Dissipation signals due to lateral tip oscillations in FM-AFM

• Michael Klocke and
• Dietrich E. Wolf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2048–2057, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.213

• /r2. The single mass point at (x, z) appears to have an anisotropic mass, as mx ≠ mz. The interaction between tip and surface can be described by different models [31]. If both the tip and the substrate are ionic crystals, we can imagine a charge q at the surface, which has a fixed position taken as

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

• Franciszek Krok,
• Mark R. Kaspers,
• Alexander M. Bernhart,
• Marek Nikiel,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Paulina Indyka,
• Mateusz Wojtaszek,
• Rolf Möller and
• Christian A. Bobisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1463–1471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.159

• atomic scale leads to contact, e.g., small atomic structures or molecules. The anisotropic transport properties of this surface structure have triggered controversial discussions within the scientific community [7][8][9]. However, to access the anisotropic transport properties, a significant electron

Restructuring of an Ir(210) electrode surface by potential cycling

• Khaled A. Soliman,
• Dieter M. Kolb,
• Ludwig A. Kibler and
• Timo Jacob

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1349–1356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.148

• ) surface (Figure 6c). These triangular structures are very similar to the thermally-induced faceted Ir(210) surface [19][20] and to samples prepared under UHV conditions [22]. For the case of 240 min potential cycling, anisotropic groove structures are formed that seem to be even more stable than the

• H2SO4induces surface restructuring. Different structure types are forming as a function of cycling time. Triangular structures are obtained after 20 min and/or 60 min of potential cycling between −0.28 and 0.7 V, while an anisotropic groove structure is formed after 240 min. The restructured Ir(210) surfaces

Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications

• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1268–1284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.141

• process, based on electron beam lithography, anisotropic silicon etching and stress-limited oxidation, is shown in the sketches of Figure 7. This process [91][92][93] has been developed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, <100> oriented, which is becoming largely employed in the semiconductor

• . Plasma etching/ reactive ion etching (RIE), which is a standard process in integrated circuit fabrication, can be used. However, a simple and more convenient technique is the wet silicon anisotropic etching in alkaline solutions [98][99], typically based on potassium hydroxide (KOH) or

• , the nanowire has a very regular trapezoidal cross-section, the minor base of which at the top is a {100} plane with a width Wtop determined by the lithography. The sloping walls are {111} crystalline planes, where the anisotropic etching stopped. The major base at the bottom has a width W that depends

Dry friction of microstructured polymer surfaces inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe,
• Elena Fadeeva and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1091–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.122

• microstructure investigated in this study was inspired by the anisotropic microornamentation of scales from the ventral body side of the California King Snake (Lampropeltis getula californiae). Frictional properties of snake-inspired microstructured polymer surface (SIMPS) made of epoxy resin were characterised

• ) to reduce skin material abrasion by generating low friction in forward sliding along the substrate [4]. Anisotropic frictional properties of the snake skin were previously shown by several tribological studies using various techniques at the macro scale [5][6][7][8][9], meso scale [10], and nano

• the snake, see Figure 1b) with anisotropic frictional properties [10]. However, the complexity of the microstructure of this species is limited to the extent that it is suitable for transfer in artificial epoxy resin surfaces. Such artificial surfaces were used in this study for closer frictional

Functionalized nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar light

• Liejin Guo,
• Dengwei Jing,
• Maochang Liu,
• Yubin Chen,
• Shaohua Shen,
• Jinwen Shi and
• Kai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 994–1004, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.113

• a QE of 43% at 425 nm [72]. However, the low density of twin planes and the insufficient control of the crystal shape in these catalysts inspired us to further improve their photocatalytic efficiency by fabricating more effective junctions. Recently, we reported a twinned Cd0.5Zn0.5S anisotropic

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag–ZnO hybrid plasmonic nanostructures prepared by a facile wet chemical method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• Vandana Choudhary,
• Biswarup Satpati and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 639–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.75

• aggregates of ZnO nanoparticles of anisotropic shapes can be seen in the FESEM image (Figure 1a) of the pristine ZnO sample. Addition of citrate at 0.2 mM concentration resulted in an increased aggregation of the nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 1b. As the citrate concentration is increased to 10 mM, the

• (Figure 3a) of sample PZ, the presence of ZnO nanostructures of anisotropic shapes can be clearly seen. Higher magnification images revealed that these anisotropic nanostructures consist of smaller nanoparticles and are formed through aggregation. TEM images of AZ510 sample revealed the presence of

• anisotropic nanostructures decorated with nanoparticles. HRTEM study of these decorating nanoparticles confirmed them to be of Ag. Figure 4b shows the selected area diffraction (SAD) pattern from a region marked by a dotted circle. The SAD pattern shows concentric rings consisting of distinct spots, which is

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• = 13° and a polar rotation angle of φ = 100°. The gold thickness is about h = 30 nm and the resulting nanostructures have dimensions of about 200 nm × 150 nm. In fact, they represent very small SRRs with a slightly curved shape. Figure 5a demonstrates the anisotropic resonances, resulting in particle

