Supramolecular hydration structure of graphene-based hydrogels: density functional theory, green chemistry and interface application

• Hon Nhien Le,
• Duy Khanh Nguyen,
• Minh Triet Dang,
• Huyen Trinh Nguyen,
• Thi Bang Tam Dao,
• Trung Do Nguyen,
• Chi Nhan Ha Thuc and
• Van Hieu Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 806–822, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.61

• play an essential role in the structure and function of biomolecules (deoxyribonucleic acid, protein, and phospholipid membrane). Hydration layers are also important to the structure and property of artificial graphene-based materials. Our recent works prove that graphene-based hydrogels are

• advance nanoscale properties and nanotechnology applications. Keywords: antibacterial coating; bioinspired hydration; density functional theory; graphene-based hydrogel; supramolecular structure; Introduction Biological cells are assemblies of biomolecules that are hydrated with water molecules. The

• cell content includes about 70–95% water that creates an aqueous environment for biological processes. Water molecules are bound to biomolecular surfaces and participate in the structuring and functioning of biomolecules, typically the folding of protein and the twisting of the double helix of

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• and efficacy [1]. It is becoming increasingly clear that the biological fate and overall performance of nanoparticles are influenced by their interaction with the bioenvironment. As a nanoparticle interacts with a biological matrix upon administration, a layer of biomolecules, primarily composed of

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• antioxidant properties at lower concentrations, TA can act as a prooxidant at higher concentrations. Under these conditions, it binds to metal ions, potentially increasing oxidation and causing damage to biomolecules, especially DNA [17]. Doping GBMs with bioactive molecules like TA represents a potentially

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• physicochemical properties, diverse structural forms, and potential applications in combating NDs. The unique characteristics of CNMs, including their hydrophobic surfaces and variable dimensions, enable them to interact effectively with biomolecules, making them valuable tools in biomedical research and

• profile of biomolecules they carry, which reflect the characteristics of their parent cells. These biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, serve as a “fingerprint” of the originating cells. When cellular conditions change, such as during disease progression, alterations in the

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• , and sensitivity [8]. In the last few years, various biosensors for the detection of influenza A H1N1 virus have been developed. Detection of influenza A H1N1 virus can be achieved by targeting one or more relevant biomolecules of the virus. The majority of studies have targeted H1 protein [9][10][11

Engineered PEG–PCL nanoparticles enable sensitive and selective detection of sodium dodecyl sulfate: a qualitative and quantitative analysis

• Soni Prajapati and
• Ranjana Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 385–396, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.29

• , selective, and cost-effective sensor for SDS detection in an aqueous solution. The advent of nanotechnology increased their demand for developing colorimetric sensors to detect chemical compounds, toxicants, nutrients, and biomolecules. The nanotechnology field consists of synthesis, characterization, and

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• utilized in various specialized applications, such as scaffolds in tissue engineering [185], controlling drug release mechanisms through the manipulation of core and shell compositions [186], and protecting sensitive biomolecules in food packaging [187]. The combination of core–shell chitosan-based

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• endogenous chromophores (i.e., blood, water, and melanin) and biomolecules in the human body have a low absorption rate of NIR light. Hence, NIR has a high tissue penetration depth, which can avoid photothermal damage to healthy tissues [35][36][37]. Activation of photothermal nanomaterials with NIR light

• biomolecules, which contributes to safer photothermal therapy. In subsequent studies, after injecting exogenous collagen opacities into the vitreous of rabbit eyes for five days, free ICG was injected, and it was found that ICG could bind to the opacities. Afterwards, laser pulses were used to completely

• effectively. Research on composites of photothermal nanomaterials with other substances is currently limited, but promising therapeutic effects, especially when combined with biomolecules affecting cellular metabolism and function, have been observed. Therefore, further exploration regarding the modification

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from algae and their larvicidal properties to control Aedes aegypti

• Matheus Alves Siqueira de Assunção,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Mara Elga Medeiros Braga,
• Severino Alves Junior,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa,
• Herminio José Cipriano de Sousa and
• Fábio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1566–1575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.123

• , sulfated polysaccharides and other biomolecules. The latter include flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols, and saponins with hydroxy, carboxyl, and amino functional groups, which are effective agents in metal reduction and also provide a robust coating on the metallic nanoparticles in a single step [42

