Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• lipid–PEI2000–DNA (sLPD) nanoparticles conjugated with a phosphorothioate ASO (G3139), designed for Bcl-2 downregulation in cancer cells [112]. The reaction between PEI and hexadecenal on the lipidic bilayer enabled the formation of a reversible Schiff’s base, which provided higher particle stability

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , the addition of PVA to chitosan or vice versa, either through blending or by layering can improve mechanical properties of the material. Mohd Salleh et al. [16] prepared bilayer chitosan/PVA nanofibers, which were found to improve tensile strength through strong physical interactions between the two

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• potential of oleic acid (OLA), the protonated form of sodium oleate (SO), to enhance membrane fluidity in specific lipid bilayer models, including dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), as well as in complex biological systems such as the human skin barrier [9][10][11

• depicted in Figure 5 provide a comprehensive analysis of the interaction dynamics between OLA and the AUR peptide with a model lipid bilayer composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (POPG). These simulations

• bilayer. Notably, after 100 ns, OLA is significantly integrated within the membrane. At the end of the simulation (200 ns), OLA is thoroughly embedded, suggesting strong hydrophobic interactions that could potentially disrupt membrane integrity. This deep insertion is indicative of a substantial effect on

Strain-induced bandgap engineering in 2D ψ-graphene materials: a first-principles study

• Kamal Kumar,
• Nora H. de Leeuw,
• Jost Adam and
• Abhishek Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1440–1452, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.116

• graphene layer. Also, uniaxial strain of 0.8% can be introduced in graphene by stretching [30]. Conley et al. studied the effect of uniaxial tensile strain on mono- and bilayer MoS2, where the strain was introduced in MoS2 through a four-point bending apparatus and a transition from an optical direct

Lithium niobate on insulator: an emerging nanophotonic crystal for optimized light control

• Midhun Murali,
• Amit Banerjee and
• Tanmoy Basu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1415–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.114

• , which agrees with the COMSOL simulated values. Figure 4a–d present the surface electric field plot, evaluated using electromagnetic waves in the frequency domain (ewfd) within the wave optics module. The simulation depicts the surface electric field profile in ten-bilayer photonic crystal structures

• -field across the of SiO2/LN ten bilayered PhC. (d) Surface plot of E-field with height as the magnitude across SiO2/LN ten bilayered PhC. Photonic band diagram of TiO2/LN: (a) 1st Brillouin zone of PhC under floquet periodic condition. (b) Surface electric field distribution on a bilayer of PhC at the

• value of upper band (band-2) edge at normalized wavevector k = 1. (c) Surface electric field distribution on a bilayer of PhC at the value of lower band (band-1) edge at normalized wavevector k = 1. Photonic band diagram of SiO2/LN: (a) 1st Brillouin zone of PhC under floquet periodic condition. (b

Nanotechnological approaches for efficient N2B delivery: from small-molecule drugs to biopharmaceuticals

• Selin Akpinar Adscheid,
• Akif E. Türeli,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1400–1414, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.113

• ]. Liposomes Liposomes are another type of DDS that has been extensively investigated over the years [87][88][89]. The structure of a liposome contains a lipid bilayer surrounding an aqueous core, which offers advantages in encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances [90]. The additional

Out-of-plane polarization induces a picosecond photoresponse in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe₂

• Guixian Liu,
• Yufan Wang,
• Zhoujuan Xu,
• Zhouxiaosong Zeng,
• Lanyu Huang,
• Cuihuan Ge and
• Xiao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.109

• spontaneous polarization on ultrafast carrier dynamics in rhombohedral stacked bilayer WSe2. Using precise stacking techniques, a 3R WSe2-based vertical heterojunction was successfully constructed and confirmed by polarization-resolved second harmonic generation measurements. Through output characteristics

• spontaneous OOP polarization. Currently, the spontaneous OOP polarization has been confirmed in several materials, such as AB-stacked h-BN [16][17][21], WTe2 [22], 1T' ReS2 [23], bilayer MoS2 directly exfoliated from 3R-MoS2 bulk crystal [24], and artificially stacked bilayers transition metal dichalcogenides

• inversion symmetry by second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. The broken symmetry in 3R WSe2 leads to the BPVE. To confirm the BPVE, a vertical heterojunction of graphene-wrapped bilayer 3R WSe2 was fabricated. The non-zero short-circuit current was observed in the output characteristics and the

Investigation of Hf/Ti bilayers for the development of transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters

• Victoria Y. Safonova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitry A. Pimanov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1353–1361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.108

• of Hf is lower than that of Ti, another widely used TES material. This means that the same amount of energy will give a higher temperature change in hafnium than in titanium-based TES. The listed points make hafnium a promising material for TES development. In this work, Hf/Ti bilayer bridges of