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• group of CTAB molecules preferentially binds to specific crystallographic faces of gold. Thus the gold atoms are directed to deposit on selective faces of gold and attain anisotropic nanoparticles in the solution medium [6][28][29]. In this process, CTAB forms a tightly bound cationic bilayer on the

Encapsulation of nanoparticles into single-crystal ZnO nanorods and microrods

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Marco Notarianni,
• Llew Rintoul and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.56

• ; Introduction Anisotropic growth of compound semiconductors with wurtzite crystal structure normally leads to the formation of one-dimensional (1D) structures. A typical example is ZnO that, in its wurtzite form, has the fastest growth rate over the <0001> face and has been extensively studied in terms of

Plasma-assisted synthesis and high-resolution characterization of anisotropic elemental and bimetallic core–shell magnetic nanoparticles

• M. Hennes,
• A. Lotnyk and
• S. G. Mayr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 466–475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.54

• , Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.54 Abstract Magnetically anisotropic as well as magnetic core–shell nanoparticles (CS-NPs) with controllable properties are highly desirable in a broad range of applications. With this background, a setup for the synthesis of heterostructured magnetic core–shell nanoparticles

Impact of thermal frequency drift on highest precision force microscopy using quartz-based force sensors at low temperatures

• Florian Pielmeier,
• Daniel Meuer,
• Daniel Schmid,
• Christoph Strunk and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 407–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.48

• sharply to lower temperatures and gradually to higher ones [20][21]. Additionally the anisotropic thermal expansion coefficients of quartz, α|| and , parallel and perpendicular to the optical axis also show a non linear behavior with temperature [22]. Here, increases monotonically with T, whereas α|| is

Friction behavior of a microstructured polymer surface inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 83–97, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.8

• of the biological model, Lampropeltis getula californiae, the California King Snake, on the friction behavior. For this purpose, we compared snake-inspired anisotropic microstructured surfaces to other microstructured surfaces with isotropic and anisotropic geometry. To exclude that the friction

• other peaks resulting from periodic stick-slip behavior. The data showed that the specific ventral surface ornamentation of snakes does not only reduce the frictional coefficient and generate anisotropic frictional properties, but also reduces stick-slip vibrations during sliding, which might be an

• body surface needs to possess anisotropic frictional properties, which can originate from macroscopic structures [2][3] such as the overlapping scales. The arrangement of scales provides the possibility of interlocking between their edges and asperities of the substrate. Also microscopic structures of

Dye-doped spheres with plasmonic semi-shells: Lasing modes and scattering at realistic gain levels

• Nikita Arnold,
• Boyang Ding,
• Calin Hrelescu and
• Thomas A. Klar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 974–987, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.110

• is somewhat similar to the scattering by weakly dissipating plasmonic spheres, in which very narrow higher order resonances can dominate [52]. These effects are even more pronounced for the anisotropic dielectric permittivity with transverse or longitudinal gain [53]. Computational details are

Static analysis of rectangular nanoplates using trigonometric shear deformation theory based on nonlocal elasticity theory

• Mohammad Rahim Nami and
• Maziar Janghorban

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 968–973, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.109

• isotropic, orthotropic and anisotropic nanoplates. Keywords: nonlocal elasticity theory; rectangular nanoplate; static analysis; trigonometric shear deformation theory; Introduction In recent years, some new higher-order shear deformation theories have been adopted for studying macro structures such as

Cyclic photochemical re-growth of gold nanoparticles: Overcoming the mask-erosion limit during reactive ion etching on the nanoscale

• Burcin Özdemir,
• Axel Seidenstücker,
• Alfred Plettl and
• Paul Ziemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 886–894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.100

• anisotropic etching in order to fabricate correspondingly ordered arrays of nanopillars meets two serious obstacles: The position of the NP may change during the etching process and, thus, the primary pattern of the mask deteriorates or is completely lost. Furthermore, the NP are significantly eroded during

• important role in the context of nanolithography. For this purpose, NP that are deposited onto a given substrate are applied as masks during the subsequent anisotropic etching processes such as reactive ion etching (RIE). In this way, the original pattern of NP positions is transferred into the subjacent

• optimized. Anisotropic reactive ion etching (RIE): A mixture of CHF3 and CF4 (20:2 sccm, 10 mTorr) plasma was applied to form uniform columnar structures on the substrates. Radio frequency (RF) power of 40 W, and a substrate temperature of 25 °C was used and the etching was carried out in Oxford PlasmaLab

Spin relaxation in antiferromagnetic Fe–Fe dimers slowed down by anisotropic Dy^III ions

• Valeriu Mereacre,
• Frederik Klöwer,
• Yanhua Lan,
• Rodolphe Clérac,
• Juliusz A. Wolny,
• Volker Schünemann,
• Christopher E. Anson and
• Annie K. Powell

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 807–814, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.92

• unknown role of the very anisotropic DyIII ions in this exchange. To shed some light on the interaction inside of these clusters, the direct-current (dc) magnetic susceptibility of 1 has been measured in an applied magnetic field of 0.1 T between 300 and 1.8 K (Figure 3). At room temperature, the χMT

