Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• glass and not Si, charging effects can occur. In addition, the SE yields of amorphous SiO2 and crystalline Si are different. Therefore the actual deposition rates and the estimated and real layer thickness differ. Overall, they vary from 300 to 1200 nm. Although in theory, the area of the cross section

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Technische Universtät Darmstadt, 64289 Darmtadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.68 Abstract Conical nanopores in amorphous SiO2 thin films fabricated using the ion track etching technique show promising potential for filtration, sensing

• nanopores in thermal and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited (PECVD) SiO2 using synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The nanopores were fabricated by irradiating the samples with 89 MeV, 185 MeV, and 1.6 GeV Au ions, followed by hydrofluoric acid etching. We present a new approach for

• differences between the nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO2. The track-to-bulk etching rate ratio is significantly different for the two materials, producing nanopores with cone angles that differ by almost a factor of two. Furthermore, thermal SiO2 exhibits an exceptionally narrow size distribution of only 2

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• the Si substrate, the oxygen content contains contributions from both SiO2 and ZnO. The variations in grain size and RMS roughness of ZnO films with increase in ion fluence follow the same trend in AFM and FESEM analyses, but with different magnitudes. This is because of the greater sensitivity of AFM

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• decomposition residues. Results and Discussion Figure 1a shows the schematic diagram of the synthesis route of a hybrid film consisting of MoS2 coated with PyC. A molybdenum layer is deposited on a SiO2/Si substrate by magnetron sputtering for a short time of 10 s. This layer interacts with sulfur vapor at a

• wet transfer method (see the Experimental section for details). The resulting hybrid, designated PyC-MoS2, together with a surface-cleaned MoS2/SiO2/Si sample and a PyC film transferred onto a SiO2/Si substrate, were used to comparatively study the ability to adsorb and accumulate evaporated sodium

• SEM image of PyC transferred onto the SiO2/Si substrate also shows a uniform film surface (Figure 1e). The Raman spectrum of the MoS2 film contains two strong peaks at 382.6 and 408.9 cm−1 (Figure 2a) corresponding to the E12g mode and the A1g mode, respectively, of 2H-MoS2 [33]. The difference

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• proportions of carbon, oxygen, silicon, and zinc elements in both nanocomposites are relatively similar. Theoretical contents of SiO2 and Zn(OH)2 in the GO-SG-ZH nanocomposite powder are estimated to be 37.92% and 33.12%, respectively, so the remaining content of GO nanosheets is about 28.96%. Similarly, SiO2

• appeared in Figure 8e, and nanoparticles of SG and ZH were shown in Figure 8f. Integrated EDS analysis presented the elemental composition on the surface of the GO-SG-ZH/PLA film (Table 3). With the atomic contents of 8.13% of silicon and 6.36% of zinc, the atomic proportions of SiO2 and Zn(OH)2 in the

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• compounds and SiO2 are the major phases, while the iron phase was recognized as iron oxyhydroxide (FeOOH) (most probably the α polymorph). The dissolution procedure had significant influence on structural and physical properties of the investigated compound, such as lowering of the blocking temperature with

• cellulose, while the latter is speculated to be vitamins and SiO2. Figure 3 illustrates TEM images of the samples FS0 and FST. For the FS0 sample (Figure 3a,b) groups of the nanoparticles are distributed in a porous structure (a) recognized as calcium alginate, but also attached to thin, elongated stripes

•  3d confirms the presence, in addition to iron, of elements from additives and organic compounds, such as Si from SiO2, Ca from calcium alginate, and Co most likely from cobalamin. The Na and Cl peaks relating to salt (NaCl), and peaks of P, S, Ni, and Zn (trace levels), were classified as

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• known that 270 nm SiO2/Si substrates provide the highest optical contrast (O.C.) value for a single layer or few layers of CrCl3 [2][11]. Because of the insulating behavior of 270 nm SiO2 and to avoid surface charging, we utilized Si(001) wafers with a 1 nm layer of SiO2 and ITO films (190 nm) on glass

• substrates for SPEM investigations. In contrast, 285 nm SiO2/Si and ITO (190 nm) on glass substrates were used for surface potential studies. On native Si substrates, the optical contrast was insufficient to visualize thin flakes. We were unable to observe flakes with thicknesses smaller than 10 nm using the

• optical microscope. Therefore, we opted for an alternative substrate, indium tin oxide (ITO), to conduct the SPEM measurements on thinner layers. Figure 1 gives a direct comparison of AFM images and O.C. on the 1 nm SiO2/Si substrate. Optical contrast, AFM image, and a complete series of profiles showing

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• few nanometers along the entire nanowire. For operando SPEM measurements, nanowires were transferred onto a prepatterned device template with flat, individually contacted Au/Ti electrodes deposited onto a SiO2/Si substrate, separated by a 1.5 µm wide insulating gap. Optical microscopy images of the

