Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• shown to be internalized by different endocytic mechanisms [58][59][60]. Uptake via caveolae may be a minor route; introduction of caveolae in Caco-2 cells by transfection with caveolin did not increase the uptake of cholera toxin [58]. Macropinocytosis and nanoparticle uptake Several of the NPs studied

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• released BNZ available for absorption [39][40]. Other studies determined the release profile of BNZ in different media [41][42][43][44] and its permeability across Caco-2 cells [43][44]. Between 2012 and 2018 the BERENICE (BEnznidazol and triazol REsearch group for Nanomedicine and Innovation on Chagas

Elasticity, an often-overseen parameter in the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems

• Agnes-Valencia Weiss and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1149–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.95

• (e.g., Caco-2 monolayers, or HT29-MTX-E12 cells, or an in vitro model of a rat everted intestinal sac) the Papp values are higher for NPs with higher Young’s moduli [40]. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats treated by gavage with insulin or insulin-loaded NPs of different Young’s moduli were

Orally administered docetaxel-loaded chitosan-decorated cationic PLGA nanoparticles for intestinal tumors: formulation, comprehensive in vitro characterization, and release kinetics

• Sedat Ünal,
• Osman Doğan and
• Yeşim Aktaş

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1393–1407, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.115

• studies on the Caco-2 cell line, the CS/DCX-PLGA formulation increased permeability by 383% compared to free DCX (p < 0.05). In the light of all results, CS/DCX-PLGA NPs can offer a promising and innovative approach as an oral anticancer drug-loaded nanoformulation for intestinal tumors. Keywords

• related to an increase in the amount of drug that the nanoparticles can carry into the cell. CS modification increased the anticancer activity of the NP formulation by a factor of about 1.5. In vitro intestinal permeability of NPs across Caco-2 cell line Intestinal permeability studies of DCX-loaded NPs

• and free DCX were carried out using the Caco-2 cell line. Drug molecules have to overcome several barriers throughout the GIT, including the mucus layer, intestinal epithelial cells, and the endothelium of the capillaries. Among them, the monolayer of epithelial cells plays an essential role in the

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• nanotransporters, due to their liquid-phase lipids [61]. The intestinal permeation of a CUR-loaded NLC has been studied in vitro in Caco-2 cells [69]. The formulation protected the compounds from degradation under basic pH, significantly improved the solubility of CUR, and increased its apparent permeation

Gram-scale synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO₂ nanocomposites for enhanced antimicrobial properties

• Mohammad Jaber,
• Asim Mushtaq,
• Kebiao Zhang,
• Jindan Wu,
• Dandan Luo,
• Zihan Yi,
• M. Zubair Iqbal and
• Xiangdong Kong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1119–1125, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.96

• adenocarcinoma CaCo-2 cells were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of the Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites using the CCK-8 assays. The NCs were dissolved in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) at various concentrations (0, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 µg/mL). The cells were seeded at a density of 104 cells per well in 96

• cytotoxicity of the NPs was investigated by using the CCK-8 assay after incubating the as-synthesized splat-shaped Ag–TiO2 NCs, at various concentrations, with human cells. Figure 4 shows the viability of CaCo-2 cells incubated with the NCs for 24 h. The results show that the viability of CaCo-2 cells

• incubated for 24 h with CaCo-2 cells. Antibacterial activity of the TiO2 and Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites against Gram-negative (a, b, c) and gram-positive (d, e, f) bacteria. Synthesis of splat-shaped Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites prepared by the PVP-assisted hydrothermal method. Inhibition zones against Gram-positive

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• capacity of nanoparticles to enter and transport across such barriers. In this work, Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells were used as a well-established model for the intestinal barrier, and the uptake, trafficking and translocation of model silica nanoparticles of different sizes were investigated using a

• combination of imaging, flow cytometry and transport studies. Compared to typical observations in standard cell lines commonly used for in vitro studies, silica nanoparticle uptake into well-developed Caco-2 cellular barriers was found to be very low. Instead, nanoparticle association to the apical outer

• transport through them. Keywords: Caco-2; differentiation and polarisation; epithelial cell barrier; microscopy imaging; particle interaction; uptake and localisation; Introduction An overall conclusion from a multitude of nanoparticle-cell in vitro studies is that nanoparticle uptake into cells is

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• suitable for biological nanoparticle uptake experiments and have been used to determine the intracellular migration and nuclear penetration after uptake into Caco-2 cells [44]. They have also been used to analyse their intracellular agglomeration and their association with intracellular vesicles in living

