Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• early detection and the identification of reliable biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) poses a significant obstacle to effective drug delivery, further hindering the development of successful treatments. Nanomaterials (NMs) offer promising solutions for the early

• potential utility as diagnostic biomarkers for early AD detection [81][82]. Researchers are exploring the potential of exosomes as diagnostic tools, leveraging their ability to carry these pathological proteins. Exosomes hold significant diagnostic potential because of their nanoscale size and the distinct

• composition of exosomes can provide valuable insights into the underlying pathology, making them a promising tool for diagnostic applications. Figure 5 demonstrates how exosomes can transport AβOs and tau protein, both of which are key biomarkers associated with AD. The accumulation of these proteins is

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• target diseases and genetic variations. However, the lack of disease-specific biomarkers, which facilitate the identification of disease phenotypes, the poor chemical stability of nucleotide-based molecules and their inefficient biodistribution and targeted delivery result in insufficient biological

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• significant genotoxicity which ultimately leads to enhanced cancer cell death [25]. Further, we have analyzed the meaningful partnership between autophagy modulation and DNA damage in GO–Chl exposure A549 cells. Furthermore, immunoblot analysis of autophagy biomarkers reveals the relationship between

• autophagosomes and lysosomes) [72]. Elevated expression of LC-3-I/II biomarkers indicates the formation and accumulation of autophagosomes, and suggests the modulation of the autophagy process through impaired autophagic flux partly caused by chloroquine in GO–Chl-exposed A549 cells. In addition, a significant

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• applied. The standard of care includes surgical resection followed by combined chemo- and radiotherapy (RT), together with non-conventional adjuvant treatment with inhibitors targeting one or a family of biomarkers included in signalization or activation of oncogenic pathways, immunotherapy, gene therapy

Introducing third-generation periodic table descriptors for nano-qRASTR modeling of zebrafish toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles

• Supratik Kar and
• Siyun Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1142–1152, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.93

• , it was reported that MONPs have been found in human tissues such as brain, heart, and liver [11] and that occupational exposure to metal oxide nanomaterials increased oxidative stress biomarkers, suggesting potential DNA oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation [12]. Given the limited data available

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• liver-targeting properties. Targeting of the curcumin nanocarrier, therefore, significantly improved the in vivo therapeutic outcome of curcumin, as shown by reduction of liver fibrosis biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokine levels in the serum, and liver collagen deposition. Besides providing a carrier

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• several hours for results. The development of compact and portable miniaturized sensors has enabled the detection of different biomarkers for continuous, real-time human health monitoring [1][2]. Temperature, heart rate, electrical conductivity, dehydration, and glucose are some of the indicators that

• diagnostics. Researchers have successfully utilized alginate nanoparticles for the detection and quantification of various analytes, such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, and pathogens. For example, alginate nanoparticles have been used for the detection of cancer biomarkers in body fluids, allowing for

• a linear dynamic range of 0 to 1250 μM, with a LOD of 14 μM. Based on the selective enzymatic release of H2O2, the developed solid kit could be used to detect many biomarkers, including glucose, lactate, uric acid, and cholesterol [118]. Humidity sensing: One area that has shown promise in the field

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• determination of exogenously produced biotoxins and virulence factors, as well as for the detection of viruses and biomarkers in clinical samples (e.g., hormones and biomolecules). (4) The data could be generalised not only for the measurement of warfare agents, but also for the diagnosis of water and food

• contamination and for the clinical diagnosis of infectious agents and biomarkers. FITC fluorescence of anti-BSA antibody. For each group, the FITC fluorescence data of the immobilised anti-BSA antibody, measured in RFU, are given as percentages relative to the reference group 1, n = 5–6. Stripping treatment

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• such as photothermal therapy, imaging, and LFAs [73]. Composition-dependent photothermal properties Recently, nanocomposite materials have been employed for the development of photothermal biosensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers or whole cancerous cells, antibiotic residues, and toxins [74

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• higher binding affinity and specificity, mAbs have received a lot of attention for the detection of selective cancer biomarkers and also for the treatment of various types of cancer. Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles (ACNPs) are an effective targeted therapy for the efficient delivery of

• , detection, and eradication of cancer cells and biomarkers, with great potential in theranostic applications. Despite these advantages, the design and fabrication of targeted NPs for cancer therapy is still very challenging regarding biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, in vivo targeting efficacy, and cost

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• agents. Precision oncology research to identify targetable biomarkers and optimize tumor homing agents, hand in hand with designing multifunctional and multistage nanocarriers that respond to the inherent heterogeneity of the tumors, may resolve the challenges of inadequate tumor localization, improve

• . Along with the well-established EGFR, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) oncogene mutations and concurrent anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase (ROS1) rearrangements, other gene mutations in the context of NSCLC tumorigenesis biomarkers and targets

• targeting motifs, multifunctional and multistage nanomicelles and polymer nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid nanocarriers, combined with precision oncology research to identify additional targetable biomarkers, have emerged. Some have been applied in the co-delivery of clinically relevant combinations

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• important features (“biomarkers”) within the data. Finally, the clinician correlates the obtained patient mechanical data with the patient demographics and an aggregate database to make a decision concerning disease stage and therapeutic approaches. Nomenclature: ES – storage modulus, EL – loss modulus, T

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• been detected [113]. ZnO platforms are inexpensive to produce, non-toxic and biodegradable, showing potential for improving the detection of various molecules as fluorophores, dyes, or cancer biomarkers. Thus, the use of ZnO NPs as substrates for fluorescence enhancement is an alternative to overcome

