Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• glass and not Si, charging effects can occur. In addition, the SE yields of amorphous SiO2 and crystalline Si are different. Therefore the actual deposition rates and the estimated and real layer thickness differ. Overall, they vary from 300 to 1200 nm. Although in theory, the area of the cross section

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany Technische Universtät Darmstadt, 64289 Darmtadt, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.68 Abstract Conical nanopores in amorphous SiO2 thin films fabricated using the ion track etching technique show promising potential for filtration, sensing

• dioxide [29][40][30]. Amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO2) has excellent chemical stability, well-understood surface chemistry, and compatibility with semiconductor processing, opening up new applications for track-etched nanopores in this material [30]. In this study, we report the characterization of track

• in thermal and PECVD SiO2 We utilized two types of amorphous silicon dioxide samples. The first type consisted of 1 μm thick thermally grown SiO2 on ⟨100⟩ Si substrates (300 μm thickness), obtained commercially from WaferPro Ltd, USA. The second type comprised PECVD-deposited SiO2 films (≈1.1 μm

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• °C. An exception is smaller diamond crystallites, whose surfaces partially transform into amorphous sp2-like carbon. The presence of a nickel layer promotes the conversion of the diamond surface into graphitic-like thin films with high concentration of structural defects. Although the morphology of

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• (according to calculations above 1.75 Na per unit MoS2), the intercalate decomposes into amorphous Na2S and Mo; this reaction occurs at potentials below 0.8 V vs Na/Na+ [3]. The reaction products cannot be converted back to MoS2 due to the strong Na–S bonding [5]. The irreversible conversion reaction

Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• of GO and SG nanomaterials had amorphous structures which did not give obvious peaks in the XRD pattern. Regarding the FTIR spectrum in Figure 6b, most of obvious peaks are attributed to functional groups of nanosilica. The vibration band at 3772.1 cm−1 is assigned to silanol groups on the nanosilica

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• performance by first fabricating amorphous iron oxide films on normal glass substrates by spray pyrolysis followed by heating in sulfur atmosphere at 350 and 400 °C [20]. For pyrite film fabrication, solvothermal or hydrothermal and chemical synthetic routes are generally adopted [21][22][23]. Henríquez et al

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• in [6][7][8][13][15]). Generally, it can be assumed that the iron sucrose core is composed of iron oxyhydroxide (FeO(OH)), and it is very likely that the structure is amorphous rather than crystalline [15]. Regarding the magnetic properties of FeO(OH), it exhibits an antiferromagnetic arrangement

• . In both patterns, three broad features can be distinguished with the same localization of maxima around 15.6°, 23°, and 35°, and an additional arrangement of sharp lines at different angular positions. These three dominant lines in both XRD patterns most probably belong to amorphous microcellulose as

• cellulose dominates. Thus, in the same way for SiO2, sucrose, and calcium alginate, the possible Bragg peaks from the iron-containing phase are hidden under the background and cellulose signal. Another cause may be an amorphous structure of the nanoparticles, as it is well known that XRD patterns of

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• )amine] (PTAA) [24]. These compounds exhibit favorable solubility, reasonable energetic alignment with most perovskites, and an amorphous nature. The main issues that arise from their usage involve poor conductivity and mechanical stability [25], the existence of pinholes, and a poor adhesion with the

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• the crystal state into an amorphous state after SLN preparation. FTIR results indicated compatibility between APT and the polymers. XRD, TGA, and DSC results indicated no physical interaction between drug and polymers. In vitro drug release studies showed that APT-CD-NP4 yielded the maximum drug

• β-CD concentration converted crystalline entrapped APT into an amorphous state, decreasing surface tension and promoting the solubility profile [14]. A similar behavior was observed for the poloxamer 407 samples with solubilities in the order of APT-PX-NP5 > APT-PX-NP6 > APT-PX-NP7 > APT-PX-NP8 due

