Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• of a wide range of materials, spraying can be combined with other methods to fabricate composite materials. In this method, a sheet of CNTs is produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a SiO2/Si substrate that is coated with a very thin layer of iron as a catalyst. The CNT rows have been grown

Electron interaction with copper(II) carboxylate compounds

• Michal Lacko,
• Peter Papp,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Edward Szłyk and
• Štefan Matejčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 384–398, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.38

• molecule. Only a few types of precursors are known to produce a layer with purity over 80% [3]. Moreover, there is no clear connection between the layer purity and the type of ligand in the precursor; an iron deposit from Fe(CO)5 leads to purity over 95% of Fe, while tungsten layers from W(CO)6 can reach

Atomic layer deposition and properties of ZrO₂/Fe₂O₃ thin films

• Kristjan Kalam,
• Helina Seemen,
• Peeter Ritslaid,
• Mihkel Rähn,
• Aile Tamm,
• Kaupo Kukli,
• Aarne Kasikov,
• Joosep Link,
• Raivo Stern,
• Salvador Dueñas,
• Helena Castán and
• Héctor García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 119–128, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.14

• from zirconium chloride and ferrocene precursors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the Zr/Fe cation ratio on the film structure as well as on the magnetic and electrical properties, and to examine whether alternately deposited iron and zirconium oxides form dilute solids or

• The ZrO2/Fe2O3 films were grown in a low-pressure (200–260 Pa) flow-type in-house built hot-wall ALD reactor [22] at 400 °C. Zirconium tetrachloride, ZrCl4 (Aldrich, 99.99%), and ferrocene, Fe(C5H5)2 (ABCR, 99%), were used as zirconium and iron precursors, respectively. Ozone, O3, was used as the

• oxidizer. Nitrogen, N2 (99.999% purity, AGA), was applied as the carrier and purging gas. At the temperature chosen (400 °C) the ZrO2 grows efficiently from ZrCl4 and O3 [14], and this temperature is also sufficiently high to ensure efficient growth also for iron oxide from cyclopentadienyls and ozone [23

Advances in nanocarbon composite materials

• Sharali Malik,
• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 20–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.3

• development, to the point of being used as a reference to name specific stages of development. The first was the Stone Age, then the Bronze Age and then the Iron Age and on to their equivalents in modern times viz. the Plastic Age, the Silicon Age and the Nanomaterials Age. About 70% of all technical

Dry adhesives from carbon nanofibers grown in an open ethanol flame

• Christian Lutz,
• Julia Syurik,
• C. N. Shyam Kumar,
• Christian Kübel,
• Michael Bruns and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2719–2728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.271

• properties that make them the material of choice for many applications [2]. In general, 1D-CNs grow via catalytic centers, typically transition metals such as iron, cobalt or nickel, in the constant presence of a carbon source at temperatures ranging from several hundred up to over thousand degrees Celsius

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• works devoted to one-step formation of porous carbon–CNT hybrids for energy storage applications. Lei et al. have reported the CCVD synthesis of nitrogen-doped ordered mesoporous carbon and multiwalled CNTs (MWCNTs) with the use of a silica SBA-15 template impregnated by iron nitrate [14

• the Fe/Mo catalyst shows a pronounced peak at ≈630 mV on the charging curve and its couple at ≈345 mV on the discharging curve (Figure 7a). These peaks are likely to be related to the redox activity of iron encapsulated in the MWCNTs [49]. Oxides and hydroxides of Co and Ni are not electrochemically

Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography

• Liane S. Slaughter,
• Kevin M. Cheung,
• Sami Kaappa,
• Huan H. Cao,
• Qing Yang,
• Thomas D. Young,
• Andrew C. Serino,
• Sami Malola,
• Jana M. Olson,
• Stephan Link,
• Hannu Häkkinen,
• Anne M. Andrews and
• Paul S. Weiss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2648–2661, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.265

• , Ithaca, NY, USA) for 40 s and contacted with SAMs. The stamps were removed from Au substrates after 2 h. The substrates were then treated with 20 mM iron(III) nitrate and 30 mM thiourea for 10–15 min to etch the Au selectively from the exposed regions. Fabricating flat poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps The

Synthesis of [{AgO₂CCH₂OMe(PPh₃)}_n] and theoretical study of its use in focused electron beam induced deposition