• activity. The authors did not highlight the period of time after which mortality was evaluated. The formation of AgNPs after mixing the extracts with silver nitrate can be due to the synergy of biomolecules with reducing activity present in the extracts binding to the surface of the particles [64]. Despite

A biomimetic approach towards a universal slippery liquid infused surface coating

• Ryan A. Faase,
• Madeleine H. Hummel,
• AnneMarie V. Hasbrook,
• Andrew P. Carpenter and
• Joe E. Baio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1376–1389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.111

• removal and or repulsion of these important molecules that control the clotting cascade. The most prominent of the methods are ones that aim to reduce non-specific protein adsorption, increase adhesion resistance, use biomolecules to remove targets of interest, and enhance endothelial cell attachment. One

Interaction of graphene oxide with tannic acid: computational modeling and toxicity mitigation in C. elegans

• Romana Petry,
• James M. de Almeida,
• Francine Côa,
• Felipe Crasto de Lima,
• Diego Stéfani T. Martinez and
• Adalberto Fazzio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1297–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.105

• Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) undergoes multiple transformations when introduced to biological and environmental media. GO surface favors the adsorption of biomolecules through different types of interaction mechanisms, modulating the biological effects of the material. In this study, we investigated the

• , phototransformation, and degradation [8]. Furthermore, because of the presence of sites for different types of interaction mechanisms (i.e., hydrogen bonding, van der Waals interaction, and π–π stacking), its structure favors the adsorption of different molecules (i.e., biomolecules and organic pollutants) and metal

• elegans. Ouyang et al. [12] showed that small molecules (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and heavy metals, present in the natural water as nanocolloids, potentiate GO’s phytotoxicity. Moreover, biomolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and humic acids may interact with the material’s

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• biological identity of these particles, impairing their therapeutic efficiency [12][13][14][15]. Proteins and other biomolecules can be adsorbed on the surface of NPs (protein corona formation), masking their original functionality and hiding their target ability [16][17][18]. Protein corona can further lead

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• interface between small molecules and conventional NPs, and so they provide a unique opportunity to leverage distinctive properties inherent to both domains [25][29][30]. On one hand, usNPs and their conjugates can behave as biomolecules in terms of biomolecular interactions and physiological behavior [31

Interface properties of nanostructured carbon-coated biological implants: an overview

• Mattia Bartoli,
• Francesca Cardano,
• Erik Piatti,
• Stefania Lettieri,
• Andrea Fin and
• Alberto Tagliaferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1041–1053, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.85

• environments represented by implant–tissue interfaces [18] through the tuning of different parameters (i.e., surface roughness and potential as well as hydrophobicity). Cells and biomolecules can selectively adhere to or be repelled from artificial implanted surfaces, triggering several metabolic pathways of

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• to detect a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins, DNA, and antibodies. This article presents a comprehensive review of advancements in the architectures of FET-based biosensors aiming to enhance device performance in terms of sensitivity, detection time, and selectivity. The review

• biological characteristics of the target biomolecules into measurable and quantifiable electrical signals [43]. In this sense, various types of biosensors have been designed using electrical [44], thermal [45], and optical signals [46]. Among these, FET-based biosensors have garnered significant attention

• concurrently shifts the threshold voltage and modifies the drain current via channel conductivity modulation. The difference between the current (threshold voltage) in the presence of biomolecules and the current without biomolecules is used to define the current sensitivity. The second transduction mechanism

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• because of their enhanced reactivity, large surface area, and tunable properties [7][8]. ENMOs can enter the human body [9] and engage with various biomacromolecules, including sugars, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These biomolecules rapidly envelop the nanoparticle surface, creating a dynamic

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• , and cancers [1][2]. The human body naturally defends itself against oxidative stress by using antioxidant biomolecules. With the excellent ROS scavenging effect, antioxidants significantly contribute to the balance of ROS and protect the human body from free radicals, which are produced either by

• biomolecules. With the assistance of co-factors, these biomolecules can effectively neutralize ROS or precursors of ROS to reduce oxidative damage to body tissues. As the first category, preventive antioxidants can eliminate agents involved in the initiation of oxidative reactions and, thus, prevent oxidative

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• photoluminescence spectroscopy. Stupp et al. [14] have explored possible applications of self-assembly of biomolecules with controlled stereochemistry in materials technology. However, the fundamental reasoning behind how this self-organization process evolves in terms of defect creation or damage still needs to be

