Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• . These studies reveal that SWCNTs interact with the hydrophobic residues of Aβ peptides, particularly through π-stacking interactions with aromatic amino acids such as phenylalanine. This interaction destabilizes the prefibrillar β-sheet structures, preventing the formation of toxic oligomers and

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• either by direct conjugation to carriers or through their incorporation into nanoparticle-based complexes. Various synthetic polymers used for targeted ASO delivery include poly(amino acids), polyamines, polyacrylates and polyolefins, and neutral polymers. Poly(amino acids) Poly(ʟ-lysine). Poly(ʟ-lysine

• endocytosis. Additionally, PLR has been studied for its ability to enhance cell penetration and promote endosomal escape, which are crucial steps for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents [92][93]. However, like other cationic poly(amino acids), its use is sometimes limited by potential

• . Additionally, the attachment of hydrophobic moieties, amino acids, and small peptides to linear and branched PEI has been explored as an alternative to improve the biostability and bioavailability of cationic polyplexes while offering a targeted delivery with reduced cytotoxicity that is frequently associated

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• ) from the collection of the Institute of Cytology RAS (St. Petersburg, Russia). Standard culture medium Igla, produced by the Moscow Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitis, was employed for cell culture, supplemented with 1% nonessential amino acids (NEAA) and 10% fetal bovine serum. The

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• evidenced by a shift in zeta potential to a slightly positive value of 1.07 ± 1.80 mV. This shift may be attributed to the protonation of amino acids such as glutamic and aspartic acid in the peptide sequence, which, under acidic conditions, likely contributes to an increase in positive charge [13

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• of NPs accumulates in tumors and <0.0014% are internalized by the cells [8][9][10][11]. Once in contact with blood, NPs interact with a series of physiological components (e.g., amino acids, salts, and proteins), which can induce poor colloidal stability or changes in the original chemical and

• evaluate the colloidal stability of NPs in complex media. The media used for these measurements were i) Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM, Sigma-Aldrich), supplemented with 10.0% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Sigma-Aldrich), with 1.0% of non-essential amino acids (Sigma-Aldrich), and with 1.0% of

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• aptamer ligand/nucleolin receptor Chen et al. prepared AuNCs (≈3 nm) stabilized with histidine amino acids [142]. These particles were then functionalized through chemical conjugation with two targeting ligands, cyclic RGD (cRGD) and AS1411, along with the incorporation of doxorubicin (DOX) or the near

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• , carbonyl, and carboxy terminal groups are active sites to interact with DNA or amino acids. The molecular orbital scheme of this molecule is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2, together with its molecular electrostatic potential (ESP). In the case of doxorubicin, from frontier molecular

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• stress in mammals [20]. Tropocollagen, the most basic unit of collagen, is formed by the combination of three polypeptide chains, and each chain contains about 1000 amino acids. Type-I collagen forms well-organized fibers and fibrils. Collagen molecules in a triple helix structure self-assemble to form

Electrospun polysuccinimide scaffolds containing different salts as potential wound dressing material

• Veronika Pálos,
• Krisztina S. Nagy,
• Rita Pázmány,
• Krisztina Juriga-Tóth,
• Bálint Budavári,
• Judit Domokos,
• Dóra Szabó,
• Ákos Zsembery and
• Angela Jedlovszky-Hajdu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 781–796, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.65

• % CO2 in a humidified atmosphere, and subcultivated at a subconfluent state by using trypsin/EDTA (0.05%). The medium used for the MG-63 cell line was composed of MEM supplemented with 10% of fetal bovine serum, 1% of non-essential amino acids, 2 mM of ʟ-glutamine, 100 IU/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL

• of streptomycin. The medium for the 155BR cells contained 15% of fetal bovine serum, 1% of non-essential amino acids, 2 mM of ʟ-glutamine, 100 IU/mL of penicillin, and 100 µg/mL of streptomycin in DMEM. Cytotoxicity tests Indirect cytotoxicity tests were based on a previous publications of our

