Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• , wettability, melting point, corrosion resistance, and mechanical and electrical properties [1][2]. A series of binary alloy solders, like Sn-Zn alloys [3], Sn-Cu alloys [4], Sn-Ag alloys [5], and Sn-Bi alloys [6], have been extensively investigated. Moreover, ternary and quaternary alloys have recently

• received considerable attention, and the Sn-Ag-Cu ternary alloy is considered as a promising candidate to substitute conventional lead-containing solder alloys [7]. Driven by the miniaturization of electronic devices and their widespread application in harsh environments such as high temperature and high

• reliability of lead-free solder joints by Ni alloying. For instance, Zhang et al. observed that the corrosion resistance of Sn-Zn solder can be enhanced by alloying with Ni, Cr, Cu, or Ag; the higher corrosion resistance follows the order Ag < Cu < Cr < Ni [11]. El-Taher et al. demonstrated that the ductility

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• PSs bearing conjugatable functional groups (e.g., carboxyl) onto the surface of bioinspired nanoparticles such as noble metal nanoparticles (Ag and Au). Stable ester bond formation secures the PS to the nanocarrier surface, offering hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and enhanced biological delivery

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• Institute for Intelligent Materials, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia Terra Quantum AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland L. D. Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics, Moscow, Russia 10.3762/bjnano.17.24 Abstract We present a ferroelectric-based data reservoir designed for neuromorphic computing

• and readout realized via atomic or piezoresponse force microscopy. Funding This research was funded by the European Union HORIZON action MSCA-SE-3D-TOPO (project number 101236483). A.R. acknowledges the Slovenian Research Agency support (P1-0125). The work of V.V. was supported by Terra Quantum AG.

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• lenses in PLAL can lead to the formation of nanoribbons [140], and this may be attributed to two main mechanisms. First, the initially formed Ag nanospheres could undergo nanowelding under the influence of a line-shaped light sheet produced by cylindrical focusing, leading to chain- or ribbon-like

• 1.2 mJ pulse energy, the fabrication of Ag nanoribbons longer than 0.6 µm were synthesised (Figure 7). External elements for spatial beam shaping. The spatial profile of a beam plays a crucial role in laser–matter interaction, influencing the efficiency, precision, and morphology of the ablated

• laser beam has been shown to allow for better control of NP size and to offer an advantage in terms of alignment and reproducibility due to the long length of the central lobe of the Bessel beam [142]. A narrow size distribution of Ag NPs obtained by femtosecond Bessel beam irradiation of a silver

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• , silver (Ag+), copper (Cu2+), and zinc (Zn2+) cations are ion-exchanged with Y-type zeolite (CBV-600) and subsequently applied to cotton fabrics using the pad–dry–cure method, with an acrylic resin serving as binder. The resulting functionalized fabrics, containing metal cation concentrations of 1.0–1.5

• different components, fiber material composites, nanoscale fibers, and immersion in NPs solutions with a binder. Nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, TiO2, ZnO, Se, SiO2, CuO, and Pt are widely used for textile functionalization [25]. Common methods for incorporating Ag and Cu NPs into cotton textiles involve

• fabrics. In this process, crosslinking reactant, catalyst, softener, and other components are dried onto the fabric before the crosslinking reaction takes place during the curing stage [26][27][28]. Lateef et al. applied the pad–dry–cure method to functionalize commercial cotton and silk with Ag NPs using

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• layered Ag/TiO2 and determined via spectroscopy that its ENZ point laid within the visible spectrum [7]. Since then, a wide array of layered metal–dielectric configurations have been demonstrated, including silver-based combinations such as Ag/SiO2 [1], Ag/Al2O3 [6], Ag/LiF [8], Ag/TiO2 [9], Ag/Ge [10

• ], Ag/MgF2 [11], and Ag/Ti3O5 [12]. Gold-based systems have also been prominent, such as Au/Al2O3 [13][14][15], Au/SiO2 [16], Au/TiO2 [17], and optical filters based on Au/TiO2 multilayers [18]. Beyond classic metal–dielectric structures, research has explored ZnO/Al:ZnO [19] and doped semiconductors

