], and as components of actuators or switches in MEMS [35][36]. Considering the future technological potential of the suggested method it is important to

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• layer is to achieve a separation or “decoupling” of the two adjacent layers. Here, the term decoupling refers to the spatial separation of the electronic states of the molecules and those of the underlying metal, which leads to unperturbed molecular properties [4]. A scientifically relevant question is

Selective detection of complex gas mixtures using point contacts: concept, method and tools

• Alexander P. Pospelov,
• Victor I. Belan,
• Dmytro O. Harbuz,
• Volodymyr L. Vakula,
• Lyudmila V. Kamarchuk,
• Yuliya V. Volkova and
• Gennadii V. Kamarchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1631–1643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.146

• generation and nonlinear electric current processes in the contact caused by scattering of electrons in a nonequilibrium state are spatially separated [30]. The separation of nonlinear electric current phenomena from other interactions allows us to directly observe their energy component as a result of the

PTCDA adsorption on CaF₂ thin films

• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1615–1622, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.144

•  3d. The distances were measured as the centre–centre separation, illustrated by the black line in Figure 3c. In agreement with the visual impression from the overview images in Figure 1b and Figure 1c, a preference for a centre–centre distance of about 1.5 nm is found for the CaF2/CaF1/Si(111) areas

• states are here separated by about 0.1 eV and found in different order (in agreement with a previous study [10], a smaller LUMO+1/LUMO+2 energetic separation was calculated for the gas-phase molecule). The dominant contribution of the orbitals to the data shown in Figure 2 is deferred from the orbital

Oxidation of Au/Ag films by oxygen plasma: phase separation and generation of nanoporosity

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Said A. Mansour,
• Mujaheed Pasha,
• Atef Zekri,
• Janarthanan Ponraj,
• Akshath Shetty and
• Yousef Haik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1608–1614, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.143

• Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Texas A & M University-Kingsville, TX 78363, USA 10.3762/bjnano.11.143 Abstract The oxidation of Au/Ag alloy thin films using radio-frequency oxygen plasma was studied in this work. It was demonstrated that there is a phase separation occurring between

• gold/silver oxide nanostructures [20]. Starting from Au/Ag alloy nanospheres, they showed that gold/silver oxide core/shell nanospheres with a hollow interior could be obtained after oxidation using atomic oxygen. In this study we further explored the oxidation and phase separation events observed by

• Lewis et al. [20]. However, instead of using nanostructures as before, we used Au/Ag alloy thin films deposited by co-sputtering as the model system to study the oxidation process triggered by radio-frequency oxygen plasma (Figure 1). The oxidation and phase separation processes resulted in the

Walking energy harvesting and self-powered tracking system based on triboelectric nanogenerators

• Mingliang Yao,
• Guangzhong Xie,
• Qichen Gong and
• Yuanjie Su

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1590–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.141

• shown in Figure 2. The application and release of a stepping force during walking induces a periodical change between contact and separation the PTFE films and the undulated copper foils. This leads to the conversion of mechanical energy into electricity, as sketched in Figure 2. To quantitatively

• proportional to the pedestrian weight. This is because a more intense impact force causes a larger deformation of the undulated electrode, which contributes to larger separation (d) and thus a stronger output voltage. To quantitatively study the dependence of the electric output on the force, the output

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• relaxed bulk Cu, in agreement with reference studies [50][51]. We construct the four-layer Cu slab by fixing the two bottom layers to their optimal layer separation (d34 = 2.097 Å, corresponding to bulk Cu). The two top layers are then relaxed, which results in a reduced layer separation (d12 = 2.076 Å

• approximation of a single molecule on the surface, with an average lateral separation of 10 Å between the periodic images of camphor and 50 Å separation between the periodic Cu(111) slabs. The adsorption energy Eads is calculated as in which Etot is the total energy of the camphor/Cu(111) system, ECu is the

Electrokinetic characterization of synthetic protein nanoparticles

• Daniel F. Quevedo,
• Cody J. Lentz,
• Adriana Coll de Peña,
• Yazmin Hernandez,
• Nahal Habibi,
• Rikako Miki,
• Joerg Lahann and
• Blanca H. Lapizco-Encinas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1556–1567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.138

• parameter (eEEEC) for all SPNPs. This particle-dependent parameter can allow for the design of various separation and purification processes. These results show how promising the insulator-based EK microdevices are for the analysis and purification of clinically relevant SPNPs. Keywords: anisotropy

• combination of electrophoresis (EP), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and EO flow effects [22], allowing for additional parameters to fine-tune a separation process. Particle characterization and manipulation with EK techniques offer the potential for developing novel separation schemes for the sorting and enrichment

• separation experiments. The unique particle-dependent parameter EEEC can predict the required particle trapping voltage in any insulator-based EK device. A modified version of the EEEC, called empirical EEEC (eEEEC) can be obtained with a less labor-intensive procedure by employing devices with insulating

Design of V-shaped cantilevers for enhanced multifrequency AFM measurements

• Mehrnoosh Damircheli and
• Babak Eslami

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1525–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.135