• exhibited less sharp peaks than APT because of a reduction of the polymer crystallinity. Also, the interaction of polymeric content with APT via hydrogen bonding converts the crystalline form of APT into an amorphous form [20]. TGA and DSC studies Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• , the solution is centrifuged to remove any solid particles, resulting in a clear SF solution ready to be electrospun as shown in Figure 3 [79]. Silk contains 30–40% amorphous and 60–70% crystalline regions; crystalline silk is composed of silk I (α-helical), silk II (β-sheets), and silk III (hexagonal

• crystalline), whereas random globules make up the amorphous region [80]. Silk I with α-helical structure can be turned into silk II with β-sheets through shearing, spinning, heating, or by using methanol or ethanol solvents; this transition is considered irreversible [81]. Triple helices of collagen and β

• biodegradable [124]. Degradation is limited in crystalline regions, while amorphous regions get degraded easily within PU. The molecular structure and composition of the polymer, its molecular weight, crystallinity, and the presence of cross-links and additives are a few elements that impact polymer degradation

Feasibility analysis of carbon nanofiber synthesis and morphology control using a LPG premixed flame

• Iftikhar Rahman Bishal,
• Muhammad Hilmi Ibrahim,
• Norikhwan Hamzah,
• Mohd Zamri Mohd Yusop,
• Faizuan Bin Abdullah,
• I Putu Tedy Indrayana and
• Mohd Fairus Mohd Yasin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 581–590, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.45

• equivalence ratio was reduced to 1.6, the average diameter of CNF increased by 46% to 114 nm, with amorphous carbon observed. The said observation is due to the effects of the increased flame temperature as the equivalence ratio approaches stoichiometry conditions from the rich side. This increases the

• nucleation rate, which in turn increases the catalyst particle size and the amount of free carbon atoms, producing CNFs with larger diameters and amorphous carbon. According to Raman analysis, the grown CNFs have a high number of defects, which may be good for applications where defective nanomaterials are

• three stainless steel inlet tubes for LPG, oxygen, and nitrogen was used to synthesize CNTs. TEM images revealed a 0.35 nm interplanar spacing, showing high crystallinity and a thin amorphous layer [11]. In a separate study, CNFs were synthesized using acetylene and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• -based optoelectronic applications [7]. High-energy ion irradiation can lead to latent track formation or phase transitions, either from crystalline to crystalline or crystalline to amorphous, depending on the threshold electronic energy loss (Seth) [8][9]. The formation of latent tracks has been

• thin films [1]. Das et al. reported that Seth for the formation of an amorphous latent track in rock salt CdO is 14.56 keV/nm [7]. Thus, we selected 120 MeV Ag ions, where electronic energy loss (Se) in CdO is 25.10 keV/nm, and 80 MeV O ions, with Se at 1.9 keV/nm, to examine the effects on both sides

• temperature of 900 °C, Si diffusion intensifies, resulting in an increased thickness of the amorphous silicon oxide layer at the film–substrate interface [24]. The interdiffusion of Si, O, Cd, and Zn atoms near the SiOx layer (i.e., at the substrate–film interface) facilitates the formation of willemite

Performance optimization of a microwave-coupled plasma-based ultralow-energy ECR ion source for silicon nanostructuring

• Joy Mukherjee,
• Safiul Alam Mollick,
• Tanmoy Basu and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 484–494, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.37

• confirm the formation of nanostructures as observed from atomic force microscopy (AFM) images. The thickness of the amorphous thin layer is in good agreement with Monte Carlo simulations (SRIM) [31]. The article further investigates and explains the optical response (by UV–vis spectrometry) of the

• nanostructures is evidenced in Figure 5g. Although the amplitude of the ripples is not large, the observed ripple wavelength of around 31 nm from the TEM image is consistent with that of AFM data (Figure 6e). However, in addition to the ripple-like nanostructures, an ultrathin amorphous layer is formed because

• of the Ar-ion bombardment. The thickness of the amorphous layer is around 1.5 nm, which is consistent with the penetration depth of the Ar ions (1.2 nm) estimated by Monte Carlo simulations (Figure 5f) [31]. Therefore, the topographical image is consistent with the cross-sectional image, indicating a

