Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

• plastic crystals exhibits exceptional thermal stability, electrochemical stability, and ionic conductivity, making it a promising option. Yoshizawa-Fujita and co-authors investigated the impact of anion species and Mg salt concentration on the characteristics of pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic

Multifunctional properties of bio-poly(butylene succinate) reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

• Volodymyr Krasinskyi,
• Krzysztof Bajer,
• Ludmila Dulebova,
• Nickolas Polychronopoulos,
• Oksana Krasinska and
• Daniel Kaczor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1014–1024, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.76

• prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, type BTSK 20/40D (Bühler, Braunschweig, Germany), equipped with screws of 20 mm diameter and an L/D ratio of 40, and a two-opening die head without degassing [26]. Before processing, PBS was dried in air at a temperature of 80 °C for 5 h. First, a PBS-based

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• reaction between suitable photosensitizers and the NOPD co-encapsulated within different types of biocompatible host systems. Inspired by this work, we thought that a calixarene covalently integrating specific cell-targeting ligands and a suitable chromo-fluorogenic unit can impose the whole structure

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• detecting and discerning the largely co-evolving processes. Given a timescale for electron temperature equilibration of few picoseconds and one for diffusive ripening processes of minutes to hours, the time-resolved tools require a temporal resolution that spans many decades. Early experimental efforts

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• a vital role as the tip-terminating cluster uniquely interacts with the different surface atoms. At cryogenic temperatures, the use of functionalized tips such as as CO-terminated tips [6][11], Xe-terminated tips [12][13][14] and O-terminated Cu tips [15][16][17] has become the state-of-the-art for

Structural and magnetic properties of microwave-synthesized reduced graphene oxide/VO₂/Fe₂O₃ nanocomposite

• Sumanta Sahoo,
• Ankur Sood and
• Sung Soo Han

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 921–932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.70

• with graphene by applying MW irradiation for certain time intervals. In this context, Zhang et al. reported the synthesis of Ni-Co sulfide/graphene NC through MW irradiation at a power of 1000 W for 60 s [12]. As a supercapacitor (SC) electrode, the MW-synthesized NC displayed a specific capacitance of

• . nitric acid (HNO3), and ethanol were obtained from Duksan Pure Chemicals Co. Ltd. Graphite powder was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich. Instrumentation and characterization techniques The “PANalytical, X’Pert-PRO MPD” instrument (Cu Kα line; λ = 1.5406 Å) was utilized to carry out the XRD analyses of rGO and

• corresponding oxides, which eventually dispersed on the surface of the graphene sheets. In the meantime, the graphite oxide was reduced and exfoliated to form rGO. The oxygen functionalities present in the graphite oxide were partially removed from the reaction system in the form of gases (e.g., CO2, CO) [25

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• 23 keV co-implanted (H+ and N+ ions) ZnO films. But in these two above-quoted reports nitrogen ions were used for implantation. Nitrogen ions act as n-type doping and can alter the stoichiometry of ZnO films, which is not desirable in certain optoelectronic devices [10][11]. Hence, we have used Ar

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• methods [30][31][32]. Initial studies were performed by exposing the surface of interest to the chosen molecule at UHV-compatible pressures. The interaction between cerium oxide and, for example, CO [21][33], SO2 [34], methanol [32], ethanol [35], and water [36] have been considered. The higher energy

• of surface C or CO [38]. Resonant photoemission detected by a spectroscopic photoemission and low-energy electron microscope (SPLEEM) was also used to acquire local information on the oxidation degree of cerium in mixed zirconia–ceria nanostructures supported on a Rh(111) single crystal [39]. Figure

Facile one-step radio frequency magnetron sputtering of Ni/NiO on stainless steel for an efficient electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction

• Ha Huu Do,
• Khac Binh Nguyen,
• Phuong N. Nguyen and
• Hoai Phuong Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 837–846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.63

• importantly, the XRD image of Ni/NiO/SS-10 presents peaks at 37.20°, 43.21°, and 62.91°, which correspond to the (111), (200), and (220) planes of the NiO phase (PDF 00-004-0835) [34][35]. Meanwhile, the peak of the Ni metal phase still appeared in the Ni/NiO/SS-10 sample, proving the co-existence of metal

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• weight ratio of 20:1 with a rotation speed of sun disk/jars 700 rpm/1400 rpm. In the second step, the HEBM powders were consolidated using SPS (Dr. Sinter Lab – Fuji Electronic Industrial Co. Ltd.) in a vacuum environment. The powder mixture was loaded into a cylindrical graphite die with an inner

