Study of mesoporous CdS-quantum-dot-sensitized TiO₂ films by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and AFM

• Mohamed N. Ghazzal,
• Robert Wojcieszak,
• Gijo Raj and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 68–76, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.6

• TEM micrographs of the TiO2 films obtained by using Brij 56 as template agent. The film shows a homogeneous mesoporous size partially with ordered–disordered regions. The pore size is fairly comparable to that observed in AFM. The mesoporous TiO2 films were exposed to Cd2+ and S2− ions by successive

Design criteria for stable Pt/C fuel cell catalysts

• Josef C. Meier,
• Carolina Galeano,
• Ioannis Katsounaros,
• Jonathon Witte,
• Hans J. Bongard,
• Angel A. Topalov,
• Claudio Baldizzone,
• Stefano Mezzavilla,
• Ferdi Schüth and
• Karl J. J. Mayrhofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 44–67, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.5

• -treatment step up to 900 °C for several hours. The annealing step results in a minor sintering of the initial clusters and leads to an average particle size of about 3–4 nm, which is in the range of the pore size distribution. The particle growth is remarkably well-controlled in the mesoporous network and

• thermal treatment during the material synthesis. The accessibility of the platinum particles in the network is limited by pores that might be blocked by the sintered platinum nanoparticles, as the average particle diameter after the thermal treatment is in the range of the pore size distribution in the

• network with two maxima in the pore size distribution around 4 and 10 nm [71]. When comparing the untreated and the electrochemically treated catalyst locations in Figure 4, the major observation is that no significant changes take place, neither in the morphology nor in the external surface topology of

Template based precursor route for the synthesis of CuInSe₂ nanorod arrays for potential solar cell applications

• Mikhail Pashchanka,
• Jonas Bang,
• Niklas S. A. Gora,
• Ildiko Balog,
• Rudolf C. Hoffmann and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 868–874, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.98

• electrodeposition into porous alumina templates [5][6]. The nanowires were composed of 5 nm grains and had a noticeable spread in diameter values (10–30 or 25–40 nm, depending on the pore size of the used template) and lengths (0.6–5 μm). Interestingly, authors reported a preferential growth in the [112] direction

• an intensive dark-brown colour. A porous polycarbonate film (Whatman Nuclepore™ track-etch membrane, nominal pore size 0.1 μm) was immersed into the solution, ultrasonicated for 5 min for gas removal and complete pore infiltration (in a sealed flask under inert gas), and dried at ambient temperature

Controlled synthesis and tunable properties of ultrathin silica nanotubes through spontaneous polycondensation on polyamine fibrils

• Jian-Jun Yuan,
• Pei-Xin Zhu,
• Daisuke Noda and
• Ren-Hua Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 793–804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.90

• pore size distributions of the silica nanotubes and nanoribbons shown in Figure 1 were characterized with nitrogen adsorption and desorption measurements. As shown in Figure 2A, the BET adsorption–desorption isotherms of both silica nanotubes and nanoribbons can be described as type-IV hysteresis loops

• hydrolytic condensation reaction times of 60 min and 240 min have the BET specific surface areas of 320 m2/g (run 2 in Table 1) and 317 m2/g, respectively (run 3 in Table 1). Their pore size distribution determined by the BJH calculations from adsorption branch has the same peak value of 4.2 nm (Figure 3B

• similar to that synthesized by temperature-induced LPEI self-assembly (Figure 2). No peak value of the pore size distribution was observed (Figure S4 in Supporting Information File 1). To further confirm the effect of ammonia solution on the formation of silica nanostructure, the LPEI self-assembly was

Lithium peroxide crystal clusters as a natural growth feature of discharge products in Li–O₂ cells

• Tatiana K. Zakharchenko,
• Anna Y. Kozmenkova,
• Daniil M. Itkis and
• Eugene A. Goodilin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 758–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.86

• utilized as the model electrodes (Figure 1a) were prepared from gold–silver alloy foils (see Supporting Information File 1 for experimental details). The mean pore size was estimated to be about 200 nm (see Figure S1 in Supporting Information File 1). This allowed us to observe changes in the morphology of

Optimization of solution-processed oligothiophene:fullerene based organic solar cells by using solvent additives

• Gisela L. Schulz,
• Marta Urdanpilleta,
• Roland Fitzner,
• Eduard Brier,
• Elena Mena-Osteritz,
• Egon Reinold and
• Peter Bäuerle

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 680–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.77

• 60, mesh 0.063–0.2 μm, were used for column chromatography. High performance liquid chromatography was performed on a Hitachi instrument equipped with a UV–vis detector L-7420, columns (Nucleosil 100-5 NO2 with a pore size of 100 Å) from Machery-Nagel using a dichlormethane/n-hexane mixture (40:60