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• these properties and the biological systems is vital for assessing and mitigating any potential adverse effects associated with exposure to NPs [11]. To advance in this field, it is crucial to comprehend the underlying forces and molecular constituents that govern the interactions between biomolecules

• when sufficient data are available. These methods leverage the power of large datasets to identify patterns, trends, and correlations between metal properties and their interactions with biomolecules [15][16][17][18]. In recent years, researchers have focused on using physics-based models to understand

• the mechanisms underlying the formation of NP protein corona, a complex layer of biomolecules that surrounds NPs upon their exposure to biological fluids [19][20]. It is widely recognized that composition and configuration of the protein corona play a crucial role in determining the biochemical

Study of the reusability and stability of nylon nanofibres as an antibody immobilisation surface

• Inés Peraile,
• Matilde Gil-García,
• Laura González-López,
• Nushin A. Dabbagh-Escalante,
• Juan C. Cabria-Ramos and
• Paloma Lorenzo-Lozano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.8

• determination of exogenously produced biotoxins and virulence factors, as well as for the detection of viruses and biomarkers in clinical samples (e.g., hormones and biomolecules). (4) The data could be generalised not only for the measurement of warfare agents, but also for the diagnosis of water and food

Influence of conductive carbon and MnCo₂O₄ on morphological and electrical properties of hydrogels for electrochemical energy conversion

• Sylwia Pawłowska,
• Karolina Cysewska,
• Yasamin Ziai,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 57–70, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.6

• , drugs, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, or biomolecules. This is a very important advantage that opens ways of designing composite hydrogels with various properties and applications such as biomedical [8][9][10], biosensors [11][12][13], wearable electronics [14][15][16

Nanoarchitectonics of photothermal materials to enhance the sensitivity of lateral flow assays

• Elangovan Sarathkumar,
• Rajasekharan S. Anjana and
• Ramapurath S. Jayasree

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 988–1003, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.82

• , before being captured by immobilized biomolecules on a test line in the nitrocellulose membrane [6][7]. In conventional LFAs, most commonly gold nanoparticles and coloured cellulose nanobeads have been used as tracer elements because of strong light absorption and surface plasmon resonance, which yield

• materials, such as Fe3O4@Cu2−xS, the photothermal properties can also be changed [44]. In addition, because of the high surface-to-volume ratio and highly functional surface ligands, the material can be easily conjugated with a wide variety of biomolecules on its surface, which is useful in applications

• and for efficient light-to-heat conversion. The surface chemistry of the selected photothermal material should facilitate the successful immobilization of biomolecules, such as antibodies, aptamers, peptides, or affinity molecules. Finally, an efficient thermal energy readout system is needed for the

Antibody-conjugated nanoparticles for target-specific drug delivery of chemotherapeutics

• Mamta Kumari,
• Amitabha Acharya and
• Praveen Thaggikuppe Krishnamurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 912–926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.75

• specifically to the target site and inhibit the cancer progression. Nanoparticle surface decoration strategies Surface functionalization of NPs through conjugation of functional groups with biomolecules is one method to enhance the targeting efficiency (Figure 2b). For effective antibody functionalization, the

• byproducts. Click chemistry involves a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition between an organic azide and a terminal alkyne to form a stable 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole ring (Figure 4c) [58][59]. Azides and alkynes are inert towards most functional groups and biomolecules. Hence, the NPs are functionalized

Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• tool for detecting ultralow concentrations of chemical compounds and biomolecules. We present a reproducible method for producing Ag nanoparticles that can be used to create highly sensitive SERS substrates. A microfluidic device was employed to confine the precursor reagents within the droplets

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• identification of these emerging contaminants, such as chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, have also attracted a lot of interest [7]. Electrochemical biosensors are created by functionalizing the nanomaterial on the working electrode with biomolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, enzymes

• , proteins, aptamers, and immunoglobulins) to realise an analyte-specific reaction. Because of their modification with biomolecules, some electrochemical biosensors have shown higher specificity and selectivity than unmodified electrochemical sensors; nevertheless, they have shorter lifetimes and poorer

• levels of stability due to the rapid degradation of the biomolecules. Extensive research has been focused on the development of different high-performance electrode materials via modification of the materials’ surface with functional groups or doping with various metals or via the formation of