Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• different components, fiber material composites, nanoscale fibers, and immersion in NPs solutions with a binder. Nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, TiO2, ZnO, Se, SiO2, CuO, and Pt are widely used for textile functionalization [25]. Common methods for incorporating Ag and Cu NPs into cotton textiles involve

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• layered Ag/TiO2 and determined via spectroscopy that its ENZ point laid within the visible spectrum [7]. Since then, a wide array of layered metal–dielectric configurations have been demonstrated, including silver-based combinations such as Ag/SiO2 [1], Ag/Al2O3 [6], Ag/LiF [8], Ag/TiO2 [9], Ag/Ge [10

• ], Ag/MgF2 [11], and Ag/Ti3O5 [12]. Gold-based systems have also been prominent, such as Au/Al2O3 [13][14][15], Au/SiO2 [16], Au/TiO2 [17], and optical filters based on Au/TiO2 multilayers [18]. Beyond classic metal–dielectric structures, research has explored ZnO/Al:ZnO [19] and doped semiconductors

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• thicknesses of the superconducting layers were 200, 250, and 350 nm for M1, M2, and M3, respectively. The SiO2 insulating layers had thicknesses of 200 nm (I1) and 300 nm (I2). Deposition of metallic layers was performed via magnetron sputtering in argon atmosphere, while insulating layers were thermally

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• promising solution for heritage conservation. The same group also investigated a way to protect the same surfaces from simulated bird excreta [62], comparing the effectiveness of an experimental fluoropolymer (modified with SiO2 particles) with two commercial polymers (a fluorine-based and a silicon-based

• copolymer (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene, PVDF-HFP), an aqueous emulsion of alkylpolysiloxane (PSW), a dispersion of functionalized silica nanoparticles (n-SiOR), and a nanostructured silica gel in hydroalcoholic solution (wnf-SiO2). Terracotta specimens chemically and physically matching

• control, while wnf-SiO2 offered the most effective and durable protection, with minimal aesthetic alteration. n-SiOR, although initially effective, induced noticeable color change and surface alteration after exposure. To summarize, bearing the ICOM criteria, there are several observations. The study on

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• are immobilized on supports like carbon-based materials or TiO2 to prevent aggregation and to maintain catalytic activity, strong adhesion is required [11]. To improve adhesion, Au NPs have been stabilized on SiO2 substrates by embedding them into an organometallic layer, effectively immobilizing the

• NPs and significantly enhancing their interfacial adhesion. Their mechanical stability was tested utilizing scanning probe microscopy nanomanipulation [12]. Another approach tested for SiO2 NPs was functionalizing their surfaces for improved adhesion on epoxy film-covered substrate surfaces [13]. In

• /substrate interface [43] might be possible reasons. In addition, since Si(100) substrates are naturally covered by a thin native SiO2 layer under ambient conditions and may form a mixed SiOxNy surface after N2 plasma cleaning, local modification of this oxide or oxynitride layer by NP impact, such as

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• aliquot was drop-cast onto a clean SiO2/Si substrate and allowed to dry under ambient conditions. Imaging parameters All critical imaging parameters for the data presented in the figures are summarized in Table 2. The free oscillation amplitudes for the higher eigenmodes were selected independently under

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• such as repeated stacking of SiOx/SiNx layers via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition or high-density conformal coatings using atomic layer deposition (ALD) (Figure 2e) [88]. Notably, both SiO2 and Si3N4 are bioresorbable materials [23][88][89][90], and efforts have been made to adopt these

• bioresorbable devices by leveraging their thin-film formats [44][91]. The 100 nm thick thermally grown SiO2 layer protected the Mg pattern from PBS solution (pH 7.4, 70 °C) for 22 days. Despite these advances, conventional inorganic materials, particularly silicon-based ones, suffer from low fracture strain

• the water diffusion pathway [92][93]. For instance, blending high-aspect-ratio inorganic flakes (e.g., SiO2) with a biodegradable poly(caprolactone) matrix has been shown to create tortuous diffusion paths that hinder direct water penetration, thereby improving moisture resistance and achieving a

