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Search for "trapping" in Full Text gives 175 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

  • Li-wei Liu,
  • Si-yi Hu,
  • Ying Pan,
  • Jia-qi Zhang,
  • Yue-shu Feng and
  • Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

Graphical Abstract
  • QDs, and 38 ns for CdS QDs. ZnS has a major influence on the lifetime decay profile of CdS/ZnS QDs. Trapping states are caused by surface defects located within the bandgap, which lead to the rise of nonradiative recombination. Emission spectra The emission spectra were collected by using a Fluorolog
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Published 27 Jun 2014

Optical modeling-assisted characterization of dye-sensitized solar cells using TiO2 nanotube arrays as photoanodes

  • Jung-Ho Yun,
  • Il Ku Kim,
  • Yun Hau Ng,
  • Lianzhou Wang and
  • Rose Amal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.102

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  • TiO2 nanoparticles, vertically well-ordered TNT-based DSSCs presented an enhanced electron transport by efficiently reducing the recombination possibility of photogenerated charge carriers through minimizing the trapping sites that normally exist in the grain boundaries of randomly oriented TiO2
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Published 24 Jun 2014

Fibrillar adhesion with no clusterisation: Functional significance of material gradient along adhesive setae of insects

  • Stanislav N. Gorb and
  • Alexander E. Filippov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 837–845, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.95

Graphical Abstract
  • contact may be increased due to the presence of specific micro- and nanostructures [1][2][3][4][5]. Crack trapping mechanisms in adhesive systems with multiple contacts provide advantages in attachment on rough substrates [6]. Also hierarchical organization of insect pad structures enables formation of
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Published 12 Jun 2014

Measuring air layer volumes retained by submerged floating-ferns Salvinia and biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces

  • Matthias J. Mayser,
  • Holger F. Bohn,
  • Meike Reker and
  • Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 812–821, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.93

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  • the Cassie wetting state the solid–water interface is strongly reduced while the majority of the interface is between water and air, thereby trapping an air layer between water and surface. As a result the adhesion of the water to the surface is minimised and individual droplets often roll off at very
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Published 10 Jun 2014

Visible light photooxidative performance of a high-nuclearity molecular bismuth vanadium oxide cluster

  • Johannes Tucher and
  • Carsten Streb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 711–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.83

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  • oxidant. Trapping experiments using ethanol as a hydroxyl radical scavenger show significantly decreased photocatalytic substrate oxidation in the presence of EtOH. Photocatalytic performance analyses using monochromatic visible light irradiation show that the quantum efficiency Φ for indigo
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Published 26 May 2014

High activity of Ag-doped Cd0.1Zn0.9S photocatalyst prepared by the hydrothermal method for hydrogen production under visible-light irradiation

  • Leny Yuliati,
  • Melody Kimi and
  • Mustaffa Shamsuddin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 587–595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.69

Graphical Abstract
  • was reported to show activity for hydrogen production from water [21] and hydrogen sulfide [22]. On the other hand, the properties of Ag+-doped Cd1−xZnxS have been investigated by spectroscopic and photochemical studies [23]. It was proposed that the Ag+ might act as a hole trapping site. Since the
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Published 07 May 2014

Photovoltaic properties of ZnO nanorods/p-type Si heterojunction structures

  • Rafal Pietruszka,
  • Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
  • Grzegorz Luka,
  • Lukasz Wachnicki,
  • Sylwia Gieraltowska,
  • Krzysztof Kopalko,
  • Eunika Zielony,
  • Piotr Bieganski,
  • Ewa Placzek-Popko and
  • Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 173–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.17

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  • PV efficiency of the obtained hybrid PV cells [43]. However, a detailed explanation of the effect observed in this work will require a further study. Conclusion We investigated PV structures based on zinc oxide nanorods. Their 3D morphology leads to an increased light trapping. ZnONR with different
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Published 14 Feb 2014

Large-scale atomistic and quantum-mechanical simulations of a Nafion membrane: Morphology, proton solvation and charge transport

  • Pavel V. Komarov,
  • Pavel G. Khalatur and
  • Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 567–587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.65