Nanoarchitectonics with cetrimonium bromide on metal nanoparticles for linker-free detection of toxic metal ions and catalytic degradation of 4-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1312–1332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.106

• is based on the higher affinity of Hg2+ towards silver, with a binding energy of 1.78 eV [9]. This strong affinity allows Hg2+ ions to penetrate the CTAB bilayer, particularly in AgNS, where the amount of bound CTAB is lower [9]. Additionally, Cu2+ ions undergo a galvanic replacement reaction with

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• in human urine and serum. 2.2.11 Organic TFET-based biosensors. Jain et al. [111] proposed a concept of bilayer electrodes for top-contact organic tunnel FET (BE TC OTFT)-based biosensors aiming for enhanced detection of charged and neutral biomolecules. Figure 15 shows the schematic view of a BE TC

• bilayer of gold and TiO2 was used for the drain and source electrodes [112]. The body channel length is equal to 1 µm, and the cavity region thickness varied from 5 to 10 nm. It was demonstrated that BE TC OTFT is four times more sensitive compared to the metal-trench dielectric-modulated organic tunnel

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• to take into account ion beam-induced redistribution and intermixing of atoms from different layers, were considered less frequently. Some of the examples include analytical estimations of the depth of bilayer substrates [26] and cell-based simulations of surface evolution and ion implantation using

Gold nanomakura: nanoarchitectonics and their photothermal response in association with carrageenan hydrogels

• Nabojit Das,
• Vikas,
• Akash Kumar,
• Sanjeev Soni and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 678–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.56

• diffractogram (Figure 5b) also confirmed the preferred longitudinal growth towards the {111} facet. The XRD results as shown in Figure 5b along with SEM/EDX results (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4) confirmed that the AuNMs were made of gold. The formation of bilayer assembly of surfactants was

• structures, micelles with longer carbon tail lengths form more compact bilayer structures and vice versa. Also, the density of mixed micellar structure of CTAB is higher and is followed by MTAB and DTAB, respectively; thus, resulting in the formation of AuNMs of different aspect ratios. The corroboration of

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• longitudinal axis (Figure 1) for trapping small molecules either into the bilayer or their aqueous space more efficiently than liposomes [34][35]. In this case, nanoarchaeosomes incorporated ALN to a higher extent than HSPC-Chol liposomes [29], as shown by their ≈1.4 times higher ALN/lipid ratio. Cytotoxicity

Superconducting spin valve effect in Co/Pb/Co heterostructures with insulating interlayers

• Andrey A. Kamashev,
• Nadir N. Garif’yanov,
• Aidar A. Validov,
• Vladislav Kataev,
• Alexander S. Osin,
• Yakov V. Fominov and
• Ilgiz A. Garifullin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 457–464, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.41

• superconducting condensate can arise in the S/F bilayer. The generation of the LRTC opens an additional channel for the leakage of the Cooper pairs from the S into the F layers in the F1/F2/S SSV at noncollinear configuration of F1 and F2 magnetizations. This suppresses Tc significantly and, thus, should manifest

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• : (1) nanoliposomes, which are a nanoscale bilayer lipid vesicle [132]; (2) nanocapsules, which consist of an inner aqueous core surrounded by a nontoxic polymeric membrane [133]; (3) solid lipid nanoparticles, which consist of a solid lipid core stabilized by a surfactant [134]; and (4) nanocrystals

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• complexity to characterize such samples from the previous Raman criteria with the case of twisted MoS2 bilayers. The identification of the bilayer character of the investigated flakes was unambiguously obtained independently from spectral reflectivity and optical contrast. Figure 5a shows the low-frequency

• range of spectra recorded on three types of MoS2 bilayer (named 2L-MoS2 in the following), namely a bilayer with θ ≈ 30° (this sample belongs to the so-called twisted-bilayer family for which 0 < θ < 60° and is named in the following as θ-2L-MoS2), the so-called 2Hc-2L-MoS2 and the so-called 3R-2L-MoS2

Graphene removal by water-assisted focused electron-beam-induced etching – unveiling the dose and dwell time impact on the etch profile and topographical changes in SiO₂ substrates

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Jan M. Michalik,
• Inés Serrano-Esparza,
• Zdeněk Nováček,
• Veronika Novotná,
• Piotr Ozga,
• Czesław Kapusta and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 190–198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.18

• microscope evaluation allowed us to choose flakes that fitted our requirements the best in terms of lateral sizes and number of graphitic layers (optical contrast abruptly changes from monolayer to the bilayer, triple-layer, or HOPG) [37]. The same substrates of separate studies of topographical changes

