Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus (the positive control was the antibiotic penicillin). Inhibition zone assays were used to evaluate antibiofilm properties of uncoated and coated plastic films [14][25]. Coating stability of plastic films in an environment simulating aqueous food was tested

•  9). The photographic results showed inhibition zones against E. coli (Figure 9a) and S. aureus (Figure 9b). The inhibition zones resulted from the diffusion of ZH nanoparticles and Zn2+ cations from the hydrogel to the surrounding agar. As the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel is antibacterial, the brush coating of

• the GO-SG-ZH hydrogel on PLA films produced an antibacterial coating on the substrate. Antibacterial tests of uncoated and coated PLA films are described in Figure 10, where the interfaces between PLA films and agar/E. coli plates are displayed. Before the incubation process, E. coli bacteria did not

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• study, room temperature was used, which may also explain why the antioxidant action was maintained. EOCF, on E. coli and S. Aureus bacteria, showed antioxidant activity and control in pathogenic species resistant to oxidative stress. The authors also emphasized that EOCF acted as a potent attenuator of

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

Fabrication and evaluation of BerNPs regarding the growth and development of Streptococcus mutans

• Tuyen Huu Nguyen,
• Hong Thanh Pham,
• Kieu Kim Thanh Nguyen,
• Loan Hong Ngo,
• Anh Ngoc Tuan Mai,
• Thu Hoang Anh Lam,
• Ngan Thi Kim Phan,
• Dung Tien Pham,
• Duong Thuy Hoang,
• Thuc Dong Nguyen and
• Lien Thi Xuan Truong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 308–315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.23

• inhibitory activity against pathogenic bacteria have been reported. In 2022, Nguyen et al. fabricated berberine nanoparticles (BerNPs) by antisolvent precipitation (ASP) using glycerol as a safe organic solvent and evaluated their antibacterial activity on S. aureus and E. coli O157:H7 [12]. Additionally

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• , demonstrating inhibition against E. coli, C. perfringens, C. difficile, and Salmonella enterica serovar typhi. Similarly, Mohd Yusof et al. [23] observed antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs on pathogenic bacteria, underscoring their potential for combating bacterial infections. It is noteworthy that S. aureus has

• revealed strong antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Inhibitory zones around the nanoparticles for S. aureus were 23.1 mm, and for E. coli 17.0 mm. These results indicate that this biogenic synthesis route may yield particles with antibacterial activity against all

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• bactericidal effects. The authors also proved the cytocompatibility of the bactericidal coatings. GO showed similar results on titanium surfaces as reported by Yang et al. [115], reporting antibacterial activity of over 99% against both E. coli or S. aureus when a small doping with copper was applied. The

• contrast, functionalized oxidized ND layers were able to inhibit the growth of E. coli comparable to the effect of ampicillin [123]. Similarly, mannose ND coatings interfered with the proliferation of uropathogenic bacteria, representing a solid choice to prevent catheterization [124][125] and targeting

A review on the structural characterization of nanomaterials for nano-QSAR models

• Salvador Moncho,
• Eva Serrano-Candelas,
• Jesús Vicente de Julián-Ortiz and
• Rafael Gozalbes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 854–866, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.71

• worth to note that Pathakoti et al. [61] included the light exposure as a variable in their toxicity models of metal oxides versus E. coli, obtaining two series of toxicity data for the same set of NMs. Analogously, Basant and collaborators considered toxicity values measured under different light

• conditions in E. coli and in HaCaT cells in a multi-target QSTR model [88]. Conclusion In this review we have analyzed in depth the descriptors used in the literature in QSAR and related in silico prediction models for NMs. Our review highlights that the high degree of variability in the NM properties is a

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• ); strontium nitrate (Reanal, Hungary); ʟ-aspartic acid (99%, Amresco, USA); phosphoric acid (≥99.0%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA); E. coli (ATCC 25922); P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853); B. subtilis (ATCC 6633); S. epidermidis (ATCC 14990); Mueller–Hinton agar (Biolab Zrt., Hungary); minimum essential medium (MEM, Gibco

