Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• “smart textiles”, possess a range of properties, including antistatic, UV-blocking, hydrophobic, electronic, thermoregulation, and antimicrobial effects [21][22][23]. One of the simplest way to incorporate nanomaterials into fabrics is by mimicking designs found in nature. It is well known that the

• fabrics, corresponding to E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, were exposed to visible light at an intensity of 96.9 klux and UV-A/B radiation at 6704 µW·cm−2 under a glass microscope slide (Figure 4 and Table 2). As seen in Figure 4, Ag/CBV-600-bramante showed strong antibacterial activity against E

• exposure. Considering the effects observed on the fabrics exposed to sunlight, washed fabrics were exclusively tested under 60 min of sunlight exposure. A radiation level of 94.4 klux and UV-A/B radiation of 7.05 mW·cm−2 were registered. The antibacterial activity of fabrics after the fourth washing cycle

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• consisted of four metal–dielectric periods, leaving us with a total of eight layers. We verified the total thickness of the multilayer stack using a Bruker Dektak XT profilometer. We used a Hach DR6000 UV–vis spectrophotometer to measure the linear absorption of each sample over the range from 300 to 1000

• . Results and Discussion Linear characterization The linear absorption of the sample was studied using spectrophotometry to measure the transmittance of our samples (Figure 3a). We see that the structures have an absorption edge present in the UV region, which probably has a strong contribution from the

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• diffraction (PXRD) (see Supporting Information File 1). An ice-cold solution of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was added dropwise to an aqueous solution containing KAuCl4 and the sodium salt of SiW9, resulting in the formation of an orange-brown dispersion (Figure 1b). UV–vis spectroscopy revealed the

• indicates the successful deposition of Au-SiW9 onto the carbon supports. The successful deposition was further confirmed through UV–vis analysis of the filtrate obtained after the filtration step, which revealed the disappearance of the characteristic LSPR band at 508 nm (Figure 6a). The TEM images of the

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• ωB97XD/6-31G(d,p) optimized structures in solvent chloroform (used to mimic the polarity of the polymer layer). Simulated (using the vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths) UV spectra are given in Figure 9. One strong monomer band at 383 nm is predicted. The spectra of the model dimers

• thermal treatment. This ensured that the recorded spectra reflect the state of the material right after the treatment. Spectral measurements A Varian Cary 5E UV–vis–NIR spectrometer was employed to analyze absorption spectra of samples (thickness 200–300 nm) in the 250–800 nm spectral range before and

• /aggregation, whereas a negative value implies a favorable one. DFT calculations at 200 °C (473.15 K) were used to study molecular properties at this specific temperature. UV–vis spectra of a single PAZO side chain model and fragments/aggregates were calculated by TD-DFT at PBE1PBE/6-311+G(2d,p) level of

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• materials such as graphene, azobenzene, and gold nanorods [54]. Upon exposure to UV–vis or near-infrared (NIR) light, these materials undergo structural changes or generate ROS, triggering controlled release of their therapeutic cargo. This precise spatiotemporal control over drug release and therapeutic

• activity enhances treatment efficacy and minimises off-target effects, thus seamlessly complementing other stimuli-responsive delivery systems discussed earlier. Earlier, a study by Hu et al. demonstrated that nanocarriers functionalized with photoisomerizable azobenzene groups, upon UV–vis or NIR light

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• for asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation analysis (AF4 analysis). Experiments were carried out by in-line coupling the AF4 system with UV–vis, multi-angle light scattering (MALS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) detectors. The AF4 system used was composed of an Eclipse Dualtec separation system

• ]. Figure 1 represents the fractograms obtained from the AF4 analysis of the native formulations. The black line originates from the UV signal (230 nm) and the red line from the light scattering signal at 90°. Both signals were normalized to the highest signal. The UV-absorbance peaks (black signal

• , in comparison to NLb2. Moreover, it can be observed that the shape of the light-scattering (red line) and UV signals (RT 40–60 min) of those materials treated with little or no PEG (NLb0 and NLb2) looks differently compared to that of NLb1 (pyramid-like vs near-Gaussian-like). As already mentioned in

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• centrifugal rotation of 3000g. The resulting filtrate was subsequently diluted in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and analyzed by UV–vis spectrophotometry at 265 nm [19]. The release profiles of free 5-FU solution, 5-FU-loaded liposomes, and 5-FU-loaded immunoliposomes were comparatively analyzed under the same

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• transparency; however, several limitations can be highlighted. The resins are not always compatible with metal patina [49] and are also easily prone to yellowing due to ageing from ultraviolet (UV) radiation or thermal stress [50], while the waxes guarantee a protection from corrosion, but only in the early

