Carbon nano-onions (multi-layer fullerenes): chemistry and applications

• Juergen Bartelmess and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1980–1998, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.207

• promising material for biomedical applications. Recently we demonstrated the cellular imaging of HeLa Kyoto [40] and MCF-7 cells [41] after incubating them with azaBODIPY- or BODIPY-functionalized CNOs (Scheme 8 and Figure 7). In both cases the CNO conjugates were readily internalized by the cells. In the

• particles have demonstrated high cellular uptake, low cytotoxicity and lower inflammatory potential than CNTs and a very promising future for biomedical applications. HRTEM images of (a) diamond nanoparticles, (b) spherical carbon onions, and (c) polyhedral carbon onions. Diamond nanoparticles are

Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering

• Antonina M. Monaco and
• Michele Giugliano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1849–1863, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196

• , particularly in those combining micro- and nanotechnologies in biological and biomedical applications. For example, the field of neuroengineering was established, as a recent new research discipline within the field of neuroscience. Neuroengineering focuses on the development of artificial devices and novel

• high mechanical strength [7], while at the same time exhibiting a very low weight. Combined with a large surface area, these electronic and mechanical properties give CNTs a great potential for microelectronics and optics, and also for biomedical applications (e.g., as nanoelectrodes for neural

• single-layer graphene [30], and its large surface area [31], make graphene and graphene oxide (GO) one of the most promising materials for technological and biomedical applications. Carbon-based nanomaterials in biomedical applications The peculiar ability of several nanomaterials to functionally

The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• comprehensive and accurate characterization of the material under physiological conditions is crucial to correlate the observed biological impact with defined colloidal properties. As promising candidates for biomedical applications, two SiO2-based nanomaterial systems were chosen for extensive size

• . Hence, they are highly suitable for tailored biomedical applications, for example, as drug carrier systems, as agents in hyperthermia, or as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [52][53]. Silica nanoparticles: As most of the common crystalline SiO2 particles are not in the nanometer-size

• conditions. This behavior is particularly relevant for biomedical applications since it shows that particles that are precisely defined in size in deionized water or at low salt concentrations can become agglomerated and less defined under physiological conditions. Conclusion The physiological impact of a

Influence of surface-modified maghemite nanoparticles on in vitro survival of human stem cells

• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Lyubov L. Lukash,
• Tetiana A. Ruban,
• Yurii N. Kolomiets,
• Svitlana P. Shpylova and
• Oksana A. Grypych

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1732–1737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.183

• magnetization. This is proven by the quick separation of such particles in a magnetic field and the easy redispersion by Brownian motion into a liquid medium after removing the magnet. It is obvious that the colloidal stability of the particles is a prerequisite to their biomedical applications. Thanks to the

Different endocytotic uptake mechanisms for nanoparticles in epithelial cells and macrophages

• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Benjamin Michen,
• Fabian Blank,
• Peter Gehr,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1625–1636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.174

• , Murtenstrasse 50, 3008 Bern, Switzerland Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, 3000 Bern 9, Switzerland 10.3762/bjnano.5.174 Abstract Precise knowledge regarding cellular uptake of nanoparticles is of great importance for future biomedical applications. Four different endocytotic uptake

• suitable for biomedical applications [47][48] since they are considered non-toxic at applied physiological concentrations [49]. Finally, two of the most relevant cell types in regard to uptake and interaction of (nano) particles at any barrier system (i.e., macrophages and epithelial) [50][51] were

Protein-coated pH-responsive gold nanoparticles: Microwave-assisted synthesis and surface charge-dependent anticancer activity

• Dickson Joseph,
• Nisha Tyagi,
• Christian Geckeler and
• Kurt E.Geckeler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1452–1462, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.158

• towards biomedical applications, emphasis is put on the development of protocols which involve green chemistry and do not comprise toxic chemicals in the synthesis procedures to avoid adverse effects during applications [1][2][3]. Metallic nanoparticles show promise in applications such as catalysis

• , electronics, chemical labeling, optics and sensors. [4][5][6][7][8]. Nanomaterials that are biocompatible have gained research interest for biomedical applications that include cancer treatment [9][10]. Consequently, one of the challenges in synthesizing nanoscale biocompatible materials is designing

• lower costs and minimal side effects [24]. Because of their biocompatibility, noble metal nanoparticles, particularly AuNPs, are more preferable in various biomedical applications, including highly sensitive diagnostic assays [25], thermal ablation, radiotherapy enhancement [26][27][28], as well as for

The cell-type specific uptake of polymer-coated or micelle-embedded QDs and SPIOs does not provoke an acute pro-inflammatory response in the liver

• Markus Heine,
• Alexander Bartelt,
• Oliver T. Bruns,
• Denise Bargheer,
• Artur Giemsa,
• Barbara Freund,
• Ludger Scheja,
• Christian Waurisch,
• Alexander Eychmüller,
• Rudolph Reimer,
• Horst Weller,
• Peter Nielsen and
• Joerg Heeren

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1432–1440, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.155