Graphical Abstract
  • due to local energy minima trapping, we generated several samples. Each initial configuration was created as a random distribution of Nafion chains, water molecules and hydronium ions. In the initial state we did not build our systems at a density equal to the experimental one. Instead, not to start
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Published 26 Sep 2013

3D nano-structures for laser nano-manipulation

  • Gediminas Seniutinas,
  • Lorenzo Rosa,
  • Gediminas Gervinskas,
  • Etienne Brasselet and
  • Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 534–541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.62

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  • the patterns of such nano-wells was investigated experimentally and numerically. By doing numerical simulations of 50-nm and 100-nm diameter polystyrene beads in water and air, we show the potential of such patterns for self-induced back-action (SIBA) trapping. The best trapping conditions were found
  • to be a trapping force of 2 pN/W/μm2 (numerical result) exerted on a 50-nm diameter bead in water. The simulations were based on the analytical Lorentz force model. Keywords: extraordinary transmission; near field; optical tweezing; plasmonics; reactive ion etching; self-induced back-action
  • ; Introduction Optical trapping is a fundamental experimental technique for physics and biology, which allows to precisely control and position micrometer-sized objects such as dielectric parts for nano-assembly, and biomaterials such as cells and bacteria, through the use of gradient forces, which originate
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Published 17 Sep 2013

Digging gold: keV He+ ion interaction with Au

  • Vasilisa Veligura,
  • Gregor Hlawacek,
  • Robin P. Berkelaar,
  • Raoul van Gastel,
  • Harold J. W. Zandvliet and
  • Bene Poelsema

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 453–460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.53

Graphical Abstract
  • trapping in Cu, which has similar physical properties to Au. In this case blistering was observed after a fluence of 4.0 × 1017 cm−2. As is seen from the Figure 5b, there is a negative volume offset, which is attributed to two effects. First, sputtering of the surface will result in material loss. Secondly
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Published 24 Jul 2013

Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO2 photoelectrodes

  • Alex Henning,
  • Gino Günzburger,
  • Res Jöhr,
  • Yossi Rosenwaks,
  • Biljana Bozic-Weber,
  • Catherine E. Housecroft,
  • Edwin C. Constable,
  • Ernst Meyer and
  • Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 418–428, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.49

Graphical Abstract
  • governed mainly by diffusion and not by drift current (electric field). Preferential trapping of electrons (holes) in defect states of the TiO2 network leads to different diffusion coefficients for electrons and holes. Surface photovoltage under sub-bandgap illumination Figure 6a shows a semilogarithmic
  • component of the total recombination time is attributed to an electron diffusion process across the TiO2 network towards the contact, whereas the fast recombination process occurs within single particles [55]. The slow electron diffusion throughout the network is due to trapping and detrapping [46] in
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Published 01 Jul 2013

High-resolution electrical and chemical characterization of nm-scale organic and inorganic devices

  • Pierre Eyben

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 318–319, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.35

Graphical Abstract
  • , threading dislocations, and microtwins that affect the diffusion of dopants and the material mobility (due to scattering). When growth is performed in narrow trenches, dislocations are trapped within the confined volume (aspect-ratio trapping) and, theoretically, defect-free layers can be obtained. However
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Published 16 May 2013

Near-field effects and energy transfer in hybrid metal-oxide nanostructures

  • Ulrich Herr,
  • Barat Achinuq,
  • Cahit Benel,
  • Giorgos Papageorgiou,
  • Manuel Goncalves,
  • Johannes Boneberg,
  • Paul Leiderer,
  • Paul Ziemann,
  • Peter Marek and
  • Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 306–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.34

Graphical Abstract
  • the absorption, especially in thin-film structures, as well as the exploitation of field enhancements in the near-field region. Another approach reviewed in [6] for “light trapping” in photovoltaics is the excitation of surface plasmon polaritons at the interface between metals and semiconductors
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Published 14 May 2013

Micro- and nanoscale electrical characterization of large-area graphene transferred to functional substrates