• activity under both UV-A and visible light. The TiO2/C-dot composites were synthesized via a green, hydrothermal method using citric acid and hydroxylamine, resulting in anatase-phase particles. Various C-dot loadings were tested; composites with moderate content (i.e., TC25 and TC50) demonstrated superior

• consolidant composed of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and PDMS, forming a protective and functional coating. The film structure fully integrated the C-dots, without altering TiO2 bonding, maintaining visual transparency and color neutrality on mortar surfaces. Under both UV and visible light, the coated mortars

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• observed upon mixing aqueous and ethanolic solutions, and gelation generally occurred in less than one minute (as judged by vial inversion) to yield the gel materials containing the chosen fluorophore. Photophysical characterization of fluorophore@Gels UV–visible absorption spectroscopy was performed using

• a Cary 5000 UV–visible spectrophotometer (Agilent). Fluorescence spectroscopy and absolute fluorescence quantum yield measurements (given in Supporting Information File 1) were carried out on a FLS 980 spectrometer (Edinburgh Instruments) equipped with a front face sample holder or integrating

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• system of AuNR and PbO2 that exhibited switchable chirality [168]. In their research, the PbO2 in left-handed AuNR/PbO2 heterostructures were dissolved through reductive reactions when exposed to UV illumination. Subsequently, the right-handed heterostructure could be fabricated using RCPL. Similar

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• purple. The sensor’s effectiveness was confirmed with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 μg/mL and a recovery rate (RR) of 92.0–95.3% for VB12, equivalent in accuracy to ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectrometry. Since the sensor’s LOD for VB12 was above the recommended dietary allowance level (0.02–0.03

• studies, Murillo Pulgarín et al. evaluated the chemiluminescent determination of VB12 [107][108]. First, a charge-coupled device (CCD) photodetector alongside UV persulfate oxidation within a streamlined continuous flow system was employed for the catalytic enhancement of Co2+ in the reaction between

• luminol and percarbonate (H2O2 source) in an alkaline setting, where Co2+ released from VB12 acted as the recognition element, luminol served as the indicator, and the CL emission intensity represented the sensing signal. UV irradiation in the persulfate environment led to the liberation of Co2+ from the

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• sonication for 10 min. UV/ozone cleaning was applied to remove any possible hydrocarbon contamination, and the VSFG spectrum of washed gold was used as reference to normalize the non-flat infrared power distribution, similar to FTIR recording. About 10 µL of the sample was drop-cast on the surface and

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• application of nanomaterials for microplastic removal is elaborated in detail, and case studies validated their effectiveness, especially in cold environments with strong UV irradiation. In the face of increasing worldwide research into microplastic contamination, there remains a huge knowledge gap concerning

• is particularly problematic at high altitudes, including the Himalayas. Implementation of sophisticated analysis methods and sampling is limited due to extreme climatic conditions like below-freezing temperatures, strong UV irradiation, and poor infrastructure [31]. Portable and robust field-friendly

• most promising among them are photocatalytic processes that utilize titanium dioxide nanoparticles under UV radiation. These are very efficient degradation processes for degrading plastics to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water [43]. Fenton reactions, involving a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• peroxidase, or UV-assisted photo-Fenton processes. Notably, oxidised CNOs degrade more readily than their pristine counterparts, due to their higher defect density and greater abundance of oxygen-containing functional groups [42]. These findings highlight that the biodegradability of CNMs strongly depends on

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• washed with toluol for 3 d. ArFSH-FmocAlaNHzoSIL: SH-FmocAlaNHzoSIL is added to a degassed solution of pentafluorostyrene (0.312 g, 1.61 mmoL) and DMPA (5 mg, 0.04 mmol) in 10 mL of toluol. The material was infiltrated overnight. The material in solution was irradiated with UV light (λ = 365 nm) for 6 h

• performed on a Hitachi Regulus SU8200. UV–vis spectroscopy was performed on an Agilent UV–Vis Cary 4000. Supercritical drying was carried out using a SPI-DRY critical point dryer Jumbo. HPLC measurements were performed on a Hewlett Packard 1100 Series. ESR spectroscopy: ESR spectroscopy was performed on a

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• parts of three honeycomb worms using TRIzolTM Reagent kit (Thermofisher). The parts selected were the head, parathoracic, abdominal, and caudal regions. Concentration and purity of the extracted RNA were measured with a UV–vis spectrophotometer (DENOVIX DS-11). A cDNA library was synthesized from the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• [45][46]. Besides silver, zinc, copper, and nickel, other metals have been used to a lesser extent. The significant representation of ZnO-NPs, known for their biocompatibility, UV-blocking capacity, and antibacterial efficacy, aligns with their growing use in restorative and preventive dentistry

