Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• atoms by oxidation, we speculated that it would also be possible to synthesize base metal nanoparticles, which had been difficult by LRL in aqueous solutions. We, therefore, tried to synthesize Co nanoparticles (standard electrode potential: E0 = −0.28 V [33]). Figure 7a and Figure 7b show the features

• and spectra of the Co solution before and after laser irradiation with and without 10 vol % IPA as a radical scavenger, and Figure 7c shows a TEM micrograph of the sample after laser irradiation. The feature and absorbance spectrum of the solution did not change before or after laser irradiation, and

• metals. In addition to Co, we also targeted Hf (E0 = −1.55 V), Al (E0 = −1.662 V), and Y (E0 = −2.3 V), which have even more negative reduction potentials than that of Co (E0 = −0.28 V) [33]. The TEM results for each sample after laser irradiation are shown in Figure 8. The formation of nanoparticles

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• demonstrated that ARG-coated poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles significantly improved the internalisation of ASOs into cancer cells, leading to effective inhibition of miR-155, a known oncogene, and alteration of the splicing pattern of the Mcl-1 gene, promoting the pro-apoptotic isoform. In

• (HE12-Luc-ASO), or (dodecane-co-hexaethylene glycol)-ASO ((HE-HEG)6-Luc-ASO). Linear PEI complexes demonstrated high biocompatibility even at high molecular weights, whereas b-PEI induced significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, the cell-uptake efficiency was improved by increasing the N/P ratio. The

• studies in mice with colon adenocarcinoma xenografts showed a marked reduction in tumour growth after the co-administration of Ku86–P85–PEI polyplexes and ionising radiation, which demonstrated the synergistic therapeutic effect of the system. Similarly, Vinogradov et al. reported the differences in

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• they were fabricated using a low-temperature co-precipitation method. The resulting Ag@ZnO NRs had good optical properties, nanorod morphologies, and high crystallinity with no impurities. Technological advancements are leading people to use lightweight electronics and affordable sensors

• experiments. Conclusion In conclusion, a low-temperature co-precipitation technique was utilized to yield highly crystalline nanorods of ZnO doped with Ag. A variety of techniques were employed to analyze the physical and chemical characteristics of as-synthesized Ag@ZnO NRs. The results demonstrate that the

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• , respectively, by PLAL. The Cantor HEA CoCrFeNiMn target of equimolar composition was prepared by employing powder pressing as described in [18]. In brief, elemental powders of Co (purity 99.8%), Cr (99.2%), Fe (99.5%), Mn (99.6%), and Ni (99.9%) with a particle size less than 10 µm (Thermo Fisher Scientific

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• spectrometry data show the reaction taking place by monitoring product gases during heating and cooling of the sample under CO and H2 gas pressures of 2 bar. The monitored gases include H2O as byproduct and the hydrocarbons ethane (m/z = 30), propane (m/z = 44), and hexane (m/z = 86), which all show increases

• of dark spots, is due to the formation of islands with reduced conductivity, which we attribute to oxidation of the surface. To further demonstrate the ReactorAFM/STM capabilities, we show results from a FTS investigation. FTS is a series of reactions where CO and H2 gas react to form various

• hydrocarbons CnH2n+2, with water as byproduct [24]. We have investigated the reaction on Co nanoparticles deposited on an Al2O3 support, grown on a NiAl(110) single crystal. The NiAl(110) surface has been prepared by repeated cycles of Ar-ion sputtering (3 μA, 1 kV, 30 min) at room temperature followed by

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• to test the penetration of mucoadhesive nanoparticulate systems. For instance, Ungaro and colleagues designed poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles with different modifiers and revealed 10% diffusion into the gelatin layer. In addition, their study revealed the effect of particle charge on the

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• exposure to starch-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [11]. Gemcitabine-encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles have been shown to enhance cell death in chemoresistant PANC1 cells, human pancreatic epithelial carcinoma cells [12]. Also, TiO2 nanoparticles can sensitize A549 cells

• plasmids (Gene Insert: MAP1LC3B; kind gift from Dr. Soumya Sinha Roy, CSIR - IGIB, India) were employed to evaluate the quantitative formation of autophagic puncta upon GO–Chl exposure [35]. Briefly, A549 cells were plated onto 4-well chamber slides and transiently co-transfected with the mammalian GFP-LC3

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• out through methods such as blend electrospinning, sequential electrospinning, co-electrospinning, and emulsion electrospinning. Blend electrospinning Blend electrospinning refers to the electrospinning of a single solution or mixture containing more than one material or polymer, which makes up one

• related to compatibility of the materials and solvents during preparation as well as the interaction between the fiber jets during the electrospinning process. However, the entire procedure can become more time- and labor-consuming as more steps are required. Co-electrospinning Co-electrospinning refers

• also be used to incorporate nanoparticles into the nanofiber structures through simultaneous electrospinning and electrospraying [88]. In co-electrospinning, the interaction between charged jets for nozzles that are positioned close to one another may cause jet repulsion for nozzles of the same