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• lock-in amplifier (LIA). The following sections introduce the theoretical framework of multifrequency EFM, demonstrate its resolution enhancement experimentally, and validate its spectroscopic capabilities by measuring nanoscale dielectric properties of microfabricated SiO2 samples. Finally, we compare

• nanospectroscopy experiments. The microcapacitors were produced by focused ion beam (FIB) milling on a silicon wafer with a 300 nm layer of SiO2 and a 14 nm sputtered layer of Pt on it (Figure 2). Results and Discussion To investigate whether the C″-sensitive detection leads to an improved spatial resolution of

• capacitive spectra obtained by this method on etched SiO2 microcapacitors, along with high-resolution high-frequency capacitance images obtained over self-assembled molecular F14H20. Tip–sample capacitance The total capacitance between sample and cantilever consists of contributions from tip apex, tip cone

Focused ion and electron beams for synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 613–616, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.47

• the substrate. Metallic structures can be fabricated directly or through post-purification methods, such as water-assisted treatment, which has been effective for Au and Pt deposits [10]. Interestingly, morphological changes in the underlying SiO2 layer were observed during the process, resembling

• ion beam interactions [15]. In addition, the extension of the continuum model has proven useful in predicting the outcomes of ion beam milling processes in multilayered systems, as demonstrated in the case of the Si/SiO2/Pt system [16]. To identify the current state of the technology and routes

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

Electron beam-based direct writing of nanostructures using a palladium β-ketoesterate complex

• Chinmai Sai Jureddy,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Patrik Hoffmann and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 530–539, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.41

• these k-ratios, Stratagem then recalculates the composition for a thin film (multi)layered structure. The native-oxide Si(100) substrate was accounted for by including a 1 nm thick SiO2 layer of density 2.65 g·cm−3 between the Si substrate and the deposit for the thin film correction. This way, the

Zeolite materials with Ni and Co: synthesis and catalytic potential in the selective hydrogenation of citral

• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Yailen Costa Marrero,
• Tania Farias Piñeira,
• Céline Fontaine,
• Lexane Paget,
• Beatriz Concepción Rosabal,
• Arbelio Penton Madrigal,
• Vitalii Petranovskii and
• Gwendoline Lafaye

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 520–529, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.40

• ) [23]. It underwent a purification process following a method similar to one described previously [18]. Its elemental chemical composition in oxide form is 65.7% SiO2, 11.4% Al2O3, 3.4% CaO, 2.4% Na2O, 1.3% K2O, 1.1% MgO, and 2.6% Fe2O3. For simplicity, this purified zeolite is referred to as ZSA

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , even for monoatomic layers [34]. The patterns may serve as templates for the later evolution of film textures. Relevant examples of such systems are Al or Cu layers deposited on Si substrates, or SiO2 and TiN layers deposited on Ti or Al substrates [31]. In this article, we perform a computational

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• , including exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability, wide availability, low cost, and a highly tunable structure, making them well-suited for such uses [67][68][69][70][71]. 2.3 Inorganic semiconductor materials Inorganic semiconductor materials, such as TiO2, SiO2, and Fe2O3, possess conductivity

• silica-coated Au nanorods (Au@SiO2) placed at the edge of a commercially available intraocular lens (IOL) (Figure 3c). The localized photothermal conversion of Au@SiO2 effectively eradicated the residual LECs around the IOL using a low-energy laser (3.3 W·cm−2), thereby preventing disorganized fibrosis

• residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) around implanted intraocular lenses (IOLs), obscuring the visual axis and leading to potential blindness [111]. (c, d) The implantation of Au@SiO2-coated IOLs into eyes with cataracts in rabbits demonstrates the inhibition of LEC fibrosis. This is achieved through

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• Figure 2. The XRD analysis for bentonite before modification with niobium indicates dioctahedral montmorillonite (M-COD 9002779 Mx(Al4−xMgx)Si8O20(OH)4) with an amount of kaolinite (K-COD 1011045 Al2H4O9Si2) and quartz (Q-COD 9012600 SiO2) at 13.8%, 41.6%, and 44.6%, respectively [8]. The characteristic

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

• aluminum in regular tetrahedral sites of the zeolite framework. As it was reported earlier for 2D mordenite pillared by amorphous SiO2, obtained by hydrolysis of TEOT in water, the removal of CTAB leads to a partial removal of Al from the zeolite frameworks [5]. The same is observed for the TiO2-loaded

• SiO2 opens up a wide range of opportunities for the development of new materials for specific applications. Experimental The synthesis of nanocomposites was carried out similarly to the method first proposed in [49] and used previously in [5][50] for the insertion of SiO2 nanopillars. The latter

Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• focused on silica (SiO2) nanomaterials in the size range of 50–100 nm (depending on the method used, i.e., transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, or dynamic light scattering (intensity or number distribution)) with different surface modifications, which are reported to be

