Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research

• Benjamin Punz,
• Maja Brajnik,
• Joh Dokler,
• Jaleesia D. Amos,
• Litty Johnson,
• Katie Reilly,
• Anastasios G. Papadiamantis,
• Amaia Green Etxabe,
• Lee Walker,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Steffi Friedrichs,
• Klaus M. Weltring,
• Nazende Günday-Türeli,
• Claus Svendsen,
• Christine Ogilvie Hendren,
• Mark R. Wiesner,
• Martin Himly,
• Iseult Lynch and
• Thomas E. Exner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 57–77, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.7

• alter defining characteristics of the particle, which may drastically change particle behaviour in environmental and biological media and nanomaterial (eco)toxicity. Although multiple instance maps were created for different types of surface-modified nanomaterials, only one is presented here (Figure 3

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• GO surface composition after interaction with TA. Colloidal Stability The study of the colloidal behavior of the material in relevant biological media (regarding, e.g., salinity, pH, or biomolecules) is essential to understand its toxicological outcomes since the aggregation state of this material

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• (targeting agent) to provide selective interaction with tumor cell lines in biological media. The stability of these dually functionalized SiO2NPs is preserved in unprocessed human plasma while yielding a decrease in the number of adsorbed proteins. Experiments in murine blood further proved that these

• strategies to produce colloidally stable NP dispersions with retained targeting capacity have been widely investigated [17][18][19][20][21]. While a panel of molecules (e.g., polyethylene glycol, zwitterionics, glycans, aptamers) can improve the stability of NPs in biological media by preventing the

• play a key role in obtaining NPs with the desired stability and functionality in bodily fluids [12]. Here, we proposed developing SiO2NPs colloidally stable in biological media and targetable to tumor cells through selective binding with folate receptors, highly expressed in tumor cell lines

Berberine-loaded polylactic acid nanofiber scaffold as a drug delivery system: The relationship between chemical characteristics, drug-release behavior, and antibacterial efficiency

• Le Thi Le,
• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Liem Thanh Nguyen,
• Huy Quang Tran and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 71–82, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.7

• researchers due to their unique characteristics. First, high porosity and large surface-to-volume ratio of nanofiber scaffolds give the material the potential to be exposed to the biological media for drug release. Besides, 3D nanofiber scaffolds resemble the natural extracellular matrix, promoting nutrients

Curcumin-loaded nanostructured systems for treatment of leishmaniasis: a review

• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Edijane Matos Sales and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 37–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.4

• biological media, and a controlled release profile. Additionally, nanostructures, especially those smaller than 200 nanometers, are susceptible to uptake by the cells infected with the etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This ability allows an expressive increase in the leishmanicidal activity of curcumin

Specific absorption rate of randomly oriented magnetic nanoparticles in a static magnetic field

• Ruslan A. Rytov and
• Nikolai A. Usov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 485–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.39

• biological media can be considered fixed and random. In this case, the dynamics of the assembly magnetization depends on the parameters of the external magnetic field, as well as on the magnetic and geometric parameters of an assembly [20][22][25][26]. To develop the joint MPI-MH technique, it is necessary

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

• Viet Van Pham,
• Hong-Huy Tran,
• Thao Kim Truong and
• Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

• thin film materials that can replace powder materials, (5) adhering the catalyst materials on commercial films such as polypropylene, polytetrafluorethylene, or PM2.5 films for real-life applications, such as air filters and NOx gas treatment membranes; and (6) applying the materials in biological

• media where the presence of NO/NO2 is predominant. Problems and sources associated with NOx air pollution (a) and NO photocatalysis over a semiconductor (b). Figure 1a was reprinted from [12], Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 129, by J. Ângelo; L. Andrade; L. M. Madeira; A. Mendes “An overview

The role of deep eutectic solvents and carrageenan in synthesizing biocompatible anisotropic metal nanoparticles