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• and have a relatively low degree of crystallinity compared to the original target (Figure S4, Supporting Information File 1). The crystalline to amorphous transition is likely due to the development of stresses induced by ultrafast heating and cooling during PLAL [53]. However, both oxidation and

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• temperature are amorphous; those deposited at other substrate temperatures are polycrystalline with a cubic zincblende structure and a preferred orientation along the [111] direction. An increase in crystallite size (from 37.60 ± 0.42 Å to 68.88 ± 1.04 Å) is observed with increased substrate temperature. This

• X-ray diffraction studies GXRD patterns of ZnTe films grown on quartz substrates at different substrate temperatures (R.T.–600 °C) are presented in Figure 1. A broad hump in the GXRD pattern of the film deposited at room temperature indicates that the film is amorphous. The three diffraction peaks

• values of D, ε, and Δ are listed in Table 2. Films deposited at R.T. are amorphous; therefore, the crystallite size has not been calculated. The crystallite size increases from 37.60 to 54.26 Å with the rise in substrate temperature from 300 to 400 °C. There is no appreciable change in crystallite size

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• pattern, characteristic of a hexagonal crystalline lattice, indicating that GO is not completely amorphous. In addition, the absence of any additional spots other than graphitic structures suggests that oxygen-containing functional groups in GO do not contribute to form-ordered lattice arrangements [28

Preferential enrichment and extraction of laser-synthesized nanoparticles in organic phases

• Theo Fromme,
• Maximilian L. Spiekermann,
• Florian Lehmann,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Thomas Seidensticker and
• Sven Reichenberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 254–263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.20

• liquid hydrocarbons such as pyrolysis products [15][16][17][18], polyynes [19][20][21], and dimers [13][22][23]. Furthermore, depending on the solvent and ablated material pairing, carbon may be “harvested” from the solvent forming crystalline carbides [24][25][26][27], amorphous carbon dopant [28][29

• ], and/or carbon shells on the nanoparticle surface [7]. These carbon shells are either amorphous or graphitic [7][8][30], while doping of the shells [31] is also possible. Besides carbon formation, the choice of organic solvent influences the properties of the generated nanoparticles and process

Clays enhanced with niobium: potential in wastewater treatment and reuse as pigment with antibacterial activity

• Silvia Jaerger,
• Patricia Appelt,
• Mario Antônio Alves da Cunha,
• Fabián Ccahuana Ayma,
• Ricardo Schneider,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Fauze Jacó Anaissi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 141–154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.13

• reflections at 2θ = 50.02° and 68.32°. The characteristic peaks that allowed the identification of the kaolinite phase (K) were at 2θ = 12.48°and 20.14° [7]. Figure 2a,b presents diffraction patterns with amorphous characteristics of the niobium compounds NbOPO4 and Nb2O5. Two broad peaks were identified, one

• at approximately 25.54° (2θ) and the other at 49.73° (2θ) [12][13]. The amorphous pattern characteristic of niobium compounds was maintained upon modification of the bentonite clay with these compounds. The X-ray pattern of the samples of bentonite clay modified with the niobium compounds (BeOx and

TiO₂ immobilized on 2D mordenite: effect of hydrolysis conditions on structural, textural, and optical characteristics of the nanocomposites

• Marina G. Shelyapina,
• Rosario Isidro Yocupicio-Gaxiola,
• Gleb A. Valkovsky and
• Vitalii Petranovskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 128–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.12

• . Typically, such pillars are amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles formed during the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) introduced into liquid crystalline 2D CTAB layers that fill the interlamellar space between the 2D zeolite nanosheets. Tetraethoxytitanium (TEOT) is a homolog of TEOS, and its hydrolysis

• disruption of the long-range order of the lamellae. In addition, the full XRD patterns evidence the formation of an amorphous phase, presumably nanosized TiO2 (Figure 1b). Zang et al. [30] showed that the XRD pattern of nanometer-sized amorphous TiO2 consists of broad humps at 2θ values of 35°, 53°, and 75

