Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• past decade demonstrating how these polymers improve gene silencing efficiencies, particularly in cancer and neurodegenerative disease models. Despite the progress achieved, barriers such as immunogenicity, delivery limitations, and scalability still need to be overcome for broader clinical application

• systems for cancer therapy, Kim et al. employed PLL in the synthesis of dually stabilised triblock copolymer micelles for the systemic delivery of phosphorothioate ASOs (metastasis associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 lncRNA-targeted ASO (MALAT1-ASO) and GL3 luciferase-targeted ASO (GL3-ASO

• thermoresponsive PnPrOx interlayer, and an ASO/PLL polyion complex (PIC) core. These cationic micelleplexes exhibited enhanced stability in serum-containing media and prolonged blood circulation, leading to a more efficient accumulation of ASO payloads in a prostate cancer xenograft model. Notably, this approach

Quantification of lead through rod-shaped silver-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles using an electrochemical approach

• Ravinder Lamba,
• Gaurav Bhanjana,
• Neeraj Dilbaghi,
• Vivek Gupta and
• Sandeep Kumar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 422–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.33

• health, determining the presence of trace heavy metals is crucial. Lead is a highly toxic element that affects human soft tissues and organs, acting in concert with other carcinogens to cause cancer in the kidneys, lungs, or brain. Lead paint, lead-containing petrol, mining, and smelting are some of the

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• carrier towards gastric sites. By loading the nanoparticles with different drugs proposed for several gastric diseases such as gastric ulcers, gastritis, bacterial infections, or cancer, the efficacy of treatments for the diseases might be elevated. Experimental Materials Sodium alginate (medium viscosity

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• .16.24 Abstract Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process by which unnecessary, dysfunctional, or damaged proteins and other cellular components are degraded and recycled to promote cellular differentiation, survival, and development. In response to endogenous or exogenous stresses, cancer cells

• use autophagy pathways for survival through activation of complex DNA damage repair (DDR) mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrated the genotoxicity induced in A549 lung cancer cells by exposure to the GO–Chl nanoconjugate and elucidated the role of autophagy modulation in harnessing the DNA

• capabilities of cancer cells. The results indicate that the interplay between DDR and autophagy pathways may open new paradigms for developing effective combinatorial nanoscale drug systems against multidrug-resistance cancers. Keywords: A549 cells; autophagy; chloroquine; DNA damage; graphene oxide

Emerging strategies in the sustainable removal of antibiotics using semiconductor-based photocatalysts

• Yunus Ahmed,
• Keya Rani Dutta,
• Parul Akhtar,
• Md. Arif Hossen,
• Md. Jahangir Alam,
• Obaid A. Alharbi,
• Hamad AlMohamadi and
• Abdul Wahab Mohammad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 264–285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.21

• health and ecological systems [11][12][13][14][15][16]. Alarming projections in the USA anticipated that antimicrobial resistance-related deaths exceeding the combined toll of cancer and diabetes, with approximately 23,000 deaths annually [17]. For the mitigation of environmental hazards caused by

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• suitable for crossing the BBTB and targeting brain cancer cells. A biphasic drug release profile was observed for all functionalized TMZ-loaded formulations in simulated in vivo conditions, with a sustained release pointing to the potential for controlled release of TMZ in brain tumor cells. The

• reason for the National Comprehensive Cancer Network to recommend standard RT and adjuvant TMZ plus alternating electric field therapy for patients with GBM at ages up to 70 years with good performance status and having either a “methylated” or “indeterminate” MGMT promoter status [33]. However, the

• . Such a trend was observed in a study of Jun et al. [47] in which MWCNTs conjugated with chitosan oligomers and with incorporated tea polyphenols for cancer treatment were irradiated by gamma rays from 60Co for 30 min with a dose of 1.5 Gy. The irradiation also led to changes in zeta potential to lower

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• collapse of these VNBs transform thermal energy into mechanical forces, such as jets and acoustic shock waves, enabling cellular or tissue treatment with minimal thermal damage. Currently, VNBs are being explored for applications in cancer cell eradication [51], harmful protein aggregate degradation [52

• , aiding in the precise identification of treated areas. Au nanorods, when combined with anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), accurately target EpCAM+Y79 retinoblastoma cancer cells [108]. The targeted cells are deemed to be destroyed by VNBs induced by optimally parameterized femtosecond

• circularly polarized laser pulses, drastically reducing cell viability to about 10%. This targeted approach ensures that the laser energy remains below the threshold that could damage healthy cells, and the thermal field is efficiently confined to a 10 nm range around the cancer cells, thereby sparing