  • Gabriele Fisichella,
  • Salvatore Di Franco,
  • Patrick Fiorenza,
  • Raffaella Lo Nigro,
  • Fabrizio Roccaforte,
  • Cristina Tudisco,
  • Guido G. Condorelli,
  • Nicolò Piluso,
  • Noemi Spartà,
  • Stella Lo Verso,
  • Corrado Accardi,
  • Cristina Tringali,
  • Sebastiano Ravesi and
  • Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 234–242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.24

Graphical Abstract
  • effect due to carrier trapping, and, consequently, an underestimation of the carrier mobility. Furthermore, the presence of charged traps at the graphene/substrate interface strongly affects the mobility in graphene due to Coulomb scattering [11][26], leading to a degradation with respect to the ideal
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Published 02 Apr 2013

Photoresponse from single upright-standing ZnO nanorods explored by photoconductive AFM

  • Igor Beinik,
  • Markus Kratzer,
  • Astrid Wachauer,
  • Lin Wang,
  • Yuri P. Piryatinski,
  • Gerhard Brauer,
  • Xin Yi Chen,
  • Yuk Fan Hsu,
  • Aleksandra B. Djurišić and
  • Christian Teichert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 208–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.21

Graphical Abstract
  • . The surface conductivity of ZnO is highly dependent on the presence of adsorbates [20][21][22][23]. Such surface defects serve as binding sites for chemisorption processes and may contribute to the scattering and trapping of carriers [24], which lower the intrinsic conductivity of the material
  • conduction band contributing to the photocurrent. The existence of the PHS state implies also a trapping of the mobile charge carriers in this state. The transition back to the nonconductive state requires a simultaneous thermal activation of the electrons from the PHS state to the conduction band and
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Published 21 Mar 2013

Influence of diffusion on space-charge-limited current measurements in organic semiconductors

  • Thomas Kirchartz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 180–188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.18

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  • are generally disordered materials, it is important to investigate the effects of energetic disorder on the results of our simulations. In order to take the effect of disorder into account, a multiple trapping model together with exponential band tails is used in some simulations (Figure 3 and Figure
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Published 11 Mar 2013

Reduced electron recombination of dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO2 spheres consisting of ultrathin nanosheets with [001] facet exposed

  • Hongxia Wang,
  • Meinan Liu,
  • Cheng Yan and
  • John Bell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 378–387, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.44

Graphical Abstract
  • dye molecule) excites an electron from the ground state of the dye molecule to its excited state. The electron is then injected to the conduction band of the adjacent TiO2 material, owing to a favorable alignment of the energetics. The electron goes through a series of trapping/detrapping process in
  • that mimics the physical process in the device. The equivalent circuit that depicts the process of electron trapping/detrapping in DSCs is shown in Figure 3a. It contains a series resistance, Rs, a capacitance at the Pt electrode/electrolyte interface, CPt, and a resistance for the charge-transfer
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Published 07 May 2012

Electron-beam patterned self-assembled monolayers as templates for Cu electrodeposition and lift-off

  • Zhe She,
  • Andrea DiFalco,
  • Georg Hähner and
  • Manfred Buck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 101–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.11

Graphical Abstract
  • the same. The depth between the Cu surface and the copper-free area was 30 nm after lift-off, revealing an incomplete filling of the trench by the glue, which is again likely due to trapping of air. On comparison of the friction images of the Cu structure as deposited and after lift-off (Figures 9b
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Published 06 Feb 2012

Femtosecond time-resolved photodissociation dynamics of methyl halide molecules on ultrathin gold films

  • Mihai E. Vaida,
  • Robert Tchitnga and
  • Thorsten M. Bernhardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 618–627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.65

Graphical Abstract
  • photodissociation when the molecules are in contact with the metal substrate [33][34]. In contrast to CH3I, however, the photodissociation of the first monolayer of CH3Br and CH3Cl is easily promoted on the Pt(111) surface through UV irradiation [24][31][35][36]. Trapping of iodine atoms at the surface subsequent
  • trapping of the iodine atoms at the surface subsequent to CD3I photodissociation. Consequently, during the laser irradiation of the sample an iodine film (or a gold–iodine layer) might be formed between the Au surface and the subsequently adsorbed CD3I molecules. On this iodine film, the photodissociation
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Published 20 Sep 2011