• using four bacterial strains (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC): E. coli (Gram-negative), P. aeruginosa (Gram-negative), S. epidermidis (Gram-positive), and B. subtilis (Gram-positive). A 24 h culture was made from each strain, and an amount of inoculum was suspended into 5 mL of saline solution

• active protection. Only a few studies have demonstrated the antibacterial effects of zinc against S. mutans [64] and of strontium against S. aureus and E. coli [65]. Our work determined the inhibition and diffuse zones of four bacterial strains (E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. epidermidis, and B. subtilis

Functional fibrillar interfaces: Biological hair as inspiration across scales

• Guillermo J. Amador,
• Brett Klaassen van Oorschot,
• Caiying Liao,
• Jianing Wu and
• Da Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.55

• serve multiple roles at the same time. Hence, one should avoid understanding these hairs’ existence from a single, locomotory perspective. While the flagella of E. coli is most obviously an apparatus for swimming motility, it can also help the cell to attach to a surface and act as a sensor thereafter

• [113]. Intriguingly, even after attachment, having motile flagella still matters for the cell as it appears to enable sensing of substrate stiffness [114]. In addition to flagella, other hairs of E. coli include the type-I pili (frimbriae) and type-IV pili [113]. Collaboration between these hairs also

• circular trajectories hinders the cell’s ability to explore the surface thoroughly. Thus, possibly with the help of the other hairs, E. coli near the surface can transiently attach to the surface to break the circular trajectories, thus, pushing their exploration efficiency close to the theoretical optimum

New application of bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoplates in a colorimetric biosensor for specific detection of E. coli in water

• Azam Bagheri Pebdeni,
• Mohammad N. AL-Baiati and
• Morteza Hosseini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 95–103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.9

• Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials and Medicinal Biomaterials Research Center,Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 10.3762/bjnano.15.9 Abstract A fast and sensitive aptasensor was developed using nanoplates with peroxidase activity as a novel approach. E. coli

• . This nanobiosensor has the ability to specifically bind to E. coli, increasing the peroxidase activity of the apt-Ag/Pt NPL. Finally, the blue color of the solution in the contaminated water samples was increased in the presence of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as a substrate and H2O2. The assay

• can be completed in 30 min and the presence of E. coli levels can be distinguished with the naked eye. The absorbance at 652 nm is proportional to pathogen concentration from 10 to 108 CFU·mL−1, with a detection limit of 10 CFU·mL−1. The percent recovery for the water samples spiked with E. coli is 95

Fluorescent bioinspired albumin/polydopamine nanoparticles and their interactions with Escherichia coli cells

• Eloïse Equy,
• Jordana Hirtzel,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Béatrice Heurtault,
• Eric Mathieu,
• Morgane Rabineau,
• Vincent Ball and
• Lydie Ploux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1208–1224, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.100

• and RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs penetrated and accumulated in both cell wall and inner compartments of Escherichia coli (E. coli) cells. The fluorescence signals were diffuse or displayed aggregate-like patterns with both labelled NPs and free dyes. RhBITC-BSA/PDA NPs led to the most intense fluorescence in

• cells. Penetration and accumulation of NPs was not accompanied by a bactericidal or inhibitory effect of growth as demonstrated with the Gram-negative E. coli species and confirmed with a Gram-positive bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus). Altogether, these results allow us to envisage the use of

• protein and to determine whether they can enter and accumulate in bacterial cells. The investigation has been conducted with NPs made of polydopamine (PDA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria as a bacterial model. Three different types of fluorescent BSA/PDA NPs have

Recognition mechanisms of hemoglobin particles by monocytes – CD163 may just be one

• Jonathan-Gabriel Nimz,
• Pichayut Rerkshanandana,
• Chiraphat Kloypan,
• Ulrich Kalus,
• Saranya Chaiwaree,
• Axel Pruß,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Yu Xiong and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1028–1040, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.85