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• ), human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cells. Caco-2 cells are very often used as model of the human intestinal barrier. Furthermore we investigated HeLa and U2OS cells. These cell lines were not derived from directly relevant tissues but can serve as

• with an addition of 10% FCS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 1% MEM NEAA. For B16-F10 cells RPMI 1640 medium (Life Technologies) was used containing 10% FCS, 1% 1M HEPES, 1% MEM NEAA, 1% pyruvate and 1% penicillin/streptomycin as supplements. Caco-2 cells were kept in EMEM (Lonza) supplemented with 10

Predicting cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers using molecular descriptors

• David E. Jones,
• Hamidreza Ghandehari and
• Julio C. Facelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1886–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.192

• journal articles. The results indicate that data mining and machine learning can be effectively used to predict the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers on Caco-2 cells. Keywords: data mining; machine learning; molecular descriptors; poly(amido amine) dendrimers (PAMAM); Introduction In silico approaches

• ): molecular weight, atom count, pI, and molecular polarizability. The fourth analysis included the same molecular descriptors used in the second analysis in addition to the experimental concentration (i.e., the amount in mM of PAMAM dendrimer added to the human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells culture during the

• of which 2 are misclassified. These results indicate that data mining and machine learning can be implemented to predict the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers on Caco-2 cells with reasonably high accuracy using only molecular descriptors. The misclassifications observed in Figure 1 are much more

Atomic force microscopy as analytical tool to study physico-mechanical properties of intestinal cells

• Christa Schimpel,
• Oliver Werzer,
• Eleonore Fröhlich,
• Gerd Leitinger,
• Markus Absenger-Novak,
• Birgit Teubl,
• Andreas Zimmer and
• Eva Roblegg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1457–1466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.151

• topographies of Caco-2 cells and M cells. Furthermore, cell elasticity (i.e., the mechanical response of a cell on a tip indentation), was elucidated by force curve measurements. Besides elasticity, adhesion was evaluated by recording the attraction and repulsion forces between the tip and the cell surface

• cytoskeleton/microvilli arrangements and F-actin organization. Caco-2 cells displayed densely packed F-actin bundles covering the entire cell surface, indicating the formation of a well-differentiated brush border. In contrast, in M cells actins were arranged as short and/or truncated thin villi, only

• available at the cell edge. The elasticity of M cells was 1.7-fold higher compared to Caco-2 cells and increased significantly from the cell periphery to the nuclear region. Since elasticity can be directly linked to cell adhesion, M cells showed higher adhesion forces than Caco-2 cells. The combination of

Coating with luminal gut-constituents alters adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells

• Heike Sinnecker,
• Katrin Ramaker and
• Andreas Frey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2308–2315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.239

• gut-constituents on the adherence of nanoparticles to intestinal epithelial cells. Carboxylated polystyrene particles 20, 100 and 200 nm in size represented our anthropogenic NPs, and differentiated Caco-2 cells served as model for mature enterocytes of the small intestine. Pretreatment with the

• intestinal epithelial cells we used the human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 as model enterocytes because Caco-2 cells can spontaneously differentiate into a columnar epithelium after reaching confluence [19] and because the morphological and biochemical features of differentiated Caco-2 cells

• are highly comparable to those of mature enterocytes of the small intestine [20][21]. Electron microscopic analysis was used to monitor the differentiation of Caco-2 cells over 21 days (Figure 1). After 14 days post-confluence the relevant structural features of enterocytes were well-developed

The protein corona protects against size- and dose-dependent toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles

• Dominic Docter,
• Christoph Bantz,
• Dana Westmeier,
• Hajo J. Galla,
• Qiangbin Wang,
• James C. Kirkpatrick,
• Peter Nielsen,
• Michael Maskos and
• Roland H. Stauber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.151

• ) and epithelial GI tract Caco-2 cells as a model to study the biological impact of particle size as well as of the protein corona. Caco-2 or mucus-producing HT-29 cells were exposed to thoroughly characterized, negatively charged ASP of different size in the absence or presence of proteins

• route is the epithelial colonic carcinoma cell line Caco-2, which has features consistent with differentiated small intestinal enterocytes [11][12]. Silica-based NP are not only widely used in food products [13][14], but have also attracted much attention for biomedical applications as imaging moieties

• the Caco-2 cells following exposure to the different ASP (Figure 2). Exposure to ASP30 or ASP30L under serum free conditions induced dose- and time-dependent significant morphological changes, such as loss of a structured cell shape, disruption of the monolayer, and loss of adhesion, which is