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• glass and not Si, charging effects can occur. In addition, the SE yields of amorphous SiO2 and crystalline Si are different. Therefore the actual deposition rates and the estimated and real layer thickness differ. Overall, they vary from 300 to 1200 nm. Although in theory, the area of the cross section

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Technische Universtät Darmstadt, 64289 Darmtadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.68 Abstract Conical nanopores in amorphous SiO2 thin films fabricated using the ion track etching technique show promising potential for filtration, sensing

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• differences between the nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO2. The track-to-bulk etching rate ratio is significantly different for the two materials, producing nanopores with cone angles that differ by almost a factor of two. Furthermore, thermal SiO2 exhibits an exceptionally narrow size distribution of only 2

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• the Si substrate, the oxygen content contains contributions from both SiO2 and ZnO. The variations in grain size and RMS roughness of ZnO films with increase in ion fluence follow the same trend in AFM and FESEM analyses, but with different magnitudes. This is because of the greater sensitivity of AFM

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• decomposition residues. Results and Discussion Figure 1a shows the schematic diagram of the synthesis route of a hybrid film consisting of MoS2 coated with PyC. A molybdenum layer is deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate by magnetron sputtering for a short time of 10 s. This layer interacts with sulfur vapor at a

• wet transfer method (see the Experimental section for details). The resulting hybrid, designated PyC-MoS2, together with a surface-cleaned MoS2/SiO2/Si sample and a PyC film transferred onto a SiO2/Si substrate, were used to comparatively study the ability to adsorb and accumulate evaporated sodium

• SEM image of PyC transferred onto the SiO2/Si substrate also shows a uniform film surface (Figure 1e). The Raman spectrum of the MoS2 film contains two strong peaks at 382.6 and 408.9 cm−1 (Figure 2a) corresponding to the E12g mode and the A1g mode, respectively, of 2H-MoS2 [33]. The difference

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• proportions of carbon, oxygen, silicon, and zinc elements in both nanocomposites are relatively similar. Theoretical contents of SiO2 and Zn(OH)2 in the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite powder are estimated to be 37.92% and 33.12%, respectively, so the remaining content of GO nanosheets is about 28.96%. Similarly, SiO2

• appeared in Figure 8e, and nanoparticles of SG and ZH were shown in Figure 8f. Integrated EDS analysis presented the elemental composition on the surface of the GO-SG-ZH/PLA film (Table 3). With the atomic contents of 8.13% of silicon and 6.36% of zinc, the atomic proportions of SiO2 and Zn(OH)2 in the

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• compounds and SiO2 are the major phases, while the iron phase was recognized as iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) (most probably the α polymorph). The dissolution procedure had significant influence on structural and physical properties of the investigated compound, such as lowering of the blocking temperature with

• cellulose, while the latter is speculated to be vitamins and SiO2. Figure 3 illustrates TEM images of the samples FS0 and FST. For the FS0 sample (Figure 3a,b) groups of the nanoparticles are distributed in a porous structure (a) recognized as calcium alginate, but also attached to thin, elongated stripes

•  3d confirms the presence, in addition to iron, of elements from additives and organic compounds, such as Si from SiO2, Ca from calcium alginate, and Co most likely from cobalamin. The Na and Cl peaks relating to salt (NaCl), and peaks of P, S, Ni, and Zn (trace levels), were classified as

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• known that 270 nm SiO2/Si substrates provide the highest optical contrast (O.C.) value for a single layer or few layers of CrCl3 [2][11]. Because of the insulating behavior of 270 nm SiO2 and to avoid surface charging, we utilized Si(001) wafers with a 1 nm layer of SiO2 and ITO films (190 nm) on glass

• substrates for SPEM investigations. In contrast, 285 nm SiO2/Si and ITO (190 nm) on glass substrates were used for surface potential studies. On native Si substrates, the optical contrast was insufficient to visualize thin flakes. We were unable to observe flakes with thicknesses smaller than 10 nm using the