• antiferromagnetically coupled as in compound 2, why is the internal field felt by the iron nuclei so big to give a magnetic sextet? One contribution to the internal hyperfine field at the iron nuclei in compound 1 can result from the magnetic interaction with the anisotropic, magnetically aligned, DyIII ions, which

• spectroscopy, on the contrary, provides us with microscopic information about the metal–metal communication and the relaxation dynamics on specific centres, in this case Fe nuclei in the presence of very anisotropic Ln centers. Having identified the nature of the interaction in compounds 1 and 2, it will be of

Lithium peroxide crystal clusters as a natural growth feature of discharge products in Li–O₂ cells

• Tatiana K. Zakharchenko,
• Anna Y. Kozmenkova,
• Daniil M. Itkis and
• Eugene A. Goodilin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 758–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.86

• seems to be natural for as-generated nuclei (embryo crystals) rather than for normally grown anisotropic crystals. The plate-like shape of the crystals can be expected as it is predicted by the Wulff rule [14][15]. The observation of the same building blocks that compose the complex morphologies of

Molecular dynamics simulations of mechanical failure in polymorphic arrangements of amyloid fibrils containing structural defects

• Hlengisizwe Ndlovu,
• Alison E. Ashcroft,
• Sheena E. Radford and
• Sarah A. Harris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 429–440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.50

•  5. All three fibril polymorphs demonstrate an anisotropic response to mechanical probing. Similar mean peak forces are required to break the fibrils when the hydrogen-bond networks are probed (“shear” and “stretch”). There are however, very distinct responses in the SMD simulations that probe the

A highly pH-sensitive nanowire field-effect transistor based on silicon on insulator

• Denis E. Presnov,
• Sergey V. Amitonov,
• Pavel A. Krutitskii,
• Valentina V. Kolybasova,
• Igor A. Devyatov,
• Vladimir A. Krupenin and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 330–335, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.38

• and contact pads. Aluminium mask e-beam vapour deposition. Anisotropic reactive ion etching of the device layer through the Al mask and mask removal. Magnetron sputtering of titanium electrodes and their isolation with silica to allow measurements in liquids. Both optical and electron-beam lithography

Grating-assisted coupling to nanophotonic circuits in microcrystalline diamond thin films

• Patrik Rath,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Christoph Nebel,
• Christoph Wild and
• Wolfram H.P. Pernice

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 300–305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.33

• thin film by reactive ion etching (RIE) on an Oxford 80 system. We use oxygen/argon chemistry at high bias voltage in order to obtain highly anisotropic etching. Typical etch rates are around 25 nm/min, allowing us to precisely reach a desired etch depth. A false-colour SEM image of a typical ridge

• that the etch recipe is indeed highly anisotropic. Also visible in the image is the residual e-beam resist (labelled HSQ for Hydrogen silsesquioxane) on top of the waveguide. Design of focussing grating couplers We fabricate nanophotonic waveguides with a width of 1000 nm using the procedure outlined

Hydrogen-plasma-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropy ordering in self-assembled magnetic nanoparticle monolayers

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Judith Meyer,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Irina Janzen,
• Dieter Akemeier and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 164–172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.16

• ) that switch as a whole entails hard shoulders in the hysteresis curves. (c) The assumption of a perfect grid entails anisotropic response functions [31]. In the experimental realization, the data resemble the average taken over all measuring directions due to arbitrarily oriented particle grains

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• etching solution the ion tracks can be selectively dissolved and subsequently enlarged into channels [39]. For the successful fabrication of templates, the anisotropic dissolution rate along the ion track (Vt) must be higher than the dissolution rate of the undamaged bulk material (Vb). The material of

• these thermoelectric nanomaterials should increase due to quantum size effects and the thermal conductivity should decrease due to enhanced phonon surface scattering [85][86][87][88]. The thermoelectric properties of these Bi-compound materials are anisotropic and are extremely sensitive not only to

Pure hydrogen low-temperature plasma exposure of HOPG and graphene: Graphane formation?

• Baran Eren,
• Dorothée Hug,
• Laurent Marot,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Roland Steiner,
• Dominik M. Zumbühl and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 852–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.96

• simplicity, εi was taken as 3.6 Te, which is 12.6 ± 1.8 eV in our case. We think that double-sided hydrogenation may be achieved under these plasma conditions. It is also possible to achieve single-surface hydrogenation, anisotropic chemical etching [28] or physical sputtering of HOPG by changing the plasma

Highly ordered ultralong magnetic nanowires wrapped in stacked graphene layers

• Abdel-Aziz El Mel,
• Jean-Luc Duvail,
• Eric Gautron,
• Wei Xu,
• Chang-Hwan Choi,
• Benoit Angleraud,
• Agnès Granier and
• Pierre-Yves Tessier

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 846–851, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.95

• exhibit a similar crystalline structure. Indeed, in both cases only the 002 reflections corresponding to crystalline hexagonal graphite were present [29][30]. They appear as arcs instead of rings due to the anisotropic nanotexture in the analyzed area [30]. The 004 reflections and hk bands (i.e., 10 and