• .5.155 Abstract Semiconductor quantum dots (QD) and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocrystals (SPIO) have exceptional physical properties that are well suited for biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. For future applications, the direct injection of nanocrystals for imaging and therapy represents

• pro-inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, internalized nanocrystals at least in mouse liver cells, namely endothelial cells, Kupffer cells and hepatocytes are at least not acutely associated with potential adverse side effects, underlining their potential for biomedical applications. Keywords

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• interface in general. Keywords: biobarrier; gastrointestinal tract; high-throughput profiling; nanomedicine; nanotoxicity; Introduction Besides the wide use of nanomaterials in industrial products, biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NP) are steadily increasing [1][2][3][4][5]. However, despite

• route is the epithelial colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2, which has features consistent with differentiated small intestinal enterocytes [11][12]. Silica-based NP are not only widely used in food products [13][14], but have also attracted much attention for biomedical applications as imaging moieties

• , Langenbeckstr. 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.151 Abstract Besides the lung and skin, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the main targets for accidental exposure or biomedical

PEGylated versus non-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles as camptothecin delivery system

• Paula M. Castillo,
• Mario de la Mata,
• Maria F. Casula,
• José A. Sánchez-Alcázar and
• Ana P. Zaderenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1312–1319, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.144

• polyethylene glycol (PEG) as coating polymer in nano-formulations. PEG has been widely used in the formulation of nanoparticles for biomedical applications, both because of its biocompatibility and its effectiveness in camouflaging nanoparticles from opsonins [35]. Recently, it has been described that PEG

Nanoporous composites prepared by a combination of SBA-15 with Mg–Al mixed oxides. Water vapor sorption properties

• Amaury Pérez-Verdejo,
• Alvaro Sampieri,
• Heriberto Pfeiffer,
• Mayra Ruiz-Reyes,
• Juana-Deisy Santamaría and
• Geolar Fetter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1226–1234, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.136

• hydrophobic–hydrophilic character, among other physicochemical properties. The most studied multifunctional materials are the hybrids, which are good candidates for biomedical applications, e.g., biosensors, artificial bonds and bioadsorbents [4][5]. Instead, a few works report the design of purely inorganic

Optimizing the synthesis of CdS/ZnS core/shell semiconductor nanocrystals for bioimaging applications

• Li-wei Liu,
• Si-yi Hu,
• Ying Pan,
• Jia-qi Zhang,
• Yue-shu Feng and
• Xi-he Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 919–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.105

• biocompatible polymer nanocarriers for in vivo studies there are Pluronic F127 triblock-copolymer micelle nanoparticles [20][21]. They can serve as a candidate for therapeutic and biomedical applications in vitro and in vivo. A particular material for QDs, CdS, is an important direct-band semiconductor with a

• luminescence-intensity CdS/ZnS core/shell QDs are suitable for optoelectronic devices and some biological applications [29][30][31][32]. Although CdS/ZnS QDs have been proposed for the use in biological applications, no research was so far reported on their biomedical applications. Our research has developed a

Antimicrobial nanospheres thin coatings prepared by advanced pulsed laser technique

• Alina Maria Holban,
• Valentina Grumezescu,
• Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu,
• Bogdan Ştefan Vasile,
• Roxana Truşcă,
• Rodica Cristescu,
• Gabriel Socol and
• Florin Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 872–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.99

• nanosystems to obtain improved, antimicrobial coatings for biomedical applications [7][8]. Nonpolar functionalized magnetite nanostructures alone [9][10] or combined with different natural products, such as usnic acid (UA) [11] or essential oils (Mentha piperita [12], Anethum graveolens [13], Salvia

• the biocompatibility of this material it as a suitable candidate in developing nanostructured bioactive materials for biomedical applications. TEM images of prepared Fe3O4@EUG nanoparticles. Full spectral intensity based on visible images and infrared maps of PLA-CS-Fe3O4@EUG drop cast (a) and PLA-CS

Visible light photooxidative performance of a high-nuclearity molecular bismuth vanadium oxide cluster

• Johannes Tucher and
• Carsten Streb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 711–716, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.83

• the cluster shell [15][16][17][18][19]. Using this approach, materials for energy conversion and storage [20][21], homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis [1][14], biomedical applications [22][23][24] and nanostructured functional materials [17][25][26] have been developed. We have recently started

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 7, 45141 Essen, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.5.80 Abstract Intended exposure to gold and silver nanoparticles has increased exponentially over the last decade and will continue to rise due to their use in biomedical applications

• only one study reported embryotoxic effects of gold clusters after application of a tremendously high dose (1014 NP/embryo) [15]. Thus, our findings confirm the presumption that gold nanoparticles are highly biocompatible and can safely be developed for biomedical applications, such as novel biomarkers

Enhanced photocatalytic activity of Ag–ZnO hybrid plasmonic nanostructures prepared by a facile wet chemical method

• Sini Kuriakose,
• Vandana Choudhary,
• Biswarup Satpati and
• Satyabrata Mohapatra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 639–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.75