• optical microscope. Therefore, we opted for an alternative substrate, indium tin oxide (ITO), to conduct the SPEM measurements on thinner layers. Figure 1 gives a direct comparison of AFM images and O.C. on the 1 nm SiO2/Si substrate. Optical contrast, AFM image, and a complete series of profiles showing

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• few nanometers along the entire nanowire. For operando SPEM measurements, nanowires were transferred onto a prepatterned device template with flat, individually contacted Au/Ti electrodes deposited onto a SiO2/Si substrate, separated by a 1.5 µm wide insulating gap. Optical microscopy images of the

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• lock-in amplifier (LIA). The following sections introduce the theoretical framework of multifrequency EFM, demonstrate its resolution enhancement experimentally, and validate its spectroscopic capabilities by measuring nanoscale dielectric properties of microfabricated SiO2 samples. Finally, we compare

• nanospectroscopy experiments. The microcapacitors were produced by focused ion beam (FIB) milling on a silicon wafer with a 300 nm layer of SiO2 and a 14 nm sputtered layer of Pt on it (Figure 2). Results and Discussion To investigate whether the C″-sensitive detection leads to an improved spatial resolution of

• capacitive spectra obtained by this method on etched SiO2 microcapacitors, along with high-resolution high-frequency capacitance images obtained over self-assembled molecular F14H20. Tip–sample capacitance The total capacitance between sample and cantilever consists of contributions from tip apex, tip cone

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the substrate. Metallic structures can be fabricated directly or through post-purification methods, such as water-assisted treatment, which has been effective for Au and Pt deposits [10]. Interestingly, morphological changes in the underlying SiO2 layer were observed during the process, resembling

• ion beam interactions [15]. In addition, the extension of the continuum model has proven useful in predicting the outcomes of ion beam milling processes in multilayered systems, as demonstrated in the case of the Si/SiO2/Pt system [16]. To identify the current state of the technology and routes

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• these k-ratios, Stratagem then recalculates the composition for a thin film (multi)layered structure. The native-oxide Si(100) substrate was accounted for by including a 1 nm thick SiO2 layer of density 2.65 g·cm−3 between the Si substrate and the deposit for the thin film correction. This way, the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• ) [23]. It underwent a purification process following a method similar to one described previously [18]. Its elemental chemical composition in oxide form is 65.7% SiO2, 11.4% Al2O3, 3.4% CaO, 2.4% Na2O, 1.3% K2O, 1.1% MgO, and 2.6% Fe2O3. For simplicity, this purified zeolite is referred to as ZSA

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , even for monoatomic layers [34]. The patterns may serve as templates for the later evolution of film textures. Relevant examples of such systems are Al or Cu layers deposited on Si substrates, or SiO2 and TiN layers deposited on Ti or Al substrates [31]. In this article, we perform a computational

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , including exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, wide availability, low cost, and a highly tunable structure, making them well-suited for such uses [67][68][69][70][71]. 2.3 Inorganic semiconductor materials Inorganic semiconductor materials, such as TiO2, SiO2, and Fe2O3, possess conductivity

• silica-coated Au nanorods (Au@SiO2) placed at the edge of a commercially available intraocular lens (IOL) (Figure 3c). The localized photothermal conversion of Au@SiO2 effectively eradicated the residual LECs around the IOL using a low-energy laser (3.3 W·cm−2), thereby preventing disorganized fibrosis

• residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) around implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs), obscuring the visual axis and leading to potential blindness [111]. (c, d) The implantation of Au@SiO2-coated IOLs into eyes with cataracts in rabbits demonstrates the inhibition of LEC fibrosis. This is achieved through

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• Figure 2. The XRD analysis for bentonite before modification with niobium indicates dioctahedral montmorillonite (M-COD 9002779 Mx(Al4−xMgx)Si8O20(OH)4) with an amount of kaolinite (K-COD 1011045 Al2H4O9Si2) and quartz (Q-COD 9012600 SiO2) at 13.8%, 41.6%, and 44.6%, respectively [8]. The characteristic