Site-selective growth of surface-anchored metal-organic frameworks on self-assembled monolayer patterns prepared by AFM nanografting

• Tatjana Ladnorg,
• Alexander Welle,
• Stefan Heißler,
• Christof Wöll and
• Hartmut Gliemann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 638–648, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.71

• of the nodes and linkers as well as the huge number of possible combinations allows, in principle, the preparation of an almost infinite number of different MOF structures with different chemical and/or physical and geometrical properties (e.g., pore size and pore structure, etc.), which can be

Porous polymer coatings as substrates for the formation of high-fidelity micropatterns by quill-like pens

• Michael Hirtz,
• Marcus Lyon,
• Wenqian Feng,
• Andrea E. Holmes,
• Harald Fuchs and
• Pavel A. Levkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 377–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.44

• -hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) support (HEMA) with narrow pore size distribution in the 150 nm range, which demonstrated advantages in pattern definition, spot homogeneity, and consistent spot delivery of different dyes (phloxine B and bromophenol blue) with diameters of several

• of this technique. Combined, these advantages of the porous HEMA substrates over plain surfaces and other porous substrates with larger pores or broader pore size distribution make them ideal candidates for creating high-fidelity micropatterns and microarrays by using the quill-like pens. Results and

• recorded to estimate pore size distribution and morphology (Figure 2). The plain paper is of fibrous morphology, with dense fibres in the width range of 10 to 50 µm (Figure 2a) and gaps of about 50 µm. The microporous nylon membrane has a nominal pore size of 0.45 µm and is positively charged by quaternary

Photoelectrochemical and Raman characterization of In₂O₃ mesoporous films sensitized by CdS nanoparticles

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Sergey K. Poznyak,
• Eugene A. Streltsov,
• Anatoly I. Kulak,
• Olga V. Korolik and
• Alexander V. Mazanik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 255–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.27

• that the addition of Pluronic to the indium hydroxide sol leads to a significantly narrower pore-size distribution with an average pore diameter of ca. 5 nm (Figure 3). Figure 4 shows the absorption spectra of the In2O3 films with deposited CdS nanoparticles. As can be seen clearly from Figure 4, the

Functionalization of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes

• Eloise Van Hooijdonk,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Rony Snyders and
• Jean-François Colomer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 129–152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.14

• the template-synthesis method by using alumina membrane templates with a pore size of about 200–500 nm; the assembly is then immerged in an aqueous solution, in which the NPs production will occur. Depending on the conditions (metal salt concentration, exposure time), the shape and size of the NPs can

Characterization and properties of micro- and nanowires of controlled size, composition, and geometry fabricated by electrodeposition and ion-track technology

• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 860–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.97

• tracks leads to pores with a broad size distribution (bottom) [38]. Heavier projectiles (e.g., Au, Pb, Bi, U), produce tracks of more pronounced and continuous damage and are thus optimal for the production of porous membranes with small pore size distributions. 1.1.2. Chemical etching: In a suitable

Ordered arrays of nanoporous gold nanoparticles

• Dong Wang,
• Ran Ji,
• Arne Albrecht and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 651–657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.74

• approaches above 34 atom %, the ligament size seems to approach a lower saturation value of <θ> = 10 nm. Therefore, the ligament size (or pore size) of the nanoporous nanoparticles can be controlled by varying the layer-thickness ratio of the as-deposited Au/Ag bilayers. The size shrinkage decreases with

• is transformed into an array of nanoporous gold nanoparticles by a following dealloying step. Large areas of this new type of material arrangement can be realized with this technique. In addition, this technique allows for the control of particle size, particle spacing, and ligament size (or pore

• size) by varying the period of the structure, total metal layer thickness, and the thickness ratio of the as-deposited bilayers. Keywords: dealloying; dewetting; nanoimprint lithography; nanoparticles; nanoporous gold; ordered arrays; Introduction Metallic nanoparticle arrays are attracting more and

Distribution of functional groups in periodic mesoporous organosilica materials studied by small-angle neutron scattering with in situ adsorption of nitrogen

• Monir Sharifi,
• Dirk Wallacher and
• Michael Wark

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.49

• the benzene rings. However, the mesoporous structure with hexagonal pore ordering is still well developed, as shown below by SANS measurements. To clarify the general influence of the preparation conditions on the pore size distribution, pure benzene-PMO materials were also treated, either with

Conducting composite materials from the biopolymer kappa-carrageenan and carbon nanotubes

• Ali Aldalbahi,
• Jin Chu,
• Peter Feng and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 415–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.48