• = z0 + zc + z1 + z2, where z0 and zc are the average tip deflection and the average tip–surface separation, respectively. Depending on the value of d, tip–sample force interactions are modeled as: Here h0 represents the intermolecular distance (0.165 nm), Hair is the Hamaker’s constant between tip and

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• constant of the thin film, and dcs is the distance between the charge in the molecule and its image charge in the metal (i.e., the charge separation distance). In this report, we demonstrate the robustness of the conclusions drawn from the 5A study by considering para-sexiphenyl (6P, C36H26). In contrast

A wideband cryogenic microwave low-noise amplifier

• Boris I. Ivanov,
• Dmitri I. Volkhin,
• Ilya L. Novikov,
• Dmitri K. Pitsun,
• Dmitri O. Moskalev,
• Ilya A. Rodionov,
• Evgeni Il’ichev and
• Aleksey G. Vostretsov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1484–1491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.131

• assembled on a Rogers RO 4350 substrate and the matching circuits were carried out as microstrip lines. The amplifier was mounted inside a brass box separated into two chambers. Each chamber contains two stages of the amplifier. The separation was made in order to avoid standing waves and self-resonances in

Self-assembly and spectroscopic fingerprints of photoactive pyrenyl tectons on hBN/Cu(111)

• Domenik M. Zimmermann,
• Knud Seufert,
• Luka Ðorđević,
• Tobias Hoh,
• Sushobhan Joshi,
• Tomas Marangoni,
• Davide Bonifazi and
• Willi Auwärter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1470–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.130

• hBN/Cu(111) and Ag(111), the separation along the unit cell vector a was clearly reduced on hBN, reflecting the minimum energy interdigitation configuration, determined by basic molecular mechanics modeling for two modules of 1 in the gas phase. Thus, we tentatively assigned the higher packing density

• other hand exceeded the STS gap. The STS-derived separation between the LUMO and the LUMO+1 was reduced for the disubstituted species compared to the tetrasubstituted pyrene 1 (see Figure 6). This trend matched the DFT prediction (Figure 1) and was assigned to the stabilization of the LUMO for

Protruding hydrogen atoms as markers for the molecular orientation of a metallocene

• Linda Laflör,
• Michael Reichling and
• Philipp Rahe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.127

• frequency-shift images were acquired at different tip–sample distances, see Figure 2b–e. Data were acquired above a region where several FDCA molecules were arranged along the direction (see STM data in Figure 2a), with a molecular separation determined by the CaF2(111) lattice periodicity of 669 pm. Upon

• evolution of a sharp line (one example marked by an arrow in Figure 2d), which suggests a relaxation of the front tip apex in agreement with earlier observations in organic [33][34] or inorganic [35][36] systems. For the smallest tip–sample separation, two short elongated dark segments (see markers in

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• moderate stirring. The forming black suspension was left to maturate for 45 min still under stirring and nitrogen flushing. The black precipitate of magnetite (Fe3O4) was then repeatedly washed with Milli-Q water with the help of magnetic separation (approx. 10×) until spontaneous deflocculation was

Atomic defect classification of the H–Si(100) surface through multi-mode scanning probe microscopy

• Jeremiah Croshaw,
• Thomas Dienel,
• Taleana Huff and
• Robert Wolkow

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1346–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.119

• ]. Individual atoms within each dimer are clearly visible, with minimal conductance occurring directly through the bulk states (requiring a reduction in tip–sample separation). This imaging mode is useful for cases where excessive bulk current could mask more subtle features. For all constant height modes, the

• separation they should mutually repel each other resulting in a less negative frequency shift over the group location, as shown. Again, AFM does not allow one to discern among individual hydrogen atoms due to the assumed flexible nature of the raised groups, creating a blurred appearance in AFM imaging as

• asymmetry between the profiles on the left and right of the missing dimers in both cases is a result of a slight tip asymmetry. The two raised Si species in Figure 3m,n (SiH3) and Figure 3o,p (SiH2) present an extra challenge to analyse, as they must be imaged with a larger tip–sample separation to prevent

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• of the buffer layer still appear to be in registry with the graphite symmetry axes. This begs a question whether the BA-OC14 is indeed formed on the top of the buffer layer? To confirm the bilayer formation and to rule out phase separation of the two components in 2D, we reversed the sequence of

• retracting the STM tip at a certain distance (around 1 nm) from the surface. The feedback loop was turned off to maintain the separation between the tip and the sample during the period of voltage pulse in order to avoid the tip crash onto the surface. The software used for STM imaging does not log the

Structure and electrochemical performance of electrospun-ordered porous carbon/graphene composite nanofibers

• Yi Wang,
• Yanhua Song,
• Chengwei Ye and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1280–1290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.112

• are incompatible with PAN, such as polystyrene (PS), poly(ʟ-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) [20][21][22][23]. During the carbonization process at a high temperature, PAN and the blended polymers undergo phase separation, forming a large number of pores which increases the

• square shape (e.g., 3 cm × 3 cm), put into a muffle furnace (KSY-D-16, Longkou Precision Instrument Co., Ltd., China), and submitted to a preoxidation step at 280 °C for 8 h under air at a heating rate of 1 °C·min−1. The high temperature during the oxidation process induced phase separation between PAN