• e-beam were taken using the Bruker Dimension ICON XR PeakForce in tapping mode in air with image resolution of 258 × 258 pixels and then post-processed with Gwyddion. Graphene flake composed of monolayer, bilayer, and triple-layer graphene after water-assisted etching processes, analyzed using

• monolayer, bilayer at triple-layer graphene. A) Optical microscope image of a graphene flake prior to patterning; B) SEM image of the same flake after the patterning process; C) Raman map according to the spectra in (D), revealing the substrate (red line), pristine (green line), and exposed regions (blue

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• ]. Although this nanostructured system is a promising carrier, further in vitro and in vivo studies are necessary to evaluate such improvements for curc or other leishmanicidal drugs. Nanoliposomes Nanoliposomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer vesicles mainly composed of phospholipids. These systems (small

Nanotechnological approaches in the treatment of schistosomiasis: an overview

• Lucas Carvalho,
• Michelle Sarcinelli and
• Beatriz Patrício

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 13–25, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.2

• , a natural inhibitor of neutral magnesium-dependent sphingomyelinase, a key enzyme in sphingomyelin breakdown. This enzyme is essential because sphingomyelin is crucial in forming the outer leaflet of the tegumental lipid bilayer membrane in Schistosoma mansoni [43]. Araújo et al. [84] verified the

TEM sample preparation of lithographically patterned permalloy nanostructures on silicon nitride membranes

• Joshua Williams,
• Michael I. Faley,
• Joseph Vimal Vas,
• Peng-Han Lu and
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1–12, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.1

• using three different fabrication methods: lift-off, ion beam etching (IBE), and stencil lithography. They were further analyzed using different instruments, including scanning electron microscopy, LTEM, and electron holography. A bilayer of positive PMMA resist was utilized in the first fabrication

• advantageous in terms of structural resolution, process simplicity, and the absence of resist residues [21]. We have fabricated ferromagnetic nanodisks on a conventional TEM grid from TedPella® using three different fabrication methods. In the first method, a bilayer of positive PMMA resist yielded an undercut

• lower dose than the main exposure so that it does not induce chain scission in the top resist layer, but only in the bottom resist layer, which is more sensitive. The result of the multi-dose exposure was controlled by observing a cross section of the developed bilayer resist using a SEM in snapshot

Nanostructured lipid carriers containing benznidazole: physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and cellular in vitro studies

• Giuliana Muraca,
• María Esperanza Ruiz,
• Rocío C. Gambaro,
• Sebastián Scioli-Montoto,
• María Laura Sbaraglini,
• Gisel Padula,
• José Sebastián Cisneros,
• Cecilia Yamil Chain,
• Vera A. Álvarez,
• Cristián Huck-Iriart,
• Guillermo R. Castro,
• María Belén Piñero,
• Matias Ildebrando Marchetto,
• Catalina Alba Soto,
• Germán A. Islan and
• Alan Talevi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 804–818, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.66

• it to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer [49]. Trypanosoma brucei predominant membrane protein variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), which is involved in parasite host immune system evasion, is anchored by a GPI that requires myristate for its synthesis. Analogs of myristate have shown toxicity

• indicated that the specificity of fatty acid incorporation depends on chain length [52]. The lipid in our formulation is an ester of fatty acids that could hypothetically interrupt the anchoring of mucin to the lipid bilayer in T. cruzi, thus rendering the parasites non-viable. However, further studies are

On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• these two extremes, the peak shape evolves gradually, and while the 2D peak from bilayer graphene has been shown to comprise four components, deconvolution for higher layer numbers has not been reliably carried out. The spectrum recorded from flakes with ten or more layers is typically indistinguishable

• typically has a larger width (45–60 cm−1) compared to single layer graphene (ca. 24 cm−1). The intensity of the peaks has also been shown to be influenced by the rotational angle in bilayer graphene, although the shape of the peak is largely unaffected [22]. Roscher et al. [23] have attempted to quantify

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• ][49][50]. In 2021, Zou et al. developed a biodegradable and sustainable bilayer composite for highly efficient solar evaporation based on a photothermally enhanced arginine-doped polydopamine (APDA) and raw wood [47]. In this study, APDA coatings with enhanced photothermal effects were prepared by

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• water impermeability of the bilayer membrane causes one-dimensional swelling and diffusion, and the hydrophobic aggregates act as sacrificial bonds to yield high mechanical strength and toughness during deformation. The abovementioned general examples could be involved in parts of nanoarchitectonics

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• physicochemical properties (polar headgroup, linker region, and type and length of hydrophobic domain), PEG amount, PEG lipid alkyl length, as well as the physicochemical properties of the LNPs (zeta potential, pKa value, and structure and conformation of the lipid bilayer) will result in improved targeting