Cellulose as a photocatalyst support material: extraction, structural features, and environmental applications

• Yee Teng Lim,
• Nur Farhana Jaafar,
• Azizul Hakim Lahuri and
• Endang Tri Wahyuni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 635–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.44

• of functional groups enable it to act as an effective support matrix for photocatalysts such as ZnO, TiO2, Cu2O, and various hybrid nanocomposites. Through stabilizing nanoparticles, preventing their aggregation and contributing to pollutant adsorption, cellulose enhances the overall efficiency of

• and holes but also enhance the adsorption of contaminants while preventing the undesirable aggregation of TiO2 particles, thereby improving both the stability and efficiency of the photocatalyst [101]. There is strong compatibility between TiO2 nanoparticles and cellulose chains, as the interaction

Two-step laser synthesis of Ag@TiO₂ nanomaterials for the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

• Marija Kovačević,
• Miloš Tošić,
• Rafaela Radičić,
• Vladimir Rajić,
• Nikša Krstulović,
• Miloš Momčilović and
• Sanja Živković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 622–634, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.43

• ) and R2(2)) were calculated from the plots and are presented in Table 4. Both kinetic models show a correlation over 0.96 for both samples. For Ag@TiO2 200p NPs, the data fit better with the pseudo-second order model, indicating that the degradation rate is strongly influenced by the adsorption

• -order model, which is more typical when the main process is controlled by light absorption and charge carrier transfer rather than surface adsorption. The smaller particle size and higher silver content in the 2000p sample improved electron–hole separation; hence, the reaction was mainly driven by

Towards targeted drugs and next generation of nanomedicines

• Anna Salvati,
• Silvia Giordani and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 598–601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.41

• affect nanoparticle distribution and reach the target organ [24][27]. Endogenous targeting refers to the capacity of targeting acquired by nanomedicines after administration, upon adsorption on their surface of specific endogenous biomolecules. In fact, while nanomedicines are usually modified to prevent

• first lipid nanoparticle approved in the clinics for RNA delivery (in this case short interfering RNA). It was reported that this nanomedicine reaches the hepatocytes because of the adsorption of apolipoprotein E on its surface once administered, driving accumulation in the liver and promoting

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• of π-stacking of the Pc conjugated core on the nanotube surface and its observation here is consistent with an adsorption of ZnPc on graphene, the molecule lying flat on the surface. The frequencies of these three peaks are similar before and after annealing (1543, 1472, and 1374 cm−1), within our

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• properties were determined. Finally, the photocatalytic behavior of the materials was studied in the photocatalytic oxidation of ketoprofen (KTP) under UV irradiation, with the aim of studying the charge-transfer improvement. Ketoprofen degradation, adsorption, kinetics, and reaction pathways have been

• ]. Point of zero charge The point of zero charge (PZC) of the TiO2, 0.5 Cu–0.5 Mo/TiO2, and 0.5 Co–0.5 Mo/TiO2 photocatalysts was determined by the acid–base titration method [40]. Information on the surface properties of the catalysts is highly relevant as adsorption plays a vital role in photocatalytic

• analysis previously described revealed a lower surface area for this material. However, the different surface charge properties obtained by the surface copper content, and confirmed by the evaluation of PZC could enhance the adsorption ability, improving the subsequent oxidation reaction. Table 2 shows the

Electrochemical determination of ciprofloxacin using a MIL-101/reduced graphene oxide-modified electrode

• Nguyen Quang Man,
• Nguyen Ngoc Nghia,
• Nguyen Vinh Phu,
• Vo Thi Khanh Ly,
• Le Lam Son,
• Pham Khac Lieu,
• Le Thi Hong Phong,
• Nguyen Dinh Luyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 541–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.35

• strong π–π interactions with aromatic compounds like ciprofloxacin [14][15]. Integrating MIL-101 with rGO aims to combine the high surface area and adsorption capacity of MIL-101 with the excellent electrical conductivity and electron-transfer ability of rGO, creating a synergistic effect that boosts the

• electrochemical performance of the composite material. This combination can promote efficient analyte adsorption and fast charge transfer at the electrode interface. Consistent with this idea, Gu et al. reported that MIL-101/rGO composites exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic activity toward the reduction of

• oxidation peak is observed at the bare GCE, indicating sluggish electron-transfer kinetics. Upon modification with MIL-101 or rGO, the anodic peak current increases noticeably, reflecting improved adsorption and conductivity. The obtained peak potentials (Ep) for GCE, GO/GCE, rGO/GCE, MIL-101/GCE, MIL-101