• = 36), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis, 34.69%; n = 35), and X-ray diffraction (XRD, 25.48%; n = 27). They are among the most commonly used techniques for the characterization of metallic nanoparticles synthesized via green routes due to their complementary abilities to elucidate key

• structural, optical, and chemical properties. FTIR enables the identification of functional groups involved in the reduction and stabilization of nanoparticles, typically derived from phytochemicals in plant extracts used as reducing agents [52][56]. UV–vis spectroscopy is widely employed to monitor

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• atomic force microscopy. Electrical properties as a function of air humidity were evaluated using a two-point method, and photocatalytic activity was tested by monitoring the UV-induced decomposition of rhodamine B. The results demonstrate that ion implantation significantly reduces surface resistivity

• disintegration of rhodamine B using UV light. The experimental results clearly confirmed that silver ion implantation led to a significant reduction in the surface electrical resistance of both GO and PI. Simultaneously, an enhancement of photocatalytic activity was observed, demonstrated by a faster degradation

• at even higher energies. This is because the ion penetrates the solid, preventing dislocated atoms from reaching the surface. The ion gradually loses energy to the atoms and becomes trapped [32]. Photocatalytic properties The photocatalytic properties were tested in a dark chamber with UV light by

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• from light. Absorbance was then measured at 518 nm using a Multiskan Go UV spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, FI). Ascorbic acid (3% w/v, prepared in the ophthalmic vehicle) was used as the positive control. The experiment was performed in quadruplicate, and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• , Hamburg, Germany) and a razor blade. One end of the pillars was then glued to special sample holders using a UV-cured liquid plastic welding system (Bondic BC4000, VIKO UG, Kranzberg, Germany). Each tissue sample was then imaged at a special synchrotron radiation-based nano-holotomography setup at the

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• additionally available, which allows for preparing sample surfaces before commencing the APXPS experiments. Both beamlines have other external light sources (e.g., to provide solar radiation or UV light) available to all users in order to perform photocatalysis experiments. HIPPIE offers also a catalytic

• under operando conditions. Additionally, the kinetics of charge transfer and the role of specific chemical species or components functioning as charge donors or acceptors during photocatalytic reactions can be clarified using APXPS. At MAX IV, external light sources (e.g., UV lamps or solar simulators

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• scattering (DLS), and UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy were used for characterization. The nanoparticles showed increased cellular uptake compared to free PD-L1, suppression of the NF-κB pathway as indicated by reduced PHO-P65 protein expression, and enhanced tumor inhibition due to immune activation and

• cell cycle arrest, regulate oxidative stress, enhance metabolic reprogramming, inhibit invasion and metastasis, and modulate immunity and inflammation [129]. The developed nanoparticles underwent physicochemical characterization by SEM, UV–vis spectroscopy, and encapsulation testing, in which the

• ]. The formulation includes temperature-responsive and non-temperature-responsive amphiphilic molecules (weight ratio of 7:3). UV–vis spectroscopy, TEM, and DLS experiments demonstrated that administration of 14.37 mg·kg−1 of the nanoparticles inhibited lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and migration

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• generating highly reactive radicals through techniques such as Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions, UV/H2O2 systems, ozonation, TiO2, photocatalysis, and electrochemical oxidation [53]. These methods hold potential for breaking down MPs into smaller, less harmful by products, although optimization and

• include ultraviolet-induced oxidation, ozone-based oxidation, photocatalysis (activated by UV, solar, or visible light), electrochemical oxidation, and persulfate-activated oxidation [57]. In photocatalysis, photons excite the catalyst, generating electron–hole pairs that trigger redox reactions with the

• biological treatments aimed at removing organic contaminants [96]. In photocatalysis, under UV illumination, electron–hole pairs are generated. These pairs interact with water molecules and dissolved oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions. These highly

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• turn, a superior photoactivity. Compared to TiO2 nanowire arrays grown on metallic Ti substrates, TiO2 nanowires supported on carbon cloth substrates demonstrate markedly superior efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) molecules in water when exposed to UV light. The TiO2

• nanowires remove 90–97% OFL in water with a high initial concentration of 50 ppm in 6 h under UV light irradiation for up to six cycles. The contributions of the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) additive were also studied. An enhanced efficiency could be achieved only when the H2O2 in water reaches a critical

• controlled film thickness of 1.5–4.5 μm, on concurrently activated carbon cloth substrates. The composite film exhibited a high efficiency towards removal of rhodamine B and sulfosalicylic acid in water under UV light illumination, mainly thanks to the highly adsorptive substrate [16]. In the current

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• . Funct. Mater., 24, 4427–4434 (2014), with permission from John Wiley and Sons. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (f) PBTPA films, formed via capillary molding and UV curing, exhibit high flexibility and tunable wettability based on monomer