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• representing the biological aspect of the interface, including amino acids (AAs), milk proteins, and carbohydrates. Additionally, we examine the preferred orientations of these molecules upon adsorption and investigate the kinetics of competitive adsorption among the proteins and lactose, aiming to understand

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• of hydrophobic interactions [21][22]. Acidic pH values below 5 cause protein A/G to separate from antibody, probably by imposing positive charges on amino acids with pKa values above 5, such as histidine, as described in Zarrineh et al. for the interaction between protein A and the Fc of antibody [25

New trends in nanobiotechnology

• Pau-Loke Show,
• Kit Wayne Chew,
• Wee-Jun Ong,
• Sunita Varjani and
• Joon Ching Juan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 377–379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.32

• biocompatibility of the nanomaterials is also discussed. The thematic issue also recorded a work on the topic of “Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials” [5], where the role of biomaterials in nanobiotechnology is discussed. In this review, the latest advances in amino acid self-assembly and

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• (arginine) amino acids. The hypotheses of this study were as follows: (1) The basic serine and arginine residues in the SiBP can facilitate hydrolysis of the precursor molecules and, thus, catalyze the synthesis of SiO2 particles. (2) The affinity of the SiBP to SiO2 can narrow down the size distribution of

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• -glucose Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, non-essential amino acids, and penicillin/streptomycin solution (10,000 units penicillin and 10 mg/mL streptomycin) (all from Thermo Fisher Scientific). Cells were maintained in a humidified incubator at 37 °C with

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• forms (enantiomers) that are mirror images of each other. It is a mysterious phenomenon that almost all chiral molecules in living organisms are found in one form, such as right-handed sugars, left-handed amino acids, and right-handed DNA coils. Scientists coined the term “homochirality” to describe

• evaluated. The recognition mechanisms may also be studied by combining QCM with other techniques. Sensing layers by chiral biomolecules As chiral recognitions are fundamental phenomena in biology, biomolecules of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids are ideal chiral selectors. They have been extensively

• employed in various chiral sensing applications for the study of biological recognition processes [27]. The biomolecule-based selectors discriminate enantiomers of target analytes via their complementarity. This means that the target should energetically and structurally fit with the receptor. Amino acids

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• , proteins, DNA, and amino acids [39][40][41]. The O2 causes biomembrane oxidation reactions, damaging tissues [42]. Furthermore, it is reasonable to explain that the additional toxicity that causes bacterial death is due to the fact that zinc solubilization releases Zn2+ ions which can infiltrate into

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• ]. Godavarthi et al. used seaweed (Sargassum fluitans) to synthesize N-CDs. 1H NMR and 13C NMR were used to analyze Sargassum fluitans and showed that amino acids acted as a nitrogen source, for the preparation of N-CDs. The reported N-CDs were used as a fluorescence probe to detect DNA, and gel electrophoresis

• electrochemical properties. Lily bulbs as a green source to synthesize N,P-CDs via a facile, fast, and eco-friendly one-pot microwave-assisted method was reported by Gu et al. Lily bulbs rich in carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and amino acids, can be easily used to prepare such CDs [108]. The microalgae

• Dunaliella salina was used to prepared low-cost N,P-CDs without any external agent. The algal biomass consists of amino acids and proteins, and XPS revealed that the CDs contain pyrrolic nitrogen and phosphate groups showing that these molecules were doped into the lattice of N,P-CDs [109]. Using banana peel

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• )propyl-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HACC) is a chitosan biomaterial used for the treatment of infected bone defects. The arrangements of amino acids in the chitosan (degree of deacetylation) determines the growth and support necessary for osteoblast differentiation. Increasing the degree of

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• pseudotuberculosis, and enteropathogenic E. coli [83][84]. Another protein-based antimicrobial strategy in nature is the use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [85]. These molecules are short-length amphipathic peptide molecules (between 10 and 50 amino acids), usually with cationic charges and hydrophobic residues