• protein reactions. The study demonstrated that ZnO substrates can be employed as efficient nanoplatforms for rapid identification and screening of interacting protein pairs. A significant fluorescence amplification was reported for ZnO NRs substrates for the detection of two important cancer biomarkers

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

Silver nanoparticles induce the cardiomyogenic differentiation of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells via telomere length extension

• Khosro Adibkia,
• Ali Ehsani,
• Asma Jodaei,
• Ezzatollah Fathi,
• Raheleh Farahzadi and
• Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 786–797, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.62

• inhibitory effects were shown through a decrease in the secretion of specific biomarkers, including adiponectin (adipocytes) and osteocalcin (osteoblasts) [11]. In another study, it was indicated that Ag-NPs changed the cell morphology of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated

Recent progress in magnetic applications for micro- and nanorobots

• Ke Xu,
• Shuang Xu and
• Fanan Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 744–755, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.58

• microenvironment to promote intracellular biocatalysis. MaBiDz dynamics were significantly enhanced compared with free BiDz. MaBiDz also has cytocompatibility, is easy to integrate with cells, and exhibits intracellular stability. These features make it possible to quickly detect breast adenocarcinoma biomarkers

• , with which cancer cells and non-cancerous cells can be distinguished. Furthermore, a cell sensor that uses MaBiDz for rapid detection and imaging of target mRNA biomarkers of metastatic breast cancer has been realized. Its function shows that it is likely to be used as a biomimetic organelle MNR in the

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• molecular screening and novel discoveries related to unique cancer molecular signatures, including the specific biomarkers of the cancer stem cells and the correlated action of receptors in cancer survival, such as the frequently reported CD44/EGFR axis, resulted in useful strategies for the development of

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• holds promise to detect fluorescent biomarkers with better resolution than that achievable even with the most advanced super-resolution optical microscopy techniques, for instance, stimulated emission depletion microscopy [51]. In particular, it may allow for correlating fluorescence microscopy with HIM

• . However, he found that “the area of interest was becoming increasingly bleached under the beam. It was discovered that only one [IL-HIM] image was achievable before bleaching the sample at a 20 μm field of view.” In order to overcome the ionobleaching of biomarkers, Franklin also tested nanoscale diamonds

• lower than 1014 ions·cm−2. However, lanthanide-doped nanoparticles proved to be relatively stable against the ion irradiation and seem to be promising materials for biomarkers to be used with the HIM. Later, Mi developed a particle-accelerator-based setup with high-energy protons and alpha particles to

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• for the combination of multiple antimicrobial agents in the same NP in order to improve their effects and overcome resistance mechanisms, such as the efflux pump systems. The absence of lipid peroxidation biomarkers and a small amount of metal ions detected by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• biomarkers for cancer. In [6] we found, due to the divergence of the emitted beams, that larger facet separations (≥10 μm) lead to a strong global hot region of the light field near the waveguide facets. These global hot regions are preferential trapping sites, which may lead to adherence of the particle to

Hexagonal boron nitride: a review of the emerging material platform for single-photon sources and the spin–photon interface

• Stefania Castelletto,
• Faraz A. Inam,
• Shin-ichiro Sato and
• Alberto Boretti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 740–769, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.61

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• cancer biomarker. We discuss the main mechanisms of the assays that either are assisted by DNA-based molecular machines or by enzymatic reactions, summarize their performance and provide an outlook towards future developments. Keywords: amplification reactions; biomarkers; colorimetric biosensing; gold

• nanoparticles; plasmonics; single-point mutation; Introduction Cancer is a leading cause of death accounting for about 8.8 million deaths in 2015 [1]. The list of tumor-linked substances, i.e., biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis purposes is continuously increasing. Cancer biomarkers are present in tumor

• seconds even at sub-picomolar concentration. Here, we review recent advancements in the development of sensors based on metallic nanoparticles for the detection of mutations in circulating tumor DNA molecules. By introducing the importance of DNA molecules as biomarkers in the field of liquid biopsy and

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.10.241 Abstract The level of cancer biomarkers in cells, tissues or body fluids can be used for the prediction of the presence of cancer or can even indicate the stage of the disease. Alpha

• categories: imaging and biomarker tests. Cancer biomarkers are measurable molecules or substances observed in cells, tissues or body fluids, and their level predicts the presence of cancer or even indicates the stage of cancer. The measurement of biomarkers always leads to a specific numeric value, and the

• obtained result, although not necessarily accurate, is generally more objective than images produced by imaging techniques, since their interpretation is often subjected to the judgment and experience of physicians. Additionally, there is a strong economic argument for the acceptance of biomarkers in

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• treatment for determining biomarkers in real samples. In this paper, we report an immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based microfluidic sensor (INμ-SPCE) for the amperometric detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker, the data of which were treated with information visualization methods. The INμ

• -linked immunosorbent assay. The approaches for immunoassays and data processing are generic, and therefore the strategies described here may provide a simple platform for clinical diagnosis of cancers and other types of diseases. Keywords: cancer biomarkers; magnetite nanoparticles; microfluidic devices

• specificity, PSA screening has contributed to a significant decline (45–70%) in prostate cancer mortality since the early 1990s [1]. To identify cancer biomarkers and to develop methodologies to quantify them at low cost is critical for early cancer diagnostics, while it also helps to understand cancer

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207