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• electron sink, and the hot holes oxidize Pb2+ in solution to form PbO2. The TiO2 substrate is very efficient in removing the unwanted hot electrons to suppress carrier recombination. Ag+ in the reaction mixture eventually consumes these hot electrons. Previous studies have shown that the oxidation of Pb(II

• vicinity of the Au nanostructures [56]. However, the drawback of the Au/PbO2 heterostructures is evident: PbO2 is an indirect-bandgap semiconductor and, therefore, does not significantly contribute to the total extinction cross section of the nanostructure compared to Ag and Au. It would be more beneficial

• to use pure metallic cPNSs to enhance the interaction between cPNSs and CPL. 2.3 Metallic chiral nanostructures created with CPL The light-mediated synthesis of Ag and Au NCs highlights the complexity in harnessing photoexcited hot carriers for photoredox chemistry [93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• quantification of VB12, utilizing the chemiluminescent reaction between luminol and AgNO3, catalyzed by AuNPs, where VB12 served as the recognition analyte, luminol acted as the indicator luminophore, and the strong CL emission revealed the sensing signal. In this system, Ag+ served as a chemiluminescent oxidant

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• h [17]. In another study, the antibacterial effects of Ag, Ag2S, and Ag2Se NCs on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were investigated [15]. As a result of the literature review, biomedical applications of silver-based NCs were exemplified above. As can be seen from these studies, biomedical

• 4000–400 cm−1 to investigate the functional groups and chemical bond structures of the synthesized AgSbS2 NCs. The vibrational peaks observed in Figure 1d, appearing at 520–650 cm−1, were assigned to Ag–S bonds, whereas those in the 890–1040 cm−1 range were attributed to C=C–H bonds [34][35]. In

• uptake, are expected to be within the range typically reported for Ag-based chalcogenides exhibiting stable dispersions. Antioxidant activity of AgSbS2 NCs The DPPH radical scavenging activity of AgSbS2 NCs in the assay using ascorbic acid as a positive control is revealed in Figure 5. The synthesized

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• concentration the growth of spherical NPs is favourable. As a mechanism, the authors suggest the coordination of the interaction of Ag species, ejected from the target with Br ions from the solution by the CTAB stabilizer molecules. Similar action during NP growth can be expected upon addition of some metal

• ions (Ag+, Fe3+, Co+) and complexes (W(CO)6) [41]. These additives are known to promote growth of nonspherical shapes in colloidal chemical synthesis by preferential adsorption on specific crystalline planes. Another example of the influence of ligand concentration on nanoparticle shape is given in [42

• enlarged aggregates were observed. The changes in the structure were observed even at slightly elevated temperatures (35 °C), which indicates high sensitivity of the growth mechanisms to temperature increase. A similar effect has been shown by Haram et al. in [47], who observed formation of Ag and Au

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• = CF3, C2F5, C3F7, t-Bu, or C(Me)2Et, showed that these carboxylates can be dissociated via focused electron beams, yielding deposits with satisfying metal content (purity up to 76 atom % Ag). However, for the copper(II) carboxylate [Cu2(μ-O2CC2F5)4], the fabricated materials have only up to 23 Cu atom

• C, O, F, and Si, as well as the Ag Lα map (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2–S4 for other precursors). In all cases, the maps show that the formed structures are enriched in metal. In the next step, the EDX data were processed by machine learning NMF as described in details in Jany and

• decomposition of four Cu or Ag metal-organic precursors (i.e., ([Cu2(μ-O2Ct-Bu)4] (1), [Cu2(NH2(NH=)CC2F5)2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (2), [Cu2(µ-O2CC2F5)4] (3), and [Ag2(μ-O2CC2F5)2] (4)) exposed to 30 keV gallium FIB irradiation. Individual precursor layers were deposited onto silicon substrates via sublimation and

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• iron oxide nanoparticles doped with silver (Ag-Fe2O3) exhibited dual properties, that is, antimicrobial protection and stimulation of osteoblastic activity. In prosthodontics, biogenic nanoparticles have been incorporated into denture base resins and soft liners, demonstrating significant antifungal