• block the monocytic membrane protein, as formerly described by Schaer and co-workers [27]. For a reference sample, the phagocytic capacity of monocytes was fully utilized for the uptake of FITC-labeled E. coli lysate over a period of 10 min at 37 °C (commercially available phagocytosis tests use lysate

• rather than whole bacteria for the higher phagocytosis efficacy of lysates). For comparison, samples were prepared in which the cells were able to phagocytose either unlabeled E. coli lysate or HbMP in a pre-feeding step (approximately 100 HbMPs per leukocyte). The incubation period here was 120 min. In

• confirmed with a reference sample, and the maximum MFI was established. Phagocytes from whole blood were able to take up FITC-labeled E. coli lysate unhindered for 10 min at 37 °C (reference). The monocyte population showed a distinct, intact phagocytosis ability (79.3% ± 9.5% FITC-positive monocytes

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• diagnostic tools. Based on the photothermal principle, very recently, Shirshahi et al. developed LFA strips for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 strains of bacteria. They used reduced graphene oxide as both tracer and photothermal signal amplification material. After the deposition of rGO on the test line

• ], Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 186, by V. Shirshahi; S. N. Tabatabaei; S. Hatamie; R. Saber, “Photothermal enhancement in sensitivity of lateral flow assays for detection of E-coli O157:H7”, article no. 110721, Copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier. (This content is not subject to

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) bacteria was determined, and dose-dependent antibacterial effects were found. Keywords: Ag NPs; anticancer and antibacterial effects; caffeic acid; chitosan; one-pot synthesis; quercetin; U-118 MG and ARPE-19 cells

• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacteria cause various infections [5]. These infections, formerly known as nosocomial infections, are now referred to as healthcare

• strains of S. aureus (ATCC 25923), S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228), P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and E. coli (ATCC 8739), which are generally opportunistic pathogens, were used in the study. The antibacterial activity of diluted nanoparticle solutions was investigated by the agar disc diffusion method. The

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• [41]. Recently, Bing et al. observed that CQDs with different surface charges had different antibacterial activities. Positively charged CQDs damaged the membrane of E. coli completely whereas negatively charged CQDs interacted only weakly with the bacterial membrane [42]. Uncharged CQDs did not show

• any antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. suptilis. In this study, antibacterial testing of all samples was conducted against two bacterial strains, namely S. aureus and E. coli. The results presented in Table S1 (Supporting Information File 1) showed that CQDs/PU composites prepared from o

• -phenylenediamine did not exhibit any antibacterial activity against E. coli or S. aureus even after treatment under blue light for 360 min. These results agree with the results presented in the sections above. The CQDs did not generate any type of ROS. They are uncharged as well. The presence of NH2 groups on

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• the textile support. After assessing their optical and mechanical properties, the antimicrobial properties of the functionalized textiles were tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. In addition to being flexible and adherent to the textile substrates, the

• nanocomposites exhibited remarkable microbial growth inhibitory effects. Keywords: antimicrobial properties; C. albicans fungus; E. coli bacteria; photoinduced functionalized textile; silver/polymer nanomaterials; Introduction The proliferation of microorganisms is a major concern for health organizations

• and plate diffusion assays) of AgNP@polymer nanocomposites-coated textiles against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains. The mechanical properties (flexibility, adhesion, abrasion) were also studied using a Mini-Martindale device, a standard scratch test kit, scanning

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• , Liu et al. [52] prepared single-chain antibodies against Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) with an E. coli expression system, prepared colloidal gold by the trisodium citrate method, used colloidal gold as a tracer, optimized the preparation of colloidal gold probes, combined with purified scFv to prepare

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• the same conditions; however, it achieved lower efficiencies. In addition, ZnO NPs were also tested regarding their antibacterial activity, and the results showed that the prepared ZnO samples had the highest (i.e., 100%) antibacterial efficiency against E. coli. Keywords: green synthesis; methylene