• , mechanical and physical characteristics are dependent on various parameters, such as the type of CNTs (SWNT or MWNT), the filtration substrate (pore size; hydrophilic or hydrophobic), the sonication time and the type of dispersant (surfactants or polymers) [9][33]. The electrical properties combined with

• obtained from Sigma Aldrich (USA, lot # 033K0097). Methanol (CH3OH, lot # 318-2.5L GL) was purchased from Ajax Finechem (Australia). Hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, pore size of 5 μm) filtration membranes were purchased from Micro Filtration Systems (USA). Milli-Q water was used in all

• -filtration method KC–CNT dispersions were processed into buckypapers by using a vacuum-filtration method. Prior to the filtration the KC–CNT dispersion was combined with 35 mL Milli-Q water and inverted to ensure complete mixing. The dispersions (50 mL) were drawn through a PTFE membrane filter (pore size

Ultraviolet photodetection of flexible ZnO nanowire sheets in polydimethylsiloxane polymer

• Jinzhang Liu,
• Nunzio Motta and
• Soonil Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 353–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.41

• suspension was vacuum filtered through a porous anode aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane, diameter of 4.3 cm and pore size of 200 nm, purchased from Whatman Co. Then the network film of ZnO nanowires on an AAO membrane was dried in air at 100 °C for 1 h. Finally, the thin sheet of ZnO nanowires was detached from

Synthesis and catalytic applications of combined zeolitic/mesoporous materials

• Jarian Vernimmen,
• Vera Meynen and
• Pegie Cool

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 785–801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.87

• with only minor) “true” hierarchical ordering cannot be beneficial for certain reactions. In fact, often a uniform pore size distribution and a high level of porosity are much more relevant than a perfectly ordered nanoporous material. The disordered mesoporous material, KIT-1 [53], is the perfect

Nanostructured, mesoporous Au/TiO₂ model catalysts – structure, stability and catalytic properties

• Matthias Roos,
• Dominique Böcking,
• Kwabena Offeh Gyimah,
• Gabriela Kucerova,
• Joachim Bansmann,
• Johannes Biskupek,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Nicola Hüsing and
• R. Jürgen Behm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.63

• (BET) relation in the p/p0 range of 0.05 to 0.3 [26]. The pore size distribution was evaluated from the desorption branch of the isotherms, by the procedure developed by Barrett, Joyner and Halenda (BJH) [27]. XRD measurements were performed on a PANalytical MPD PRO instrument, with Cu Kα radiation (λ

• P123, are applied [32]. Nevertheless, a porous material was obtained, built up from anatase crystallites of 9 nm diameter (calculated from the Scherrer equation) with specific surface areas (after calcination at 350 °C) of 175 m2·g−1 and a monomodal, narrow, pore-size distribution with an average pore

• total, most of the structural properties of the mesoporous TiO2 thin films on Si(100) substrates (crystallinity, pore size) are similar to those found in the mesoporous TiO2 powder. Subsequent Au loading leads to a homogeneous distribution of the Au nanoparticles with a slightly smaller mean size, but a

Inorganic–organic hybrid materials through post-synthesis modification: Impact of the treatment with azides on the mesopore structure

• Miriam Keppeler,
• Jürgen Holzbock,
• Johanna Akbarzadeh,
• Herwig Peterlik and
• Nicola Hüsing

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 486–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.52

• Inorganic–organic hybrid materials with tailored porosity on several length scales are of interest for a variety of applications, such as separation, adsorption, catalysis, energy storage, etc., due to the benefits arising from each pore size regime, e.g., rapid mass transport through macropores combined

• with selectivity provided by meso- or micropores. This is especially true for materials with uniform pore size distributions in the mesoporous (2–50 nm) and/or macroporous regime (>50 nm) [1][2][3]. A powerful tool in the preparation of stable, mesoscopically organized materials that are characterized

• pore structure is quite well investigated [25]. In post-synthetic functionalization procedures, a porous matrix with the desired pore size, pore connectivity, surface area, etc., is prepared prior to the modification step and the organic moieties are made to react with the surface silanol groups in a

Dynamics of capillary infiltration of liquids into a highly aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube film

• Sławomir Boncel,
• Krzysztof Z. Walczak and
• Krzysztof K. K. Koziol

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 311–317, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.36

• ∞) established by the balance between gravitational and capillarity force: where R is the average pore size. The second factor affecting the infiltration, via the kinetics of this rise (the rate of infiltration), is expected to be the viscosity of the liquid (at the infiltration temperature). The Lucas–Washburn

• intertube separation distance calculated from the nanotube density in the HACNT film is ~310 nm, whereas an average pore size (R) derived from the H2/R ratio (20 m) is ~50 nm. This is also a reflection of the coalescence behaviour. Addition of a conventional anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate