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• from triplet to singlet during dissociation [62]. Although O2 incorporation into the WS2 surface involves electron transfer from the substrate, the reaction may proceed via non-adiabatic pathways, as previously discussed for O2 adsorption on metal surfaces [66][67]. This underscores the limitations of

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• reactivity [3]. Amini et al. combined atomistic molecular dynamics, a coarse-grained model of protein adsorption, and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to predict the protein corona composition formed on aluminium surfaces with different crystal faces, (i.e., (100), (110), and (111)) from a simplified model of

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• urea arranged on the surface so that it covers the material and interacts with the zeolitic frameworks, was evidenced by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy, adsorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and other methods, as well as through culture

• by XRD) and other qualities of these zeolites, highlighting their ion-exchange and adsorption properties for nutrient release and reversible water retention. This is essential for the use of this material as a slow-release fertilizer that efficiently provides nutrients for the agroecological

• development of plants, as evidenced in the cultivation tests. Keywords: adsorption; agroecological fertilizer; ion exchange; MOR–HEU zeolite mixture; natural zeolite; Introduction Traditional chemical fertilizers, widely used in agriculture, undergo significant nutrient losses resulting from dissolution and

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• modulate protein adsorption and cellular responses at the biointerface [24][25]. Despite this broad interest in catechol-based coatings, alternative polycatecholamines remain only minimally explored. To date, only two studies have specifically examined polytyrosine (PTYR), or structurally related

• multiplied, as shown in Figure 8b. Similar to our study, surface Ra affecting the initial threshold has been reported by other authors [38]. It is known that both nano/microroughness and wettability of the material surface can influence cell adhesion since these parameters affect the adsorption kinetics of

• roughness threshold has previously been observed for fibroblasts also on silicone surfaces [42] and on various metallic surfaces [43], as well as for bone marrow stem cells on polycarbonate membranes [44]. Platelet adhesion and activation on artificial surfaces are triggered by the initial adsorption of pro

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• interconnected structure of the samples. The Raman analysis results are in line with the morphological information obtained from the SEM data. The SEM and Raman experiments confirm the effect of ethanol on the CNS, which improves the presence of grooves and pores as available adsorption sites after ethanol

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• environments, their tunable surface area and surface chemistry, and electrical conductivity [18][19]. To deposit metal NPs onto a carbon support, procedures such as adsorption or reduction–deposition (RD), co-precipitation, impregnation, and deposition precipitation (DP) are commonly employed [6][19]. Carbon

• micropores around 1 nm, with a small type-II contribution at larger P/P0 and a small H4 hysteresis loop, which is given by the mesoporous part of AC. rGO has a type-II isotherm due to unrestricted monolayer–multilayer adsorption up to high P/P0; the multilayer absorption appears to increase without limit

• (C–O, C=O, –OH) that can form hydrogen bonds or coordination interactions with citrate ligands and Au species [29][30]. These localized polar sites promote adsorption. Second, charge inhomogeneities on rGO arising from structural defects, residual oxygenated patches, and edge terminations create

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• and risks associated with specific ENMs [56]. One illustrative application involves modelling nanoparticle–protein interactions, a critical factor in drug delivery systems, where digital twins can accurately predict protein adsorption patterns on nanoparticle surfaces through read-across and

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• groups for protonation-driven charge inversion, ensuring precise intracellular payload unloading [22]. Furthermore, the neutral charge state during systemic circulation helps to reduce cytotoxicity by minimising nonspecific protein adsorption and immune system activation. A study by Yuan et al. showed

• that zwitterionic and neutral nanoparticles possess highly hydrated, charge-balanced surfaces that minimize serum protein adsorption, complement activation, and cytokine release (IL-6, TNF-α). In murine models, these particles exhibited reduced systemic inflammation and enhanced circulation stability

• lysosomes. Upon bond cleavage, the nanoparticles undergo a surface charge shift by exposing cationic groups, which significantly enhances cellular adsorption and uptake. This charge-switching mechanism, exemplified by PEG-b-poly(ʟ-lysine)-hydrazone- doxorubicin micelles from the cited study, enables

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• protein adsorption. The extent of this modulation strongly depends on both the PEG grafting density and the molecular weight of the PEG chains. Namely, the incorporation of 50 mg of DSPE-mPEG2000 serves to introduce a PEGylated surface that effectively modulates protein corona formation upon exposure to