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• implantation provides a controllable alternative for tuning surface properties at the nanoscale, enabling the targeted introduction of functional species without chemical reagents. This work investigates the effects of low-energy (20 keV) and medium-energy (1.5 MeV) Ag+ ion implantation on the electrical

• for the precise introduction of implanted atoms into the surface layers without the need for subsequent chemical modification, thus opening new possibilities in the development of functional thin films. In this study, Ag ions were used to modify polymer matrices to improve chemical and electronic

• properties of the modified materials. In our previous studies, light ions such as Cu [1][2] and C [3] were implanted into GO, PI, and other polymers. In contrast, the implantation of heavier ions like Ag interacts with the target material through different mechanisms. Owing to its higher mass, Ag has a

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• understanding of corrosion mechanisms. Lundgren’s and Pan’s groups studied in situ, in 17 mbar of water vapor, the electrochemical oxide growth and breakdown on Ni-Cr-Mo industrial alloys in a NaCl solution at different pH values, by following the anodic growth of the oxide film at potentials up to 700 mV vs Ag

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• (Carbon black, Liquitex Spray Paint, Cincinnati, OH, United States). During the tensile test, the surface was captured at 25 fps using a Basler ace camera (acA2040; Basler AG, Ahrensburg, Germany) equipped with a 35 mm lens (CCTV LM35HC; Kôwa, Nagoya, Japan). The captured image stacks were imported into

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• colloidal solutions, enabling the generation of NPs with controlled sizes and shapes. One of the early significant studies in this field was conducted by Pyatenko et al. in 2007 [63], who demonstrated that spherical Ag NPs of various sizes could be synthesized through one-step or multistep processes

• spheres and is suitable for a variety of metal and semiconductor NPs, including Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Ni, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO, TiO2, WO3, and ZnO, which all exhibit optical absorption at 355 or 532 nm (using a Nd:YAG laser). Pulsed laser irradiation of colloidal NPs differs from LAL primarily in that PLIL

• films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) doped with laser generated Au and Ag NPs were prepared using spin coating on glass substrates. Transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated spherical NPs having sizes in the range of 7–43 nm for Au NPs, and 12–50 nm for Ag NPs. The deposited films had good

Photochemical synthesis of silver nanoprisms via green LED irradiation and evaluation of SERS activity

• Tuan Anh Mai-Ngoc,
• Nhi Kieu Vo,
• Cong Danh Nguyen,
• Thi Kim Xuan Nguyen and
• Thanh Sinh Do

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1417–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.103

• play decisive roles, namely, the source of silver ions (Ag+) and the reducing agent that converts Ag+ to metallic silver (Ag0). Upon LED irradiation of the system containing initial AgNPs seeds, the atomic layers of silver at the nanoparticle surfaces are excited and oxidized by dissolved oxygen in the

• solution, generating Ag+ ions [15]. These ions serve as the source of Ag+ for the seed growth process. TSC preferentially binds to the (111) crystal facets of silver nanoparticles. Under LED illumination, TSC is excited and oxidized, acting as a reducing agent through the following reactions: Electrons

• released from TSC immediately reduce Ag+ to Ag0. Since the (111) facets are protected by TSC, the newly formed Ag0 preferentially deposits on the (100) and (110) surfaces, leading to planar two-dimensional growth and the formation of planar twinned seeds [6][7]. Subsequently, as LED irradiation continues

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• for the counter electrode and the reference electrode is a CHI111 Ag/AgCl (3.5 M KCl) electrode. The solution was a mixture of 0.2 M CuSO4 and 0.1 M H2SO4. The scan window was −150 mV to 650 mV and the scan rate was 50 mV/s with three loops. In another test, concentrations were reduced to 0.02 M and

• hydrochloride power (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) to 10 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4, Sigma-Aldrich). This stock dopamine solution was added into 30 mL 0.01 M phosphate-buffered saline solution to get desired concentrations. Same Ag/AgCl reference and platinum counter electrodes as above were used in