• Jelena Tamuliene,
• Julian Noll,
• Peter Frenzel,
• Tobias Rüffer,
• Alexander Jakob,
• Bernhard Walfort and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2615–2624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.262

• similar to that of metal carbonyls [1]. For example, referring to results of our investigations, the Mulliken atomic charge of the silver atom is 0.27, which is smaller than 1.30 or 0.69 of iron or nickel atoms, consisting of the most prominent carbonyls used as precursors for FEBID [19]. In any case, the

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• (CO)5 we were able to fabricate clean iron deposits via EBID and AG. After the proof-of-principle that these Fe deposits indeed act as seeds for the growth of CNTs, the influence of significant EBID/AG parameters on the deposit shape and finally the yield and morphology of the grown CNTs was

• ; electron beam induced deposition; focused electron beam induced processing; iron pentacarbonyl; nanofabrication; Introduction Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted enormous interest due to their potential as functional building blocks in applications such as molecular electronics, sensors and energy

• increasing electron dose is due to complex proximity effects like electron back scattering and electron forward scattering in the already built deposit [31][32]. In the depicted micrograph (Figure 1b), the actual iron deposits appear obviously darker than the substrate in SEM. The CVD experiment was carried

Interactions of low-energy electrons with the FEBID precursor chromium hexacarbonyl (Cr(CO)₆)

• Jusuf M. Khreis,
• João Ameixa,
• Filipe Ferreira da Silva and
• Stephan Denifl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2583–2590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.258

• investigated [21] showing the sequential decay of the ionized organometallic precursor. Aggregates of Fe(CO)5 deposit on Ar nanoparticles were studied by Lengyel and co-workers [22]. In this study strong differences in electron-induced decomposition of aggregates of iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)5) when compared

• to electron attachment under isolated conditions were observed. The ion yield curves (ion yield plotted as a function of the initial electron energy) for the formation of cluster anions containing two or more iron atoms turned out to be different from those of Fe(CO)5 in the gas phase. The dimer

Adsorption of iron tetraphenylporphyrin on (111) surfaces of coinage metals: a density functional theory study

• Hao Tang,
• Nathalie Tarrat,
• Véronique Langlais and
• Yongfeng Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2484–2491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.248

• The adsorption of the iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) molecule in its deckchair conformation was investigated on Au(111), Ag(111) and Cu(111) surfaces by performing spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations taking into account both van der Waals (vdW) interaction and on-site

• spin switches. Keywords: activation barrier; density functional theory; iron tetraphenylporphyrin; spin switch; spin states; Introduction Porphyrins, phthalocyanines and their transition-metal (TM) complexes are largely investigated in surface science as reported in detail by Gottfried [1]. The

• these complexes, iron tetraphenylporphyrin (FeTPP) is particularly attractive for molecular spintronics due to its magnetic bistability. Indeed, the Fe2+ centre (4s03d6) can have three magnetic states, i.e., low-spin state (LS, S = 0), intermediate state (IS, S = 1) and high-spin state (HS, S = 2

Synthesis of metal-fluoride nanoparticles supported on thermally reduced graphite oxide

• Alexa Schmitz,
• Kai Schütte,
• Vesko Ilievski,
• Juri Barthel,
• Laura Burk,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Junpei Yue,
• Bernd Smarsly and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2474–2483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.247

• performance of lithium-ion batteries [58][59][60][61]. Herein, we report on the utilization of metal amidinates (M{MeC[N(iPr)]2}n or M(AMD)n) of iron, cobalt and praseodymium and of tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)europium, Eu(dpm)3 as precursors with different types of TRGO for the synthesis of

• ] yielded metal fluoride nanoparticles for Mn, Fe and Co [63]. The reaction of metal acetate (hydrate) precursors in ethylene glycol and an excess of [BMIm][BF4] gave fluoride nanoparticles [67]. Mesoporous carbon/iron carbide hybrids were synthesized using mesoporous silica as template and the ionic liquid

• [BMIm][FeCl4] as carbon and iron source [68]. CuCl nanoplatelets were obtained from mixtures of a Cu-containing ionic liquid crystal and 6-O-palmitoyl ascorbic acid [69]. Analysis of the MFx@TRGO nanocomposite materials by (high-resolution) transmission electron microscopy ((HR-)TEM) (Figure 1, Figures

Dynamic behavior of a nematic liquid crystal mixed with CoFe₂O₄ ferromagnetic nanoparticles in a magnetic field