• including UV lasers [1], field effect transistors [2], dye sensitized solar cells [3][4], surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [5] and biomedical applications [6][7][8][9][10]. ZnO nanostructures are promising photocatalysts because of their high quantum efficiency, high redox potential, superior

In vitro toxicity and bioimaging studies of gold nanorods formulations coated with biofunctional thiol-PEG molecules and Pluronic block copolymers

• Tianxun Gong,
• Douglas Goh,
• Malini Olivo and
• Ken-Tye Yong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 546–553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.64

• many biological systems as they are toxic to cells and tissues. As a result, CTAB-coated AuNRs are not suitable to be used for biomedical applications [14][15]. CTAB can be partially removed from the AuNRs surface by centrifugation, but the majority of the CTAB molecules remains on the particle surface

• hydrophilic and positively charge [18][19]. Therefore, a surface functionalization platform is needed to furnish a AuNR surface with a biocompatible polymer-coating for reducing their cytotoxicity while maintaining colloidal stability and allowing them to be conjugated for biomedical applications. Bio

Effect of contaminations and surface preparation on the work function of single layer MoS₂

• Oliver Ochedowski,
• Kolyo Marinov,
• Nils Scheuschner,
• Artur Poloczek,
• Benedict Kleine Bussmann,
• Janina Maultzsch and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 291–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.32

• , two-dimensional materials are being targeted in a variety of research areas like surface physics, electrical engineering, chemistry and biomedical applications [1][2][3][4]. The 2D-material getting the most attention besides graphene are single layers of molybdenum disulfide (SLM) which consist of a

Extracellular biosynthesis of gadolinium oxide (Gd₂O₃) nanoparticles, their biodistribution and bioconjugation with the chemically modified anticancer drug taxol

• Shadab Ali Khan,
• Sanjay Gambhir and
• Absar Ahmad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 249–257, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.27

• high temperatures, and employ harsh environments, thus rendering it difficult to find any usage of Gd2O3 nanoparticles in biomedical applications. Our group has already reported the biological synthesis of zirconia, titania, silica and CuAlO2 nanoparticles [12][13][14]. In this work, we employed a

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• for sensoric, optical and biomedical applications. Of special interest are surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) of Au nanostructures, because electromagnetic radiation is confined to a volume of sub-wavelength dimensions. It is known that field enhancements due to SPRs are strongly dependent on size

The oriented and patterned growth of fluorescent metal–organic frameworks onto functionalized surfaces

• Jinliang Zhuang,
• Jasmin Friedel and
• Andreas Terfort

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 570–578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.66

• MOFs have attracted great attention for sensing purposes, but also for bioimaging and biomedical applications, such as nitric oxide (NO) storage and drug delivery [9]. Several strategies have been developed to obtain control over the size and morphology of the MOF crystals, such as microwave heating

Characterization of protein adsorption onto FePt nanoparticles using dual-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

• Pauline Maffre,
• Karin Nienhaus,
• Faheem Amin,
• Wolfgang J. Parak and
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 374–383, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.43

• subcellular compartments. Consequently, they hold great promise as tools for biomedical applications such as targeted drug delivery [1] or gene therapy [2]. However, NPs often exhibit properties distinctly different from those of the bulk material. For example, an enhanced surface reactivity may be observed

Kinetic lattice Monte-Carlo simulations on the ordering kinetics of free and supported FePt L1₀-nanoparticles

• Michael Müller and
• Karsten Albe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 40–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.5

• ordered L10 structures like FePt and CoPt are considered as candidate materials for magnetic storage media [1] and biomedical applications [2] because the superparamagnetic limit – where a thermally stable magnetization direction can be expected – is in the range of a 5–10 nm. It has been shown

Magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical NMR-based diagnostics

• Huilin Shao,
• Tae-Jong Yoon,
• Monty Liong,
• Ralph Weissleder and
• Hakho Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 142–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.17

• tremendous potential in the field of biomedical applications, primarily on account of their similar size to biological molecules, and because their properties can be fine-tuned during chemical synthesis. In particular, MNPs can be synthesized in such a way as to possess unique superparamagnetic properties

• spin state (typically ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic). This superparamagnetic property enables MNPs to avoid spontaneous aggregation in solution, a feature that makes them suitable for many biomedical applications. In its simplest form, an MNP is comprised of an inorganic magnetic core and a

Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors

• Alexander Weddemann,
• Inga Ennen,
• Anna Regtmeier,
• Camelia Albon,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Katrin Eckstädt,
• Nadine Mill,
• Michael K.-H. Peter,
• Jochen Mattay,
• Carolin Plattner,
• Norbert Sewald and
• Andreas Hütten

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2010, 1, 75–93, doi:10.3762/bjnano.1.10

• order to stabilize the material against oxidation or to allow for the employment of toxic materials in biomedical applications [37][38]. 1.3 Magnetic properties In the subsequent sections, we will mainly focus on magnetic properties of assemblies of nanoparticles. As the components of such assemblies