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• interdisciplinary research to find, produce, and test drug candidates until they can reach the market [1][2]. Cancer chemotherapy, for instance, is a type of treatment that deserves improvements not only in the efficacy of the drugs employed to kill tumor cells, but also in reducing the occurrence of the well-known

• applications, rare earth elements are yet unexplored in the development of new drugs for cancer chemotherapies, and only a few works have pointed out the potential of such elements for this field [6][7][8]. An initial motivation to investigate the potential of rare earth elements for cancer treatments is the

Nanocarriers and macrophage interaction: from a potential hurdle to an alternative therapeutic strategy

• Naths Grazia Sukubo,
• Paolo Bigini and
• Annalisa Morelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 97–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.10

• ]. Strategies for manipulating macrophage activation and function are diverse, ranging from depleting macrophages in diseased tissues, such as in cancer immunotherapy [9][10][11], to employing non-surgical treatments like extracorporeal shock wave therapy in various rheumatic diseases to promote resolution and

• immunity and enhancing cancer immunotherapy outcomes. Additionally, natural compounds such as berberine and quercetin can modulate macrophage polarization by inhibiting M1 pathways or promoting M2 activity, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting macrophage states in inflammatory and

• the context. In cancer therapy, reprogramming M2 macrophages into M1 enhances antitumor immunity, while in chronic inflammatory diseases, shifting from M1 to M2 facilitates inflammation resolution and tissue repair. This modulation can be achieved using small molecules, cytokines, or nanotechnology to

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• typhi (3 ± 1 mm). MTT assay revealed the promising antiproliferative potential of ZnO NPs, with an average IC50 value of 98.53 µg/mL. Additionally, the NPs were photocatalytically and electrochemically analyzed, indicating their potential use in cancer research as well as in coating and drug delivery

• . Noteworthy antiproliferative effects were observed against HT-29 cells at lesser concentrations (54.16%), with an IC50 value of 15.6 μg/μL [22], substantiating the potential of the NPs in cancer research and therapy. The synthesized ZnO NPs also underwent photocatalytic and electrochemical analyses

• that make them usable for a broad variety of applications such as cancer treatments, antimicrobial agents, and cutting-edge materials in several sectors. The sustainable and cost-effective synthesis route, along with the tunable properties of ZnO NPs, offers exciting possibilities for future research

Mechanistic insights into endosomal escape by sodium oleate-modified liposomes

• Ebrahim Sadaqa,
• Satrialdi,
• Fransiska Kurniawan and
• Diky Mudhakir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1667–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.131

• .15.131 Abstract Endosomal entrapment significantly limits the efficacy of drug delivery systems. This study investigates sodium oleate-modified liposomes (SO-Lipo) as an innovative strategy to enhance endosomal escape and improve cytosolic delivery in 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cells. We aimed to

• triple-negative breast cancer cell line as our in vitro model, with MD simulations to explore the intricate interactions between SO and the endosomal membrane. This allows us to elucidate the underlying mechanisms by which SO promotes endosomal escape. Additionally, we directly compare the endosomal

• at lower concentrations compared to Unmodified-Lipo and SO-Lipo. This aligns with previous studies that revealed the cytotoxic effect of AUR peptide on cancer cell lines [14][15]. Our results underscore the superior safety profile of SO-Lipo in comparison to AUR-Lipo, particularly at lower

Biomimetic nanocarriers: integrating natural functions for advanced therapeutic applications

• Hugo Felix Perini,
• Beatriz Sodré Matos,
• Carlo José Freire de Oliveira and
• Marcos Vinicius da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1619–1626, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.127

• targeting specificity. Biomimetic nanocarriers demonstrate significant advancements in drug delivery systems against cancer therapy, Alzheimer's disease, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Here, we address the therapeutic applications of biomimetic nanocarriers and their promising

• strategy for personalized medicine. Keywords: cancer; drug delivery; human health; mimetics; nanotechnology; Introduction Human exposure to nanoparticles has naturally occurred for millennia, with a notable intensification following the industrial revolution [1]. The foundational concept of modern

• advancements nanocarriers have brought to medical sciences, particularly in cancer treatment, several challenges remain for their widespread application. Issues such as cytotoxicity, difficulties in management, encapsulation, and in vivo release pose barriers to the application of nanocarriers [16][17]. In

Polymer lipid hybrid nanoparticles for phytochemical delivery: challenges, progress, and future prospects

