Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• achieved by using the following equation: Equation 3 refers to the surface-traction equation that describes the normal stress (σnormal) , or the surface force Fsurf per surface area Asurf, associated with two parallel half spaces, separated by a static distance z. This is contrasted to the distance z shown

Stochastic excitation for high-resolution atomic force acoustic microscopy imaging: a system theory approach

• Edgar Cruz Valeriano,
• José Juan Gervacio Arciniega,
• Christian Iván Enriquez Flores,
• Susana Meraz Dávila,
• Joel Moreno Palmerin,
• Martín Adelaido Hernández Landaverde,
• Yuri Lizbeth Chipatecua Godoy,
• Aime Margarita Gutiérrez Peralta,
• Rafael Ramírez Bon and
• José Martín Yañez Limón

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 703–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.58

• ., aggregates, grain limits and mechanical stress of grains with similar local mechanical properties, which makes these properties difficult to discern by using conventional techniques. This is possible because a white-noise excitation enables the extraction of more information about the tip–sample interaction

Soybean-derived blue photoluminescent carbon dots

• Shanshan Wang,
• Wei Sun,
• Dong-sheng Yang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 606–619, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.48

• at 110 °C under a compressive stress of 6000 psi for 5 min. The laser ablation of the Teflon pellet was conducted in a container with 3 mL of NH4OH for 1 h. Materials characterization The morphology and microstructure of the prepared carbon nanoparticles were characterized on a transmission electron

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• platelets [16]. Additionally, SNPs were found to induce pre-thrombotic states through surface-driven activation of the coagulation factor XII [17][18]. Finally, SNPs are known to induce oxidative stress in several cell lines including endothelial cells [19] and leucocytes [20][21], a process that in vivo

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• of protamine also lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration by two orders of magnitude. This is attributed to the enhanced catalytic activity upon binding with protamine, which resulted in altered oxidative stress and a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Kurdekar et al. developed

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• glycoside 1 with a short 2-aminoethyl spacer aglycon. It is important to stress that the removal of excess Ara6 glycosides 1 and 2 from solutions of glyco-GNPs (3 and 4) or lyophilization of the purified glyco-GNPs 3 and 4 (provided that they were dissolved in 5% sucrose solution prior to lyophilization

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• mediated through oxidative stress. Hence, it is likely that the down-regulation of VEGF may have contributed to the reduced expression of LCLAT1 in the polyplex-treated cells. RFC5 (replication factor C 5) is generally associated with the proliferation of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [48] and has also been

Implementation of data-cube pump–probe KPFM on organic solar cells

• Benjamin Grévin,
• Olivier Bardagot and
• Renaud Demadrille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 323–337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.24

• obtained between the pump and pp-KPFM signals. More precisely, the pp-KPFM spectrum (filled circles in Figure 4d) matches the values calculated by integrating the pump signal over the time windows defined by the probe (open symbols in Figure 4d). Here, we stress that to achieve a proper pp-KPFM measurement

• the measurement of the SPV has been evidenced. These results stress the need to quantify properly the dependence of the S/N ratio of the pp-KPFM potential on the illumination state when investigating photovoltaic materials. For that purpose, future works will be devoted to increasing the sensitivity

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• and 200 µg/mL, respectively, was added to the blood samples. This indicates that the nanorods may exhibit a slight hemolytic behavior at a higher CB-Hap NR concentration. The hemolytic activity at higher concentrations can be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by introducing CB-Hap nanorods

• result in oxidative stress [61]. Conclusion This study is a pioneering work in the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanorods using marine waste cuttlefish bones using an oil-bath-mediated precipitation method. The resultant powders from the precipitation process were investigated via systematic

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

Size effects of graphene nanoplatelets on the properties of high-density polyethylene nanocomposites: morphological, thermal, electrical, and mechanical characterization

• Tuba Evgin,
• Alpaslan Turgut,
• Georges Hamaoui,
• Zdenko Spitalsky,
• Nicolas Horny,
• Matej Micusik,
• Mihai Chirtoc,
• Mehmet Sarikanat and
• Maria Omastova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 167–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.14

• an increase of 0.83% compared to pure HDPE. It was found that G3, with a smaller size and thickness (larger aspect ratio and surface area), showed an effective enhancement of the Young’s moduli of the nanocomposites owing to the fact that a larger surface area provided a more efficient stress

• dispersion of GnPs in the HDPE matrix was a more important parameter for the tensile stress than others; however, the surface area of GnPs was a more critical factor. In the literature, a similar type of observation was made by Liang et al. [16][17] and Jun and co-workers [8] where it was reported that GnPs