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• pollution in cellulose triacetate (CTA) membranes during seawater desalination, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were incorporated onto the CTA surface using polydopamine (PDA). PDA, which contains phenolic and amino groups, exhibits excellent adhesiveness and provides active sites for the attachment and reduction

• for Ag nanoparticles. Various characterizations confirm the successful introduction of Ag nanoparticles onto the surface of the PDA-modified CTA (PCTA) membrane and the preservation of CTA microstructures. Antibacterial testing demonstrates that the Ag@PCTA membrane exhibited excellent antibacterial

• rates of the Ag@PCTA membrane were comparable to those of the parent CTA membrane. Keywords: antibacterial properties; cellulose triacetate; nanosilver; seawater desalination; Introduction As the global population continues to grow at a rapid pace, the demand for freshwater resources is escalating

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• each molecule located, using the same range of −1.5 V to 1.5 V as for the bare surface. Note on SnPc switching instability The adsorption of SnPc on coinage metal substrates is well studied, and the molecule is known to undergo an irreversible switch from the SnUp to the SnDown state on the Ag(111

• closer to the surface, where the atom binds to the Ag(111), at which point charge transfer from the substrate to the molecule will return it to its neutral state [21]. Whilst carrying out bias spectroscopy over these SnPc molecules, it was found that a switch could occasionally be induced, even if the

• peaks in conductance correspond to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), respectively. The cited work, however, was carried out on the Ag(111) surface, as opposed to Au(111) used here, which could explain the slight shift in the position of the

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• factors limiting the systemic use of silver metalloantibiotics [101]. To overcome these limitations, several nano-based delivery systems were investigated. For example, the silver–N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) complexes 1–4 (Figure 3) were successfully encapsulated in amphiphilic block copolymer

• micelles [102]. The nano-encapsulated complexes maintained their antibacterial properties, improving solubility and stability. In addition, reduced toxicity and side effects were observed for the nano-encapsulated Ag-NHC complexes compared to the free metallodrug. Additionally, the encapsulation system

• prevented the aggregation of silver ions, which is crucial for maintaining the antibacterial activity of the silver complexes. The Ag-NHC complex 5 (Figure 3) was also encapsulated in ʟ-tyrosine nanoparticles, which offer enhanced therapeutic potential through controlled and targeted release [103]. This

Enhancing the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI-derived BiVO₄ films by controlled-intensity current electrodeposition

• Huu Phuc Dang,
• Khanh Quang Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thi Mai Tho and
• Tran Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1289–1301, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.94

• ) using a reference electrode saturated with Ag/AgCl and platinum foil at various potentials vs Ag/AgCl. This process was adapted from the p-benzoquinone-based method reported by McDonald and Choi [19], in which benzoquinone serves as a redox mediator for BiOI formation. However, unlike the original study

• electrochemical workstation (CHI650E, CH Instruments, USA). The three electrodes included a working electrode (BiVO4 photoelectrode, 1.0 × 1.0 cm2), counter electrode (Pt plate), and reference electrode (Ag/AgCl). The electrolyte used in the photoelectrochemical measurements was 0.50 M Na2SO4 (pH 5.6), and the

• xenon lamp was 300 W (PLS-SXE 300C, 100 mW·cm−2) equipped with an AM1.5G filter to simulate solar light conditions. Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were performed by scanning the potential from −0.6 to 1.2 V (vs Ag/AgCl), at a scan rate of 0.05 V·s−1. In the LSV test, the light source

Crystalline and amorphous structure selectivity of ignoble high-entropy alloy nanoparticles during laser ablation in organic liquids is set by pulse duration

• Robert Stuckert,
• Felix Pohl,
• Oleg Prymak,
• Ulrich Schürmann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Lorenz Kienle and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1141–1159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.84

• for ps-LAL HEA NPs and PDI = 0.12 for ns-LAL HEA NPs) is evident. Due to fundamental differences in the particle formation mechanisms during ps- and ns-LAL as proposed by Shih et al., ps-LAL has been reported to yield bimodal size distributions (at least of Ag and Au at high fluences) [82], which may