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) range. Detecting and eliminating them at such low concentrations poses a significant challenge [42]. Additionally, antibiotics may be co-present with a mixture of other pollutants in certain instances, complicating the isolation and targeted removal of

• (antibiotics + HO• and/or O2•− → CO2 + H2O). Mechanisms of metal, nonmetal, or co-doped photocatalysts The large bandgap and high electron–hole recombination rate of traditional and single semiconductor photocatalysts limit their effectiveness under visible light, which hinders their practical application. To

• improve the photocatalytic efficiency, several dopants, such as transition metals (Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Ru, and Ag) or nonmetals (C, N, S, and F) have been introduced into the semiconductor material. Metal and nonmetal dopants have the ability to construct an impurity energy level located below the

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• the elimination of the functional groups with oxygen, i.e., H2O, CO2, and CO) and an additional 5% weight loss at 800 °C (42% weight loss in total). In the TGA diagram of covalently PEGylated MWCNTs-G (Figure 6b,d), a weight loss of 23% at 400 °C was observed, while at 800 °C, 39% of the weight

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• reach the retina (the size of the ICG NPs should be greater than 100 nm). Therefore, in subsequent studies, two types of ICG NPs were synthesized using lipids and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) [53]. Size, surface charge, and ICG concentration of the NPs were modulated by varying the synthesis

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

• , Taylor et al. [51] conducted experiments using Co(BDP), a MOF that undergoes structural changes when exposed to both pure CO2 at 3.6 bar and a 50/50 mixture of CO2/CH4 at 7.2 bar. Under these conditions, the one-dimensional channels of the framework expanded to create an aperture ideally suited to adsorb

• CO2 and exclude CH4, as depicted in Figure 2b. Above 15 bar pressure, Co(BDP) undergoes expansion to phases with larger pores capable of admitting CH4 molecules [59]. However, favorable enthalpic CO2 uptake was found to drive the continued exclusion of CH4 [51]. In adsorption experiments with 50/50

• , Co, and Zn), have been employed as effective CO2 adsorbents [44]. The M-MOF-74 series, featuring one-dimensional hexagonal channels with OMSs at the secondary building units (SBUs), has become one of the most extensively studied sets of MOFs for CO2 capture. These MOFs have one of the highest

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• phenotype. For example, the co-delivery of a STAT6 inhibitor and IKKβ siRNA successfully repolarized M2-like TAMs into M1-like macrophages, enhancing antitumor immunity while minimizing immune side effects [74]. To improve targeting specificity, micellar nanodrugs with pH-sheddable PEG coronas have been

• co-deliver miRNAs and small-molecule drugs to macrophages, successfully reprogramming TAMs in cancer models to favor antitumor immunity [78][79]. Recent breakthroughs in mRNA delivery technologies, exemplified by the success of the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines, provide a clear

• liver fibrosis and HCC [92][93]. NCs co-loaded with clodronate and nintedanib have reduced fibrosis by depleting or inhibiting KCs, thus decreasing pro-fibrogenic activity [46]. These targeted approaches enhance precision, minimize off-target effects, and improve treatment efficacy. Scavenger receptors

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• using the nanocomposite materials which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the gas sensors. Keywords: CO gas; COMSOL Multiphysics; gas sensor; surface coverage; SWCNT/PEDOT:PSS; Introduction The field of nanotechnology has brought significant advancements in various scientific and engineering

• carbon monoxide (CO), an odorless, colorless, and highly toxic gas pose a serious health threat to humans. Carbon monoxide poisoning can result from incomplete burning of materials that contain carbon and produce CO. Enclosed spaces or poorly ventilated areas may accumulate CO. Symptoms of CO poisoning

• range from mild headaches and light headedness to sudden death or permanent brain damage. In houses as well as workplaces, it is important to ensure the constant monitoring of enclosed areas for carbon monoxide presence because of the severe risks to human health. Traditional CO sensors, although

Theoretical study of the electronic and optical properties of a composite formed by the zeolite NaA and a magnetite cluster

• Joel Antúnez-García,
• Roberto Núñez-González,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• H’Linh Hmok,
• Armando Reyes-Serrato,
• Fabian N. Murrieta-Rico,
• Mufei Xiao and
• Jonathan Zamora

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 44–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.5

• nanoparticles, sodium Linde A Type (LTA) zeolite, also known as NaA zeolite, stands out for its remarkable capacity and selectivity to capture various types of metals commonly found as contaminants in drinking water. These metals include Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Co, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cs, and Sr [42][43][44][45][46

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• estimate or initial guess in calculations or even simulations dedicated to FEBID for precursors such as WF6 [9], Me3CpPtMe [10][11][12][13][14][15], HCo3Fe(CO)12, and Nb(NMe2)3(N-t-Bu) [12], as well as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) [16]. The sticking coefficient has been determined only in the work of

• Fowlkes and Rack [6] where a value of 0.025 was reported for W(CO)6. In this work, a stationary pulsed beam was used to study the adsorption/desorption dynamics. A fit of the results to the continuum model was performed with an estimated value for the energy-integrated dissociation cross section in order