• demonstrated against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. As mentioned previously, plant extracts were used as common precursors for nanomaterial synthesis due to their relatively high levels of the steroids, saponins, carbohydrates, and flavonoids which act as reducing agents and phytoconstituents as capping

• and zinc chloride salt. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized ZnO material against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was studied. In addition, the study also determined the ability of ZnO NPs to act as photocatalysts and to degrade dyes including MB and methyl orange (MO). Experimental Design

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• composition, surface structuring on the micro-/nanoscale, and the introduction of low-surface-energy compounds [62]. Various studies demonstrated that the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria was significantly reduced on superhydrophobic coatings

• –usher polymerization pathway in Gram-negative microorganisms involved in pili protein synthesis [79]. For instance, the inhibitor targets pilus chaperone PapD, thereby reducing the adhesion to cell lines by 90% [80]. These pilicides inhibit curli formation in uropathogenic E. coli by preventing the

• pseudotuberculosis, and enteropathogenic E. coli [83][84]. Another protein-based antimicrobial strategy in nature is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [85]. These molecules are short-length amphipathic peptide molecules (between 10 and 50 amino acids), usually with cationic charges and hydrophobic residues

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• BBR NPs in water. Antibacterial activity The antibacterial activity of pure BBR and BBR NPs prepared at different concentrations against MRSA and E. coli O157:H7 was compared in vitro using the modified disk diffusion method. Figure 4 and Table 1 show the inhibitory zones of pure BBR (at the

• saturation concentration of 2.0 mg/mL) and BBR NPs (2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 mg/mL) against MRSA and E. coli O157:H7. An inhibitory zone with a diameter of 15 mm was found for pure BBR against MRSA at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL (Figure 4a). At the same concentration, BBR NPs gave a higher diameter of the

• least 2.0 mg/mL. Higher concentrations of BBR could be obtained due to the nanoformulation. Thus, the antibacterial activity could be enhanced. In contrast, determining the inhibition zones against E. coli O157:H7 at different concentrations was very difficult (Figure 4b). Therefore, this method is

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• TiO2 nps to kill even desiccation-resistant microbes, their value has increased in the food, cosmetic, and drug industries. Recently, glass surfaces coated with silver and TiO2 nps showed promising results against bacteria S. aureus (Gram positive) and E. coli (Gram negative) as compared to the

• TiO2 nps [83]. TiO2 supported on silica nanospheres was checked for its antibacterial activity against E. coli, and the result demonstrated a more effective growth inhibition than that of commercial TiO2-P25 under ultraviolet and visible light [84]. Copper is well known for its antimicrobial properties

• [92]. Shabib and his colleagues published an interesting study on the synthesis of TiO2 nps from the root extract of W. somnifera and examined its broad-spectrum antibiofilm potential against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Serratia marcescens

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• the CCD method after precipitation, as well as after cross-linking, dissolution, and final washing steps are shown in Figure 1. The zeta potential of HbMP in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4, was −8.51 ± 0.9 mV. The zeta potential in PBS, pH 7.0, of E. coli was −16 mV, that of S. epidermidis

• bacteria were found in the fraction of the sediment. Influence of glutaraldehyde on bacterial growth E. coli cells cultivated with 0.02% glutaraldehyde at 37 °C showed a significantly reduced growth compared to the control group in normal growth medium (Figure 2A). However, the growth of bacteria was

• ). Glutaraldehyde significantly inhibits the proliferation of bacteria under the given conditions. During cultivation of E. coli with the addition of glutaraldehyde at room temperature, there were also significant differences in growth rates compared to the control (Figure 2C). After a small increase in the optical

Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• -stranded PIC, this solution was heated to 55 °C then cooled back to room temperature according to the instructions from the manufacturer. As DNA plasmids, GFP plasmids (16542: pBI-MCS-EGFP) were purchased from Addgen, propagated in DH5α competent E. coli bacteria, and purified using the QIAGEN EndoFree