• that the protein adsorption by NLb1 and NLb2 (Figure 5) is already expressed in the first hour of incubation, resulting in strong bands at about 60 kDA, originating from albumin, the most abundant protein in the serum. On the other hand, these bands are not so expressed in NLb0. Considering that the

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• 50. This increase in negative surface charge may be attributed to changes in the distribution of surrounding counterions, possibly caused by the adsorption or ionization of functional groups at the liposomal surface [47]. Additionally, the exposure of the phosphate moiety to the aqueous environment

• structural and functional integrity of the bioactive compounds. 3.5 Stability of nanoparticles in serum Assessing colloidal stability in bovine serum is a critical parameter for inferring the in vivo behavior of nanostructured systems, as the presence of plasma proteins can induce adsorption on the particle

• polymer is known to reduce protein corona formation and confer greater stability in biological media [69][70]. In immunoliposomes, a tendency for size and PDI to increase after 24–48 h of incubation was observed, suggesting possible adsorption of serum proteins and/or reorganization of antibody chains on

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• protecting wood (Castanea sativa, chestnut, and Quercus pubescens, oak) by developing a highly hydrophobic coating using environmentally friendly components. Their work focused on protection against the principal threat of water adsorption (which may cause swelling, warping, and structural weakening) by

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• vacancies enable adsorption sites for electrolyte ions [57]. This research contributes to the development of thermal reduction methods of free-standing rGO thin films, that is, rGO paper. It is worth emphasizing that the presented material was prepared without any additional surfactants or binding agents

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• . have demonstrated the enantioselective photocyclodimerization of 2-anthracenecarboxylic acid adsorbed on Ag nanohelixes [21]. The authors attributed the enantioselectivity to the different adsorption energies of stacked dimer precursors arising from the different geometrical adhering to the wave-like

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• hydrophobic tips. While VSFG indicated preferential hydration of the dimannoside and proved conformational changes in the organic ligands, AFM provided sub-nanometer changes in particle topography due to water adsorption. In general, the dimannoside nanoparticles condense ultrathin water layers upon humidity

• increase. In contrast, we found that the water adsorption on the oligo(ethylene glycol) particles depends little on humidity. Our insights into structural changes on glyconanoparticles and the hydration properties of glycosylated particles are of application value for biosensors and help model the

• high and the shape cannot be identical (hemagglutinin is roughly a triangular 7 nm prism of 15 nm length), the size is in the typical NP range, and a dense coating with oligomannoside should mimic surface physics. Accordingly, we note that the adsorption of AuNPs on surfaces would mimic the survival of

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• of more than 80% [76]. This demonstrates their capacity to quickly clean up waterways tainted by plastic. Researchers have also demonstrated that the combination of adsorption and photocatalysis enhances the degradation of PE and PET in GO-based composites. According to Uoginte et al., GO serves as a

• mechanisms, efficiency, and experimental conditions. To improve clarity and compare functional mechanisms, the nanomaterials are grouped based on their primary MP removal strategy, that is, adsorption, photocatalysis, and magnetic/hybrid systems. Tables 4–6 highlight that adsorption and photocatalysis are

• another promising approach. GO may be combined with TiO2 or ZnO to create materials that have both adsorption and photocatalytic properties, which improves their ability to absorb and break down MPs. They are perfect for harsh and isolated environments because of their resilience and flexibility [79]. The

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• therapeutics are loaded onto the CNMs via approaches like physical adsorption, covalent attachment, or encapsulation. The resulting formulations undergo in vitro evaluation, and the promising candidates then proceed to in vivo testing in animal models to evaluate therapeutic efficacy, biodistribution, and

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• measurements more difficult. There are other valuable methods for investigating transport in porous media such as gas-adsorption methods, X-ray tomography [24][25], neutron imaging techniques [26][27], optical imaging techniques [27][28], or impedance spectroscopy [29][30]. For all of them, it is difficult to

• significant adsorption of the spin probes at all temperatures, there is only a minor difference for the two enantiomers (Figure 11, ESR spectra are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S12). For understanding the different and unexpected behavior of the SIL compared to the oSIL materials (Scheme 2

• which there is a seemingly perfect degree of adsorption, not too high, not too low. Still, the selectivity values remain close to 1, meaning that there is no separation. An advantage of the ESR spectroscopy is that the spectra contain information about the local environment of the spin probe. We found a

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• for water adsorption and retention, owing to their large number of pendant hydrophilic groups and atoms capable of forming hydrogen bonds, such as nitrogen and oxygen. The second and third stages corresponded to the degradation and cleavage of the HA chains, resulting in mass losses of approximately