• obtained for the wider deposit shown in Figure 5c,d. The sticking coefficient values obtained for the Cr(C6H6)2 precursor are noticeably lower than the one reported for the W(CO)6 precursor (0.025), although the precursor flux and dissociated precursor molecule fragment volume are comparable. However, the

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• the production of nature-inspired synthetics as demonstrated in Figure 2B [22][23][24][25][26]. Indeed, the co-incubation of nanoparticles with cellular components creates an environment conducive to the absorption of proteins by the nanoparticles, thereby facilitating the connection of these

• is linked to dementia and neuronal loss [70]. Focusing on BBB compatibility, lipid-based nanoparticles demonstrate high potential in facilitating drug delivery. Macrophage membrane-coated liposomes co-modified with the RVG29 peptide and triphenylphosphine cation have shown improved targeting of brain

Natural nanofibers embedded in the seed mucilage envelope: composite hydrogels with specific adhesive and frictional properties

• Agnieszka Kreitschitz and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1603–1618, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.126

• GmbH & Co. KG, Bühl, Germany). The maximal adhesion (Fmax) of the mucilage ranged from 2.03 to 6.22 N [29]. We also tested adhesion of Plantago ovata husk (a seed coat covering the seed, built of mucilaginous cells), which reached 37.4 N; the corresponding control samples of UHU glue reached 30.4 N [29

Liver-targeting iron oxide nanoparticles and their complexes with plant extracts for biocompatibility

• Shushanik A. Kazaryan,
• Seda A. Oganian,
• Gayane S. Vardanyan,
• Anatolie S. Sidorenko and
• Ashkhen A. Hovhannisyan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1593–1602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.125

• each group, see Experimental section, “Animal experiment model”). However, co-administration of T. polium extract and Fe3O4 NPs (group III), as well as of rutin and Fe3O4 NPs (group IV), resulted in increased ALT activity relative to normal values (up to 10.6 ± 0.7 U/L) by 2.1 and 3.3 times

• of the NPs, their dose, and the application [18]. Thus, based on ALT/AST activity values, it can be concluded that Fe3O4 NPs do not exhibit pronounced toxic effects on the livers of healthy Wistar rats; however, when co-administered with 70% ethanol extract of T. polium and rutin, changes occur in

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• purity, water-free, Carl Roth GmbH & Co. KG, Karlsruhe, Germany) and covered with a glass slip. Following the method described in [10], we documented the samples using a Zeiss LSM 700 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). Four stable solid-state lasers emitting

The round-robin approach applied to nanoinformatics: consensus prediction of nanomaterials zeta potential

• Dimitra-Danai Varsou,
• Arkaprava Banerjee,
• Joyita Roy,
• Kunal Roy,
• Giannis Savvas,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Ewelina Wyrzykowska,
• Mateusz Balicki,
• Tomasz Puzyn,
• Georgia Melagraki,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Antreas Afantitis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1536–1553, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.121

• sought that nanoinformatics models comply with a set of predefined criteria, often supplemented by statistical methods recommended by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [22] and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) [23]. In addition, there is a growing effort from various

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• polyethylene glycol (PEG), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and chitosan (CHS), provides structural integrity, controlled release properties, and protection against premature degradation [14][15]. This hybrid structure improves the encapsulation efficiency of phytochemicals/drugs

• therapeutic effectiveness [17][18]. Additionally, PLHNPs possess the capability to encapsulate and co-deliver two drugs with distinct physicochemical characteristics to a targeted site and show synergistic therapeutic efficacy. In PLHNPs, the lipophilic drugs are encapsulated within the polymeric core, while

• in cancer therapy. This targeted delivery can increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs while reducing side effects by minimizing off-target effects [61][62]. For instance, Garg et al. fabricated fucose ligand-decorated PLHNPs for the co-delivery of methotrexate and aceclofenac to achieve targeted

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• , respectively. (As we know, most elements of the periodic table are metals.) Among the metals undergoing polymorphic transformations are Fe, Co, V, W, Ti, Tl, Zr, Sr, Mn, Al, Ga, Sc, Ba, Li, Na, and K. Therefore, it is important to examine a comprehensive range of quantities, including thermodynamic parameters

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• 10.3762/bjnano.15.115 Abstract Ion beam-induced deposition (IBID) using Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 as precursors has been studied with ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) surface science techniques to provide insights into the elementary reaction steps involved in deposition, complemented by analysis of deposits formed

• under steady-state conditions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and mass spectrometry data from monolayer thick films of Pt(CO)2Cl2 and Pt(CO)2Br2 exposed to 3 keV Ar+, He+, and H2+ ions indicate that deposition is initiated by the desorption of both CO ligands, a process ascribed to momentum

• elementary reaction steps is invariant, although the rates of CO desorption and subsequent physical sputtering were greatest for the heaviest (Ar+) ions. The ability of IBID to produce pure Pt films was confirmed by AES and XPS analysis of thin film deposits created by Ar+/Pt(CO)2Cl2, demonstrating the