• Co Kα radiation over a 2θ range of 20–110°. The magnetic properties of the samples were measured using a Quantum Design DynaCool physical property measurement system at temperatures ranging from 5 to 390 K under external magnetic fields up to 9 T. Synthesis of CCA NPs by PLAL The CCA colloidal NPs

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

•  3d confirms the presence, in addition to iron, of elements from additives and organic compounds, such as Si from SiO2, Ca from calcium alginate, and Co most likely from cobalamin. The Na and Cl peaks relating to salt (NaCl), and peaks of P, S, Ni, and Zn (trace levels), were classified as

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• -403 degasser unit, SIL-40C XR autosampler, and SPD-M30A UV detector from Shimadzu Deutschland GmbH. A 100 mm Nucleosil-C18 column incl. precolumn from Macherey-Nagel GmbH & Co. KG with an inner diameter of 4 mm and particle sizes of 3 µm was used. For curcumin, the mobile phase consisted of a 1.36 g·L

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• under grant number 22/INSERM/443. Competing Interests One co-author is affiliated with Blackleaf, a company that produces graphene and markets products and services related to graphene and its applications. This study was also partially funded by Blackleaf.

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• -loaded formulations.a Composition of drug-loaded of SLNs formulations. Acknowledgements Authors are thankful to faculty of pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan, for providing research facilities. We are thankful to Dr. Zeeshan Masood (co-author) for preparing a graphical abstract with Chemix

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• [14]. Another important parameter is the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB). Surfactants with low HLB values between 3 and 6 generally promote the formation of water/oil (W/O) emulsions, while high HLB values between 8 and 18 predominantly result in O/W emulsions [14]. The HLB values of Eumulgin® CO

• transparent liquid systems (TLS), which have low viscosity, suggesting the formation of MEs [18]. In general, the PTPD obtained with Eumulgin® CO 40 and Tween® 80 is similar to the PTPDs obtained with other similar surfactants such as shown in [8][19]. Considering the region of formation of transparent liquid

• -Aldrich (Brazil) with a purity content of 95%. DPPH, ABTS, and trolox were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil. Streptozotocin (Cayman Chemical, USA) was obtained from Induslab (Brazil). Eumulgin® CO 40 (BASF®, Brazil) and Tween® 80 (NEON®, Brazil) were purchased from local suppliers. Identification

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• question, the co-guest editors Dr. Ivo Utke, Dr. Katja Höflich, Dr. Gregor Hlawacek, Dr. Nico Klingner, and myself organized a thematic issue in connection with the work presented at the joint meeting of the FIT4NANO (fit4nano – Focused Ion Technology for Nanomaterials) and FEBIP (Focused Electron Beam

• tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate (Fe(CO)4MA)) is studied in the gas phase using mass spectrometry and during electron-induced processes [7][8]. This issue also presents insights from initial studies using the novel (hfac)AgPMe3 precursor [9], which notably demonstrates a high level of purity at the interface with

• focused electron beam-induced etching (FEBIE), can effectively control edge profiles, supported by continuum modeling [12]. Additionally, using alternative precursors such as Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 with low-energy ion irradiation enables the fabrication of high-purity Pt deposits. This process involves

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• infected wounds. This composite contains short filaments of electrospun poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) fibers embedded with gold nanorods (AuNRs) and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. The filaments are incorporated in a gelatin methacrylate/sodium alginate hydrogel scaffold. The AuNRs render

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• optimization of CNT/CNF synthesis in flame environments. An ethylene/air co-flow, non-premixed flame was used with a catalyst substrate of iron, nickel, and platinum wires of 0.1–0.25 mm diameter. The study found that carbon monoxide is a major contributor to CNT formation in flames, and the model also showed

• that flame synthesis can be faster and yield higher throughput compared to some recent works. The CNT/CNF growth rates decrease with increasing height above the burner because of lower temperatures and reduced CO concentrations [10]. A custom-made chamber device for flame fragments deposition with

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• complex, together with the co-activation of the mGluR5 receptor, leads to the activation of intracellular Fyn kinase. This activation causes dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis, hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and disruption of synaptic functions. Together, these processes, as depicted in Figure

• -fold. These exosomes exhibited rapid internalization in SH-SY5Y cells and co-localized with FITC-conjugated AβOs. Furthermore, CCk-8 assays demonstrated that US-HA-Exos could alleviate AβO toxicity in vitro [85]. Li et al. investigated M2 microglia-derived exosomes (M2-EXOs) and their impact on AD