• matrix and a less effective stress transfer between HDPE and GnPs. While a slight size effect of GnPs on Tm, Tc, ΔHf, and Xc of the nanocomposites was observed, the addition of GnPs influenced ΔHf and Tc; however, it did not affect Tm and Xc. In addition, the thermal stability of the nanocomposites

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• optimize accuracy and computational costs, a new nonclassical modeling of the nanomanipulation process based on the modified couple stress theory is proposed that includes the size effects. To this end, after simulating the critical times and forces that are required for the onset of nanoparticle motion on

• the modified couple stress theory are used to model the dynamics of cylindrical gold nanoparticles while the finite element method is utilized to solve the governing equations of motion. The results show a difference of 90% between the classical and nonclassical models in predicting the maximum

• distance. Furthermore, by applying an extended von Mises criterion on the modified couple stress theory, it is found that the failure aspect ratio of a cylindrical gold nanoparticle based on nonclassical models is 212% more than that of the classical model. In the end, the results are compared with those

The effect of heat treatment on the morphology and mobility of Au nanoparticles

• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Simon Vigonski,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Vahur Zadin,
• Rünno Lõhmus and
• Karine Mougin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 61–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.6

• twinned NPs and the tendency of such particles to seek mechanisms of stress relaxation [25]. The rearrangement of surface atoms into more rounded outer geometries can be a way of energy minimization while preserving the five-fold twinned inner structure of the NP, as shown in Figure 3 for a Au NP heated

An investigation on the drag reduction performance of bioinspired pipeline surfaces with transverse microgrooves

• Weili Liu,
• Hongjian Ni,
• Peng Wang and
• Yi Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 24–40, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.3

• were undertaken to evaluate the drag reduction performance of these bionic pipelines. It was found that the vortex ‘cushioning’ and ‘driving’ effects produced by the vortexes in the microgrooves were the main reason for obtaining a drag reduction effect. The shear stress of the microgrooved surface was

• complex conditions. Besides, these active antidrag methods require extra energy or may complicate the devices, which limits their application in engineering. Pressure loss mainly derives from the shear stress of a fluid flowing across the surface of a pipeline. The wall shear stress is expressed as where

• τ is the shear stress (Pa), μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid (Pa∙s); and du/dy is the velocity gradient (1/s). According to Equation 1, changing the turbulent boundary layer state in the vicinity of the wall for a decreased velocity gradient is an essential and appropriate measure to reduce

Fully amino acid-based hydrogel as potential scaffold for cell culturing and drug delivery

• Dávid Juriga,
• Evelin Sipos,
• Orsolya Hegedűs,
• Gábor Varga,
• Miklós Zrínyi,
• Krisztina S. Nagy and
• Angéla Jedlovszky-Hajdú

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2579–2593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.249

• active chains by mechanical measurements To measure the elastic modulus (G), gel cylinders of 1 cm in diameter and height were prepared with the same constitution as described above. G was assessed by vertical stress–strain measurements using an Instron 5942 (Intest kft., Hungary) mechanical tester, and

• its exact value was calculated by determining the stress–strain behavior during unidirectional compression. The temperature and the volume of the gels were constant during deformation, therefore, the Neo–Hooken law could be used to describe the deformation of the gels [21]: where σN is the nominal

• stress and λ is the deformation ratio, which can be calculated as the ratio of the actual height and the initial height of the cylinder. G can be expressed as: where R is the gas constant, T is the temperature, Φ represents the polymer volume fraction of the gel, v* is the concentration of the

Label-free highly sensitive probe detection with novel hierarchical SERS substrates fabricated by nanoindentation and chemical reaction methods

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Yongda Yan,
• Li Wang,
• Peng Miao,
• Yimin Han,
• Xinming Zhang,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Yanquan Geng,
• Zhankun Weng,
• Daniel Laipple and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2483–2496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.239

• of cavities contain much higher Ag nanoparticle content formed on the plane during chemical corrosion. The stress in the cavity and in the plane are different due to the pile-up of material generated during the fabrication of arrayed pyramidal cavities. The change in stress on the different positions

• has a significant effect on chemical corrosion. The deformation of the material and the defection of the structure are due to the generation of stress during the machining of the arrayed pyramidal cavities. The replacement reaction is achieved in the single crystal copper surface and the AgNO3

• surface of single crystal copper. Compared with the single crystal copper surface, the internal cavities and pile-ups of cavities are more easily etched by AgNO3 solution. Therefore, the stress state affects the corrosion structure. Compared with the single crystal copper surface, more silver

Abrupt elastic-to-plastic transition in pentagonal nanowires under bending

• Sergei Vlassov,
• Magnus Mets,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Jianjun Bian,
• Leonid Dorogin and
• Vahur Zadin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2468–2476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.237