Novel acridone-modified MCM-41 type silica: Synthesis, characterization and fluorescence tuning

• Maximilian Hemgesberg,
• Gunder Dörr,
• Yvonne Schmitt,
• Andreas Seifert,
• Zhou Zhou,
• Robin Klupp Taylor,
• Sarah Bay,
• Stefan Ernst,
• Markus Gerhards,
• Thomas J. J. Müller and
• Werner R. Thiel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 284–292, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.33

• to the TEM analysis (Figure 3) and BET measurements (Figure 4), the sol–gel process yielded a well ordered mesoporous material with a total surface area of up to 810 m2·g−1, exhibiting a characteristic pore size distribution with a sharp peak around 2.4 nm. The XRD spectrum reveals the expected peak

• CHNS vario Microcube elemental analyzer (Elementar). X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) patterns of the silica samples were recorded on a Siemens D5005 instrument using Ni-filtered Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5404 Å), with a step size of 1 °/min. N2-Adsorption–desorption isotherms, pore size distributions as

• , which was kept under liquid nitrogen. The average pore size of the samples was estimated using the BJH approach based on the Kelvin equation while assuming a cylindrically shaped porous structure. The specific surface areas were calculated by means of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation in the low

Detection of interaction between biomineralising proteins and calcium carbonate microcrystals

• Hanna Rademaker and
• Malte Launspach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 222–227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.26

• % sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). 2.5 mL of the supernatant liquid (protein solution, P) was filtered (NALGENE syringe filters with nylon membranes, pore size: 0.2 μm) and divided into 12 parts (first one 1.0 mL, the others 0.5 mL) with a PD-10 gel

Room temperature synthesis of indium tin oxide nanotubes with high precision wall thickness by electroless deposition

• Mario Boehme,
• Emanuel Ionescu,
• Ganhua Fu and
• Wolfgang Ensinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 119–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.14

• nanotubes were examined by Raman spectroscopy with 633 nm laser excitation. The SEM images in Figure 1b–c show the ITO-NTs freed from the polycarbonate template. The outer diameter of the tube shown in Figure 1d is about 100 nm, which is in relation to the etched ion-track pore size of the polycarbonate

Pore structure and surface area of silica SBA-15: influence of washing and scale-up

• Jörg P. Thielemann,
• Frank Girgsdies,
• Robert Schlögl and
• Christian Hess

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 110–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.13

• of solvent used, alter the homogeneity and order of the pores, but also lead to an increase of the surface area of SBA-15. A reduction of solvent volume and a controlled washing protocol allow the synthesis of high surface area SBA-15 materials with a narrow monomodal pore size distribution. For

• larger batch sizes the influence of the quantity of solvent on the quality of the SBA-15 is reduced. Keywords: SBA-15; scale-up; silica mesoporous material; tensile strength effect; washing; Introduction SBA-15 is a mesoporous silica sieve based on uniform hexagonal pores with a narrow pore size

• volume of the solvents has an impact on the surface area and pore size distribution of SBA-15. Also the influence of scaling up to 27 g per batch on the properties of SBA-15 is discussed. Up until now the largest synthesis scale as reported by Tkachenko et al. corresponded to approximately 24.5 g [23

Microfluidic anodization of aluminum films for the fabrication of nanoporous lipid bilayer support structures

• Jaydeep Bhattacharya,
• Alexandre Kisner,
• Andreas Offenhäusser and
• Bernhard Wolfrum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 104–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.12

• substrates can address the backside of the membrane via a direct fluidic interface. The advantage of nanoporous substrates over other membrane spanning systems using microapertures lies in the increased stability caused by the small pore size [33][34][35][36]. Nevertheless, alumina membranes themselves are

Synthesis of LiNbO₃ nanoparticles in a mesoporous matrix

• Anett Grigas and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2011, 2, 28–33, doi:10.3762/bjnano.2.3

• . Elemental analyses of these materials showed that there was no silica residue after the treatment. Figure 2 shows the nitrogen physisorption isotherms of the SBA-15 and LiNbO3/SBA-15 composite (LN), and the corresponding pore size distributions of the samples. The measurements were recorded to investigate

• m2·g−1 for the SBA-15 to 130–160 m2·g−1 after impregnation with nanoparticles, as expected. The pore size distribution curves indicate identical pore sizes for both materials, and narrow pore size distributions in the range of 7.0–8.5 nm. These values are typical for the formation of particles inside

• specific surface area was calculated from the BET (Brunauer–Emmet–Teller) equation (p/p0 = 0.05–0.20). The pore volume was determined at relative pressure of p/p0 = 0.95. The pore size distribution was estimated from the desorption branch of the isotherm using Density Functional Theory (DFT). Chemical