• intracellular targets like amyloid oligomers within neurons. Antibody-coated PEGylated NPs have been shown to break down Aβ42 and may successfully minimize neurotoxicity caused by Aβ fibrils in the brain. Kuo et al. developed novel NPs composed of poly(acrylamide)-cardiolipin (CL)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• fragments such as CO, CH3CHO, and also CO2. These findings suggest that during FEB irradiation, the adsorbed [Pd(tbaoac)2] molecules may lose four carbon atoms per one (CH3)2CCH2 volatile molecular fragment, while the remaining carbon atoms may be removed as CO or CO2, hydrocarbons CHx, and other volatile

• . Of note is that we also performed a subtraction of the carbon contribution due to co-deposition from residual hydrocarbons, see details in Supporting Information File 1, section S5. Briefly, under our high-vacuum conditions, residual hydrocarbon gases lead to contamination deposits during both FEBID

• adsorption. Furthermore, surface reactions may be altered by the simultaneous presence of fragments of metalorganic and residual gas molecules. However, if there is plenty of carbonaceous matrix co-deposited by the metalorganic precursor molecules, one could hypothesize that the surface reactions of the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• produce unsaturated alcohols, suggesting that synergistic Ni–Co interactions played a role in their formation. Keywords: citral hydrogenation; cobalt–nickel mixture; impregnation; ion exchange; natural zeolite; Introduction Numerous publications in the literature highlight zeolites modified with

• hydrogenation by leveraging controlled acidity to prevent overhydrogenation and optimize product yields [15]. Similarly, Co-modified zeolites have been effectively used in cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation, where the balance between acidity and metal dispersion facilitates the selective reduction of the carbonyl

• , it can be observed that the Ni and Co concentrations are generally higher in materials obtained through Imp compared to those produced via IE. However, it is important to note that materials obtained by Imp tend to have high chloride contents, whereas those produced by IE exhibit negligible chloride

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• atoms by oxidation, we speculated that it would also be possible to synthesize base metal nanoparticles, which had been difficult by LRL in aqueous solutions. We, therefore, tried to synthesize Co nanoparticles (standard electrode potential: E0 = −0.28 V [33]). Figure 7a and Figure 7b show the features

• and spectra of the Co solution before and after laser irradiation with and without 10 vol % IPA as a radical scavenger, and Figure 7c shows a TEM micrograph of the sample after laser irradiation. The feature and absorbance spectrum of the solution did not change before or after laser irradiation, and

• metals. In addition to Co, we also targeted Hf (E0 = −1.55 V), Al (E0 = −1.662 V), and Y (E0 = −2.3 V), which have even more negative reduction potentials than that of Co (E0 = −0.28 V) [33]. The TEM results for each sample after laser irradiation are shown in Figure 8. The formation of nanoparticles

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• demonstrated that ARG-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles significantly improved the internalisation of ASOs into cancer cells, leading to effective inhibition of miR-155, a known oncogene, and alteration of the splicing pattern of the Mcl-1 gene, promoting the pro-apoptotic isoform. In

• (HE12-Luc-ASO), or (dodecane-co-hexaethylene glycol)-ASO ((HE-HEG)6-Luc-ASO). Linear PEI complexes demonstrated high biocompatibility even at high molecular weights, whereas b-PEI induced significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, the cell-uptake efficiency was improved by increasing the N/P ratio. The

• studies in mice with colon adenocarcinoma xenografts showed a marked reduction in tumour growth after the co-administration of Ku86–P85–PEI polyplexes and ionising radiation, which demonstrated the synergistic therapeutic effect of the system. Similarly, Vinogradov et al. reported the differences in

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• they were fabricated using a low-temperature co-precipitation method. The resulting Ag@ZnO NRs had good optical properties, nanorod morphologies, and high crystallinity with no impurities. Technological advancements are leading people to use lightweight electronics and affordable sensors

• experiments. Conclusion In conclusion, a low-temperature co-precipitation technique was utilized to yield highly crystalline nanorods of ZnO doped with Ag. A variety of techniques were employed to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of as-synthesized Ag@ZnO NRs. The results demonstrate that the

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• , respectively, by PLAL. The Cantor HEA CoCrFeNiMn target of equimolar composition was prepared by employing powder pressing as described in [18]. In brief, elemental powders of Co (purity 99.8%), Cr (99.2%), Fe (99.5%), Mn (99.6%), and Ni (99.9%) with a particle size less than 10 µm (Thermo Fisher Scientific