The effect of surface anisotropy in the slippery zone of Nepenthes alata pitchers on beetle attachment

  • Elena V. Gorb and
  • Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 302–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.35

Graphical Abstract
  • downward pitcher direction, since, in this direction, they could interlock with overhanging edges of lunate cells. Keywords: adhesive pads; claws; Coccinella septempunctata; insect–plant interactions; traction force; Introduction Pitcher-shaped trapping organs produced at the tips of tendrils are
  • decades, different aspects of Nepenthes biology, among them the structure and functions of pitchers, especially with respect to their trapping efficiency, have been the focus of numerous structural and experimental studies and field observations (review in [7]). For example, the importance of the pitcher
  • highly viscous thus preventing trapped insects from escaping [12][13]. Although the slippery zone, situated inside the pitcher just below the peristome in the majority of Nepenthes species, was recognised long ago as an important structure for insect trapping and retention, due to its particular downward
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Published 16 Jun 2011

Manipulation of gold colloidal nanoparticles with atomic force microscopy in dynamic mode: influence of particle–substrate chemistry and morphology, and of operating conditions

  • Samer Darwich,
  • Karine Mougin,
  • Akshata Rao,
  • Enrico Gnecco,
  • Shrisudersan Jayaraman and
  • Hamidou Haidara

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 85–98, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.10

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  • manipulation systems. In the former, laser trapping (optical tweezers) or electrostatic or magnetic field forces are utilized. Thus, Yamomoto et al. [4] cut DNA using restriction enzymes on a laser trapped bead, Vonna et al. used magnetic tweezers and beads to stretch cell membranes [5] and Stroscio et al. [6
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Published 04 Feb 2011

Oriented growth of porphyrin-based molecular wires on ionic crystals analysed by nc-AFM

  • Thilo Glatzel,
  • Lars Zimmerli,
  • Shigeki Kawai,
  • Ernst Meyer,
  • Leslie-Anne Fendt and
  • Francois Diederich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 34–39, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.4

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  • kinks of the alkali halide crystals act as trapping points for the polar molecules, preventing them from diffusing freely over the surface. Simultaneously, intermolecular interactions force the cyano-porphyrins to form π–π stacks. These wires grow along the edges, forming long one-dimensional molecular
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Published 13 Jan 2011

Defects in oxide surfaces studied by atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy

  • Thomas König,
  • Georg H. Simon,
  • Lars Heinke,
  • Leonid Lichtenstein and
  • Markus Heyde

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.1

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  • single point defects or single adsorbates, instead of integrating over a square millimeter range. However, absolute values of the work function cannot be measured directly, only work function differences. Point defects Oxygen vacancies, also known as color centers, are electron trapping point defects and
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Published 03 Jan 2011

Ultrafine metallic Fe nanoparticles: synthesis, structure and magnetism

  • Olivier Margeat,
  • Marc Respaud,
  • Catherine Amiens,
  • Pierre Lecante and
  • Bruno Chaudret

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 108–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.13

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  • process involving the coalescence of small clusters. This emphasises the importance of the solution phase synthesis for the trapping of unstable intermediates and the growth of metastable structures often kinetically favoured. Magnetic properties A. Mössbauer spectra The Mössbauer spectra, recorded at
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Published 03 Dec 2010

Enhanced visible light photocatalysis through fast crystallization of zinc oxide nanorods

  • Sunandan Baruah,
  • Mohammad Abbas Mahmood,
  • Myo Tay Zar Myint,
  • Tanujjal Bora and
  • Joydeep Dutta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 14–20, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.3

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  • within the band gap (surface defects) [16], thereby affecting the optical and electronic properties [17]. Increased electron trapping due to higher defect sites leads to enhancement in the photocatalytic efficiency. This increase in photocatalytic efficiency is possible provided the electron-hole pair
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Published 22 Nov 2010
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