• Nabojit Das,
• Akash Kumar and
• Raja Gopal Rayavarapu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 924–938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.69

• ability of NIR/IR rays to deeply penetrate tissues, enabling nanoparticle-mediated photothermal or contrast effects. However, the final purpose of these nanomaterials for biological applications is determined after successful toxicity assessment and stability evaluation in biological media [8

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• , their concentration, and the temperature. There is still disagreement about the dissolution behavior of Ag-NPs [35]. In a study by Loza et al., the dissolution of Ag-NPs was monitored using dialysis bags that were permeable only for Ag ions. Various compounds that are present in biological media were

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• using continuous or pulsed ultrasound. In addition, the motion of the metal rod actuated by ultrasound is not sensitive to the addition of salt in the solution, which makes it possible to use ultrasound to actuate and control metal micro/nanorobots in biological media. Lee et al. [35] proposed a new

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• vivo settings. Keywords: animal tissue; biological media; nanoparticle aggregation; nanoparticle dissolution; nanoparticle reformation; silver nanoparticles; Introduction The global consumption of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been steadily increasing in the last decade and estimated to reach over

• medical products may be related to human exposure and safety as AgNPs may undergo complex transformations in biological media [6]. It is well known that AgNP physicochemical characteristics, such as size, shape, surface charge, surface functionalization, or core composition determine their interactions

• will not be retained in biological media [9][10][11][12][13][14]. In biological media, AgNPs may be transformed into different forms by aggregation, agglomeration, dissolution, interaction with biomolecules, or generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may lead to the coexistence of

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• nanoparticles when they are subjected to chloride-containing biological media [34]. The generation of AgCl leads, for example, to a partial passivation of the silver surface for further reactions. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to confirm the presence of chloride on the Ag SERS substrates

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• of PVP-coated AgNPs was limited in biological media [40][41][42][43][44]. Dissolved oxygen in the solutions tend to oxidize AgNPs resulting in Ag ion release from the NP surface [45] and this was partially observed here. It has been suggested that the toxicity of Ag is linked to Ag ion release and

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. RAW 264.7 cells are particularly sensitive to the treatment with nanoparticles [42][43][44]. They are an established model of activated macrophages and they actively take up nanomaterials from biological media. This way, RAW264.7 cells mimic the behavior of

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• their instability in biological media where the nanoparticles may lose their biological coating [19]. The organic/inorganic agents form a shell (1–5 nm thick) around superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles interacting with their surface functional groups [14]. Sousa et al. studied the chemisorption

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• ability, but also particle size, stability, and overall surface properties [36]. Recent guidelines have started to highlight the importance of testing nanomedicines in the presence of relevant biological media in order to take corona effects into account [41]. Several strategies have been developed to try

• ]. Nanoparticle charge: Apart from size, charge is another easily tunable parameter that can greatly influence the behaviour of nanoparticles in biological media [135] and on cells [136]. In general, positively charged nanoparticles seem to be internalized more efficiently than neutral and negatively charged

• neutrality upon exposure to biological media [135]. Because of this, it is important to determine whether some of the described charge-related effects disappear once the nanomaterials are applied in a biological environment. Nanoparticle shape: Another tunable parameter that can influence nanoparticle–cell

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• photosensitizer. Thus, typical PDT side effects, i.e., patient skin photosensitivity, can be avoided. The hydrophilic block of the copolymers will influence the interactions with the surrounding biological media and, in particular, will play a role in the distribution in the body and in cells. The properties of

• , which is typically from a few hours to two days, corresponding to the usual time to benefit from the EPR effect. This stability specification is therefore not very demanding and most recent polymers fulfill it. In contrast, the possible dissociation upon confrontation to biological media is an essential

• stability in biological media, different conditions have been described, going from exposure to single proteins to the harshest one being fetal bovine serum (FBS). FRET follow-up has been often performed to examine the stability of polymeric self-assemblies and this review will only cite a few recent