• Emil Petrescu,
• Cristina Cirtoaje and
• Cristina Stan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2467–2473, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.246

• Dynamic measurements were performed with a reference sample cell filled only with 5CB and a cell filled with a mixture of 5CB and 1% (volumetric ratio) of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are nano-sized ferrite platelets (30 nm diameter) obtained using a co-precipitation method with iron

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide nanoparticles (FeOxNPs) either alone or combined. Environmental scanning electron microscopy revealed that single NPs of both types bound within minutes on the cell surface but with a distinctive difference between FeOxNPs and AuNPs. Uptake analysis studies based on laser

• investigated the biological effects of a combined exposure. One example was the co-exposure of epithelial A549 lung cells in cultures to carbon black and iron oxide NPs. It was reported that exposing cells simultaneously to these NPs caused a synergistic oxidative effect, which was significantly greater than

• in a complex colloidal system, such as the vascular system. The aim of this work was to study the combined effect of two model NPs on cellular uptake, that is gold (AuNPs) and iron oxide NPs (FeOxNPs) stabilized with the same polymer shell and incorporated fluorophores. The NPs can be distinguished

Suppression of low-energy dissociative electron attachment in Fe(CO)₅ upon clustering

• Jozef Lengyel,
• Peter Papp,
• Štefan Matejčík,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Michal Fárník and
• Juraj Fedor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2200–2207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.219

• the most attention in recent years (i.e., dissociative electron attachment at energies close to 0 eV) becomes suppressed upon increasing aggregation of iron pentacarbonyl. We attribute this suppression to the electrostatic shielding of a long-range interaction that strongly enhances the dissociative

• electron attachment in isolated Fe(CO)5. Keywords: aggregation effects; dissociative electron attachment; FEBID; iron pentacarbonyl; long-range interactions; Introduction In recent years a number of gas-phase studies on molecules that are commonly used as precursors in electron-induced nanofabrication

• have stressed the importance of electrons with energy below 1 eV [1][2][3]. In many cases, these cause the cleavage of one metal–ligand bond via dissociative electron attachment (DEA) and corresponding cross sections reach unusually high values [2][3]. Iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, is no exception: the

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• bactericidal activity (towards Gram-positive B. subtilis and Gram-negative P. putida) than NPs activated by UV [4]. At the same time, no significant cytotoxicity has been detected for TiO2 doped with nitrogen (N), gold (Au) or selenium (Sn) [20][21]. Whereas, copper oxide-doped TiO2 and iron/nitrogen co-doped

• increasing concentration of Bi2WO6 [23]. In another contribution, the photo-oxidation capability of iron-doped TiO2 NPs increased during exposure to near-visible light. Fe-doped TiO2 NPs inhibited the macrophage RAW 264.7 [24]. Hence the same unique properties of surface-modified TiO2-based nanomaterials

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• chelate complexes with ferric ions in solution, leading to a directional dependency of OH− attacks for subsequent hydrolysis processes, which results in a targeted growth direction of iron oxide products [29]. Furthermore, diamines directly coordinate to ferric lattice species and the complexes are

• -colored product was obtained. For a systematic study, the concentration of FeCl3·6H2O was varied, while the ratio between iron ions and organic SCA was kept constant. The effectiveness of the SCA was compared by using ethylenediamine (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), 2,3-diaminobutane (95%, Otava) and N

• samples was analyzed using a JEOL 6340F field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) in secondary electron imaging mode. The accelerating voltage was set to 5 kV. The electrodes were prepared by mixing 40% of as-synthesized active iron oxide powder with 40% of conductive additives (Super P Li

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• without the need for any additional post-processing. During the course of our transfer studies, we found that the etching process that is usually employed can lead to contamination of the graphene layer with the Faradaic etchant component FeCl3, resulting in the deposition of iron oxide FexOy

• nanoparticles on the graphene surface. We systematically analyzed the removal of the copper substrate layer and verified that crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles could be generated in controllable density on the graphene surface when this process is optimized. It was further confirmed that the FexOy particles

• on graphene are active in the catalytic growth of carbon nanotubes when employing a water-assisted CVD process. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; chemical vapor deposition; graphene; iron oxide; nanoparticles; Introduction Graphene was first described by Boehm and coworkers in the early 1960s [1][2][3][4