• -fold twinned structure prevents propagation of critical defects, leading to dislocation pile up that may lead to sudden stress release, which is observed as an abrupt plastic event. Moreover, we found that if the NWs are coated with alumina, the abrupt plastic event is not observed and the NWs can

• the five fcc equilateral triangular segments connected by twin boundaries cannot make 360°, such an exotic structure cannot exist without internal strain with corresponding mechanical stress and stored elastic energy proportional to the volume [6]. Inner stress and peculiar structure of the pentagonal

• conjugated gradient method in order to make the configuration reach a local stable state. The NW is further equilibrated at 300 K for about 40 ps to relax the internal stress. Figure 1c shows the distribution of von Mises stress on the cross-section after this equilibration. To apply a bending load to the NW

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• , the presence of these disordered areas could be minimized, thus optimizing the overall quality of the deposit. We stress here, that the moisture conditions are crucial for the development of ordered features on the mica surface. Indeed, as soon as drier conditions (ambient relative humidity or dry

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• . These probes therefore have the advantage of a fast mechanical response, and the tip is made from a material that is known and accepted in the field as suitable for high-quality tips. Cantilever Fabrication The cantilever is made of SU8 and the tip is entirely covered with low-stress silicon nitride

• oxidation sharpening [29]. Studies report a 30% decrease of the oxide thickness along the sharp silicon ridges after wet oxidation at 900–950 °C [30]. This decrease is due to an increase of the activation barrier of the interfacial reactions induced by the stress build-up in these areas [31]. Due to the

• example for nanomechanical mapping of biological samples. In general, SU8 cantilevers suffer from residual mean stress and residual stress gradients in the beam. These residual stresses can bend the cantilevers and cause issues with aligning the laser and approaching the sample. Keller et al. have shown

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• , 0.08% (w/w) CUR were evaluated at 25 and 37 °C (Figure 6). The nonlinear behavior to shear stress due to the shear rate (non-Newtonian), resulting in structural changes, was maintained even after the incorporation of CUR in the polymer blends. Moreover, the addition of CUR in binary polymeric systems

• did not lead to a change in flow rheological profiles at 25 °C, whereas a slight decrease of shear stress was observed for systems evaluated at 37 °C. In this way, CUR did not change the structuring of the system. Conversely, the increase in temperature leads to an increase in shear stress due to the

• pharmaceutical semi-solid formulations in order to facilitate clinical administration in a uniform way over the mucous tissue of the buccal cavity. Subsequently, it can recover the rheological properties that these systems presented before the shear stress application [10][59][60]. The effect of the presence of

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• sub-micrometer particles, because it is a simple and straightforward technique, without the involvement of any chemical additives, and also does not require harsh formulation parameters, such as high energy input or mechanical shear stress (e.g., by sonification) [30][31]. Nonetheless, the preparation

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• temperature (Figure 5, lower row), and 65–70% at a stress temperature of 40 °C (Figure 5, upper row). More complex particle structures of SmartLipids lead to better incorporation and protection of active agents. Size of SmartLipids submicrometer particles – legal aspects By definition, nanoparticles possess a

• . Restauration of the natural skin barrier and anti-pollution effect Due to unhealthy skin conditions or general stress by environmental factors, the natural skin barrier (lipid film on the stratum corneum) can be damaged, i.e., thinned or even partially lost (bare patches). This has negative effects on the

• cells below and could lead to a higher transepidermal water loss (TEWL). In addition, the skin is more exposed to environmental stress, ranging from UV/IR radiation to pollution from the air, e.g., particulate matter. Especially in the last two years, skin care products/cosmetics with “anti-pollution

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• surface stress sensor as a novel nanomechanical device and a highly networked capsular nanoarchitecture of silica–porphyrin hybrid as the sensing material. Not limited to this particular case, innovations from both the device side and the materials side for improved sensors has been continuously pursued

• nanochannels that can adsorb moisture. Under relatively high humidity conditions, the adsorption of water molecules expands the nanochannels resulting in internal stress generation. These changes can be sensitively detected by the triboelectric nanogenerator. At the same time, the collection of such electrical

• moisture, which results in the generation of internal stress. An optode sensor to visually detect cesium ions in domestic water and seawater, comprised of a calix[6]arene derivative, responsive dye KD-M1337, and cation exchanger. An electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistor with anti-bisphenol A

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• color conversion layers. Again, we would like to stress that these PVP/N-CDot composite fibers were prepared using the N-CDot mixture that yielded no valid CRI and CCT when processed into a drop-cast film – yet, high CRI and low CCT values could be achieved here by adjusting the amount of the fibers