• °. In the TiO2/2D mordenite composites studied in our work, the first hump is masked by the main zeolite peaks, but the remaining two are identical to the ones reported in [30]. Amorphous TiO2 particles exhibiting such an XRD pattern can be described as small strained anatase-like crystalline cores with

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• perfectly polycrystalline. In contrast, in Figure 6d, the presence of diffused rings for HfNPs-D indicates a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline phases in the NPs. The formation of HfO2 NPs in DW along with nanofibres and the observed crystallinity patterns can be explained by considering the decomposition

• ][47][48], leading to the formation of nanoparticles [43]. Some of these nuclei with abundant hafnium oxide molecules around grow like crystals [45][48]. The agglomeration [47] of such crystals leads to the observed polycrystalline state in the NPs [43][46]. The formation of the observed amorphous NPs

• is due to the suppression of nucleation [43][49]. Thus, a mix of amorphous and polycrystalline structures in NPs obtained in DW is seen. The formation of these HfO2 NPs and nanofibres is responsible for the turbid white colour observed after ablation in DW. Earlier reports on Hf ablation in toluene

Integrating high-performance computing, machine learning, data management workflows, and infrastructures for multiscale simulations and nanomaterials technologies

• Fabio Le Piane,
• Mario Vozza,
• Matteo Baldoni and
• Francesco Mercuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1498–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.119

Effect of radiation-induced vacancy saturation on the first-order phase transformation in nanoparticles: insights from a model

• Aram Shirinyan and
• Yuriy Bilogorodskyy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1453–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.117

• ]. Additionally, high radiation tolerance was observed in crystalline Fe/amorphous SiOC nanolaminates [8]. Long-term irradiation treatments have revealed phase transformations in HDCMs, such as the crystallization of an earlier formed amorphous state (re-crystallization) or a change in the basic crystalline state

• transitions. Additionally, ceramics often amorphize rather than undergo polymorphic transformation. In such cases, the emerging amorphous phase is disordered and contains almost no radiation vacancies. Therefore, when considering the transition from the α phase to the amorphous phase (amorphization), it is

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• removed after an ion dose of ≈300 µC/cm2. Figure 2 shows that there is no evidence of amorphous carbon (a:C) being produced during ion irradiation of Pt(CO)2Cl2 by either Ar+ or He+. The Cl 2p doublet is initially centered at 199 eV, corresponding to Cl in metal chlorides, and remains in the same position

Green synthesis of carbon dot structures from Rheum Ribes and Schottky diode fabrication

• Muhammed Taha Durmus and
• Ebru Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1369–1375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.110

• shown in Figure 2c. The weak and broad peak observed at 2θ = 21° is due to the weakly crystalline structure of the synthesized CDs and the presence of graphitic carbon, indicating that it is amorphous in nature [17]. FTIR measurements were taken to determine the functional groups on the surface of the

Mn-doped ZnO nanopowders prepared by sol–gel and microwave-assisted sol–gel methods and their photocatalytic properties

• Cristina Maria Vlăduț,
• Crina Anastasescu,
• Silviu Preda,
• Oana Catalina Mocioiu,
• Simona Petrescu,
• Jeanina Pandele-Cusu,
• Dana Culita,
• Veronica Bratan,
• Ioan Balint and
• Maria Zaharescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.104

• of amorphous oxide nanopowders, the precipitation of nanocrystalline metal oxides, and the drying and thermal treatment of oxide films [23]. However, there has been comparatively less focus on studying chemical reactions in sol–gel solutions under microwave irradiation [24][25][26][27]. Numerous

• value 1/2 for direct-bandgap semiconductors and 2 for indirect-bandgap semiconductors or amorphous compounds. Photoluminescence measurements (PL) were carried out using a Carry Eclipse fluorescence spectrometer from Agilent Technologies and the following parameters: scan rate of 120 nm·min−1, spectral