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• that the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 helps different nanoparticles (gold, silver and iron oxide) to become well-dispersed in aqueous solution even in the presence of biological molecules, such as different serum proteins [19][20][21]. However, information about Tween 80-coated gadolinium-based UCNPs

Methionine-mediated synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles and functionalization with gold quantum dots for theranostic applications

• Arūnas Jagminas,
• Agnė Mikalauskaitė,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas and
• Jūrate Vaičiūnienė

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1734–1741, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.174

• Biocompatible superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) through smart chemical functionalization of their surface with fluorescent species, therapeutic proteins, antibiotics, and aptamers offer remarkable potential for diagnosis and therapy of disease sites at their initial stage of growth. Such NPs can

• nanomedicine, biocompatible iron oxide-based NPs have attracted particular interest due to their size-dependent magnetic, optical and chemical properties that allow for the design of NPs for multimodal imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells [1]. Dual-imaging probes, capable to perform simultaneously

• magnetic NPs through biocompatible links such as Au–S– [7]. Iron oxide NPs can be coated with polymeric or silica shells containing incorporated gold NPs [8][9][10]. However, in this case the size of the magnetic NPs increases up to ten times [9], resulting in a significant decrease in the saturation

Charge transfer from and to manganese phthalocyanine: bulk materials and interfaces

• Florian Rückerl,
• Daniel Waas,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Martin Knupfer,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Francisc Haidu,
• Torsten Hahn and
• Jens Kortus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1601–1615, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.160

• ][8]. Phthalocyanine molecules can harbor a number of metal ions, in particular transition-metal ions such as cobalt, iron or manganese. A special characteristic of transition-metal centered phthalocyanines is, that transition-metal ions often are characterized by a magnetic moment, and therefore such

Formation of ferromagnetic molecular thin films from blends by annealing

• Peter Robaschik,
• Ye Ma,
• Salahud Din and
• Sandrine Heutz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1469–1475, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.146

• already allows the molecules to rearrange into large elongated crystallites. This was observed previously for iron phthalocyanine (FePc) thin films deposited at different substrate temperatures [16]. However, in that case the length of the major axis was found to be 200 nm at a temperature of 260 °C. The

Cationic PEGylated polycaprolactone nanoparticles carrying post-operation docetaxel for glioma treatment

• Cem Varan and
• Erem Bilensoy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1446–1456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.144

• -time and also enhanced the concentration of BCNU in the brain tumor area [27]. In addition to drug delivery, core–shell nanoparticles such as magnetic nanoparticles [28], quantum dots [29], nanodiamonds [30], nanocrystals [31] and iron oxide nanoparticles [32] are studied as imaging and detection

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• of two types of poly-p-xylylenes, which are commercially named parylene™ N and parylene™ C, respectively) were found to deactivate on several high-energy surfaces of several transition metals such as iron, copper, silver, platinum, and the salts of these metals. The monomer deactivation inhibits the

• discovery, applications have been demonstrated to generate Nomarski poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) patterns from selectively deposited parylene™ N on surfaces with photolithographically fabricated iron structures (inhibitors) [78]. A required pore-sealing process for porous dielectrics was also performed

Synthesis of [Fe(L_eq)(L_ax)]_n coordination polymer nanoparticles using blockcopolymer micelles

• Christoph Göbel,
• Ottokar Klimm,
• Florian Puchtler,
• Sabine Rosenfeldt,
• Stephan Förster and
• Birgit Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1318–1327, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.133

• concentration of [Fe(Leq)(Lax)]n. The core of the nanoparticles is about 45 nm in diameter due to the templating effect of the BCP micelle, independent of the used iron complex and [Fe(Leq)(Lax)]n concentration. The spin-crossover properties of the composite material are similar to those of the bulk for FeLeq

• were already synthesised in methanol [44][50], the coordination polymer [FeLeq(bpey)]n is described here for the first time. The coordination polymers 1, 2 and 3 were synthesised by dissolving the iron(II) complex [FeLeq(MeOH)2] and the respective axial ligand in THF. The solution was refluxed for 1 h

• the χMT product (χM = magnetic susceptibility, T = temperature) as a function of the temperature is given. Sample 1 is paramagnetic at RT with a χMT value of 3.25 cm3·K·mol−1, typical for iron(II) in the HS state [51]. Upon cooling the χMT value remains constant down to 140 K where an abrupt