• procurement) of the particles, which for SiO2 nanomaterials is either the Stöber method or the emulsion method, followed by chemical modification. Here, nanomaterial functionalisation was realised by addition of amino or carboxyl groups with shorter or longer aliphatic linkers. Alteration in the particles

• professional antigen-presenting cell (APC) models using unmodified SiO2 nanomaterials [50] compared with differently surface-functionalised particles [51]. As a model for APCs, monocyte-derived dendritic cells were generated from human whole blood samples as a preliminary step, again building a BIODA-type of

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• dynamics of larger precursor molecules. Methods A dual-beam microscope Nova 600 (FEI Company, the Netherlands) at Goethe University Frankfurt was used for the nanofabrication process. Structures were deposited on a 500 nm thick Au surface on top of a SiO2-terminated Si substrate in order to prevent

Heterogeneous reactions in a HFCVD reactor: simulation using a 2D model

• Xochitl Aleyda Morán Martínez,
• José Alberto Luna López,
• Zaira Jocelyn Hernández Simón,
• Gabriel Omar Mendoza Conde,
• José Álvaro David Hernández de Luz and
• Godofredo García Salgado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1627–1638, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.128

• ]. Also, modeling of CVD microreactors at atmospheric pressure using tetraethyl orthosilicate as a source to obtain SiO2 has been achieved through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations [22]. The gas-phase and surface reactions were analyzed using direct Monte Carlo simulations of a hot wire

• chemical vapor deposition reactor for the growth of polycrystalline SiO2 [23]. Most of these models describe CVD reactors at low pressure and low temperature, but there are not enough models regarding CVD systems at high temperature (>800 K) and high pressure (atmospheric pressure). In this investigation

• was taken from [27]. The modeling of chemical reactions A prior thermodynamic equilibrium study of the heterogeneous reaction of SiO2 (s) + H° (g) at 1 atm pressure in the temperature range from 100 to 2000 °C using FactSage software found that the gas species with higher concentrations were H°, SiO

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• manipulate the transmission of light modes, similar to how nanostructures have been utilized to regulate electron-related phenomena. Here we study the optical performance of a one-dimensional stacked photonic crystal based on LN and TiO2/SiO2. We studied the quarter wavelength multi-layered stack using

• and hybrid devices with combined functionalities [16]. We focus on the DBR structure out of lithium niobate. To achieve PhC effects, one of the ways is creating alternating layers of LN and another material with a contrasting refractive index. We chose TiO2 and SiO2 as it has a considerable difference

• in refractive index which is crucial for the creation of photonic bandgap [13]. In addition, these two materials are highly used in the photonics industry due to their easy availability and low cost. Moreover, both TiO2 and SiO2 can be integrated with various materials. The precise choice of

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• monolayers of WSe2 were aligned at a 0° angle to form the 3R phase. The graphene/3R WSe2/graphene heterojunctions were aligned and assembled onto a SiO2/Si substrate by the all-dry transfer method. Au/Cr (50/10 nm) electrodes were patterned using standard electron-beam lithography (EBL, Raith 150 Two) and

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• oxides have been synthesized by exposing precursor solutions to microwave irradiation, including MgO [28], RuO2 [29], ZrO2 [30], WO3 [31], SiO2 [32], TiO2 [33][34], and ZnO [12]. The microwave power utilized in these processes varied from 140 W [34] to 850 W [29]. ZnO is a widely studied n-type oxide

The role of a tantalum interlayer in enhancing the properties of Fe₃O₄ thin films

• Hai Dang Ngo,
• Vo Doan Thanh Truong,
• Van Qui Le,
• Hoai Phuong Pham and
• Thi Kim Hang Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1253–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.101

• promising applications. High-quality Fe3O4 thin films are a must to achieve the goals. In this report, Fe3O4 films on different substrates (SiO2/Si(100), MgO(100), and MgO/Ta/SiO2/Si(100)) were fabricated at room temperature with radio-frequency (RF) sputtering and annealed at 450 °C for 2 h. The

• morphological, structural, and magnetic properties of the deposited samples were characterized with atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The polycrystalline Fe3O4 film grown on MgO/Ta/SiO2/Si(100) presented very interesting morphology and structure characteristics

• in significant changes in the film’s characteristics [19][20]. Roy et al. conducted a study on polycrystalline Fe3O4 films on Si and SiO2/Si substrates. Their findings revealed that the value of the Gilbert damping parameter is significantly higher in Fe3O4/Si films compared to Fe3O4/SiO2/Si films

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• hepato-protective effects in dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury, which may be due to selective toxicity to the proliferating tissue, including adenomatous islands formed in the liver [64]. Peng and co-workers successfully elucidated the hepato-protective effect of TiO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs [65]. The

• effects of TiO2 NPs, with diameters around 20 and 200 nm, and SiO2 NPs on proliferation, fibrosis, adhesion, and migration of LX-2 cells as a model of HSC activation were studied. The results show that the internalization of both TiO2 NPs and SiO2 NPs suppressed classical outcomes of cellular fibrosis