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

• Anna V. Epanchintseva,
• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Dmitrii V. Pyshnyi,
• Elena I. Ryabchikova and
• Inna A. Pyshnaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2568–2578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.248

• nanoparticles in biological media is one of the serious causes of colloidal stability of the suspension. Therefore, the formation of aggregates should be carefully monitored [26][27]. The methods used in this study do not make it possible to differentiate aggregates from agglomerates. To prove the reversibility

• -enveloped nanoconstructions to effectively deliver siRNA into the cells. The AuNPs are able to carry up to 150 siRNA molecules per one particle [17]. Both strands of siRNA are capable of desorbing from the surface in biological media thus retaining their native properties and the ability to inhibit the

Small protein sequences can induce cellular uptake of complex nanohybrids

• Jan-Philip Merkl,
• Malak Safi,
• Christian Schmidtke,
• Fadi Aldeek,
• Johannes Ostermann,
• Tatiana Domitrovic,
• Sebastian Gärtner,
• John E. Johnson,
• Horst Weller and
• Hedi Mattoussi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2477–2482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.238

• for this study, due to their compact size, enhanced colloidal stability, and reduced non-specific interactions in biological media [22][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]. The central QDs used to build up the hybrid assemblies were prepared via encapsulation within a polymer coating made of an amine

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• circulation via different routes [40][41][42][43]. Absorbed or intravenously applied NPs will accumulate in different body compartments [44][45][46]. AgNPs are prone to oxidative dissolution in biological media and the released Ag+ reacts with thiolate groups of sulfur-containing biomolecules [47], which may

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• of the NP biodistribution in vivo. Protein corona alters nanoparticle-cell interaction It is now clearly emerging that the primary defining element of NPs in biological media is their protein corona, which is the entity actually seen by target cells [7]. In the present study we convincingly

Heating ability of magnetic nanoparticles with cubic and combined anisotropy

• Nikolai A. Usov,
• Mikhail S. Nesmeyanov,
• Elizaveta M. Gubanova and
• Natalia B. Epshtein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 305–314, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.29

• nanoparticles in biological media to quantitatively predict their heating efficiency in magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia. In this respect we would like to stress that the behavior of an assembly of magnetic nanoparticles in viscous liquids and biological media is different [2][3]. It has been proved recently

• [13][24][25] that in biological media the magnetic nanoparticles can agglomerate within the biological cells or in the intracellular environment. The dense clusters of the nanoparticles turn out to be tightly bound to the surrounding media, so that the rotation of the nanoparticles as a whole is

• ][19][20][21][22][24][25]. In addition, in the calculations performed, the fractal nature [24][25][26][27] of magnetic clusters in biological media is taken into account. The numerical simulations are carried out using the Landau–Lifshitz (LL) stochastic equation [22][28][29][30][31]. It is found that

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• , turmeric and black pepper C-dots, respectively. All the synthesized spice-based carbon dots present negative zeta potentials with high absolute values. Such negative values ensure a good colloidal stability of these carbon dots in biological media. However, it must be noticed that there is no trend

• TEM of 3.37, 3.14, 4.32 and 3.55 nm, respectively. Additionally, the high values of negative zeta potential that all the spice-based C-dots presented ensure a great colloidal stability in biological media. The four different spice-based C-dots have been systematically evaluated to study the in vitro

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• characteristics, e.g., brightness and photostability of the probes are promising for their future application in high-resolution fluorescent imaging. Additionally, particle stability in biological media was tested by DLS after particle incubation in MEM/FBS (20%) medium for 24 h. All particles indicated only a

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• patterns of toxicity. In DF4Nano, ENMs are grouped into four main categories: soluble ENMs, biopersistent high aspect ratio (HAR) ENMs, passive ENMs, and active ENMs. Soluble ENMs are defined as ENMs with a water solubility that exceeds 100 mg/L or not water-soluble but soluble in biological media and/or