• proteins (HDPs) was coined [89]. HDPs are rich in cationic amino acids (e.g., arginine and lysine), and amino acids with hydrophobic side chains (e.g., tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine). This composition renders them amphiphilic, which is crucial to their mode of action

• 10–50 amino acids, which are present in larger modular units, often copied up to several hundred times, giving spidroins a high molecular weight of several hundred kilodaltons [109]. The core domains are flanked by two globular terminal domains, both highly conserved and very similar in many spider

Design and selection of peptides to block the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain by molecular docking

• Kendra Ramirez-Acosta,
• Ivan A. Rosales-Fuerte,
• J. Eduardo Perez-Sanchez,
• Alfredo Nuñez-Rivera,
• Josue Juarez and
• Ruben D. Cadena-Nava

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 699–711, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.62

• , peptides with great affinity to the RBD were selected. The most common amino acids involved in the recognition of the RBD were identified to design novel peptides based on the number of hydrogen bonds that were formed. At physiological pH, these peptides are almost neutral and soluble in aqueous media

• temporin B and lysozyme (61–80). The net charge calculated for the OAPs varies according to the number of negatively and positively charged amino acids present in the primary structure. The net charge values are in the range of −3.9 to 2.9 at pH 7. The OAPs were selected based on an absolute value of the

• been reported by Debmalya and co-workers, who analyzed the potential of chimeric peptides to block the RBD using an in silico approach. They found that a peptide with 26 amino acids binds to the Thr500 and Asn501 residues of the RBD, while a peptide with 23 amino acids binds to the Tyr489 and Thr500

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• trypsin because they contain suitable amino acids in their structures that effectively block the active site of trypsin. Keywords: α1-antitrypsin; inflammatory mediator; nanogel; polypeptide; trypsin; Introduction Despite significant and progressive advances in medicine, the global incidence of

• , have the ability to inhibit the trypsin active site because they contain positively charged amino acids (containing NH2 terminal groups) and aromatic amino acids [23][25]. It is known that inhibitors containing these amino acids in their structure can block the active site of trypsin because they

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• nanostructures at both microscopic and macroscopic scales. Amino acids, as the smallest constituent of proteins and the smallest constituent in the bottom-up approach, are the smallest building blocks that can be self-assembled. The self-assembly of single amino acids has the advantages of low synthesis cost

• , simple modeling, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability in vivo. In addition, amino acids can be assembled with other components to meet multiple scientific needs. However, using these simple building blocks to design attractive materials remains a challenge due to the simplicity of the amino

• acids. Most of the review articles about self-assembly focus on large molecules, such as peptides and proteins. The preparation of complicated materials by self-assembly of amino acids has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, it is of great significance to systematically summarize the literature of amino

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• acid with fluorine and a piperazine ring [25]. It exhibits a zwitterionic nature, with a pKa1 and pKa2 of 6.2 and 8.5, respectively [26]. Zwitterionic molecules like amino acids and amphoteric hydroxy groups get adsorbed onto iron oxide nanoparticles predominately via electrostatic interaction [27][28

• ]. Furthermore, their interaction with IONPs may be via carboxylate groups, amine groups or by neither [27]. pH variations thus can play a key role in promoting interactions between amino acids and metal oxide surfaces [29]. NOR has also been reported to form stable complexes with Fe2+/3+ [22]. It was also

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• for dissolving many species of high polarity, for example, amino acids, metal salts, glycerol, benzoic acid, citric acid, and glucose [26][76]. They are also promising in the dissolution of different polymers, such as starch, cellulose, lignin, chitin, and are also used in the pre-treatment of

Straightforward synthesis of gold nanoparticles by adding water to an engineered small dendrimer

• Sébastien Gottis,
• Régis Laurent,
• Vincent Collière and
• Anne-Marie Caminade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1110–1118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.95

• amino acids such as ʟ-histidine, which have been used to synthesize gold nanoparticles at a higher temperature (80 °C) [49], or cysteine [50]. The compound 1 was the dendrimer chosen for the functionalization with the Girard’s T reagent. The synthesis was performed via the Staudinger reaction between