• Iqra Rahat,
• Pooja Yadav,
• Aditi Singhal,
• Mohammad Fareed,
• Jaganathan Raja Purushothaman,
• Mohammed Aslam,
• Raju Balaji,
• Sonali Patil-Shinde and
• Md. Rizwanullah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1473–1497, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.118

• advantageous for chronic conditions requiring long-term treatment, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders [22][23]. This review aims to discuss the ability of PLHNPs to improve the therapeutic delivery of phytochemicals for biomedical applications. In this review, we discuss

• therapeutic efficacy [44]. The development of PLHNPs for phytochemical delivery holds significant promise across various biomedical applications. PLHNPs can be utilized in cancer therapy, cardiovascular disease management, neurodegenerative disorder treatment, and other areas of medicine where phytochemicals

• in cancer therapy. This targeted delivery can increase the therapeutic efficacy of drugs while reducing side effects by minimizing off-target effects [61][62]. For instance, Garg et al. fabricated fucose ligand-decorated PLHNPs for the co-delivery of methotrexate and aceclofenac to achieve targeted

Hymenoptera and biomimetic surfaces: insights and innovations

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Carlo Polidori and
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1333–1352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.107

• could greatly benefit from innovations inspired by these stridulation mechanisms. Ultrasound technology has demonstrated significant potential in diagnostic imaging and ultrasound-responsive drug delivery [181][182]. Ultrasound technology is particularly promising for cancer treatment and disease

Dual-functionalized architecture enables stable and tumor cell-specific SiO₂NPs in complex biological fluids

• Iris Renata Sousa Ribeiro,
• Raquel Frenedoso da Silva,
• Romênia Ramos Domingues,
• Adriana Franco Paes Leme and
• Mateus Borba Cardoso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1238–1252, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.100

• exhibit heightened efficacy and reduced toxicity for medical purposes. Keywords: colloidal stability; complex media; functionalized nanoparticles; hemolysis; targeting tumor; Introduction In recent years, there has been a growing search for developing high-efficiency nanomedicines for cancer treatment

• and (ii) targeting peptide for targeted delivery aimed at increasing efficiency against cancer. Although valuable, these systems have not been able to provide reduced protein corona formation and targeting ability, or they have not been scrutinized in complex biological environments. In fact, there is

Realizing active targeting in cancer nanomedicine with ultrasmall nanoparticles

• André F. Lima,
• Giselle Z. Justo and
• Alioscka A. Sousa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1208–1226, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.98

• Andre F. Lima Giselle Z. Justo Alioscka A. Sousa Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.15.98 Abstract Ultrasmall nanoparticles (usNPs) have emerged as promising theranostic tools in cancer nanomedicine. With sizes comparable to

• globular proteins, usNPs exhibit unique physicochemical properties and physiological behavior distinct from larger particles, including lack of protein corona formation, efficient renal clearance, and reduced recognition and sequestration by the reticuloendothelial system. In cancer treatment, usNPs

• . Keywords: active targeting; cancer; nanoclusters; renal clearance; ultrasmall nanoparticles; Review 1 Introduction Nanotechnology has opened new avenues for tackling unmet challenges in medicine [1][2][3]. In the field of oncology, a notable application involves the use of engineered nanoparticles (NPs

Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of doxorubicin-loaded dual stimuli-responsive smart nanopolymers

• Ömür Acet,
• Pavel Kirsanov,
• Burcu Önal Acet,
• Inessa Halets-Bui,
• Dzmitry Shcharbin,
• Şeyda Ceylan Cömert and
• Mehmet Odabaşı

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1189–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.96

• step, the cytotoxicity of the DOX–nanopolymer complexes against the HeLa cancer cell line at different concentrations and incubation times was studied. The DOX release depended on temperature and pH value of the release medium, with the highest release at pH 6.0 and 41 °C. This effect was similar to

• that observed for the commercial liposomal formulation of doxorubicin Doxil. The obtained results demonstrated that smart nanopolymers can be efficiently used to create new types of doxorubicin-based drugs. Keywords: cancer cell line HeLa; cytotoxicity; doxorubicin; drug delivery; smart nanopolymers

• ; temperature- and pH-sensitive nanopolymer; Introduction Almost one in six deaths worldwide is from cancer, and cancer caused approximately 10 million deaths in 2020. Today, nanotechnology is emerging as an effective way to enable rapid diagnosis and treatment of cancer diseases [1][2][3]. The chemotherapy

AI-assisted models to predict chemotherapy drugs modified with C₆₀ fullerene derivatives

• Jonathan-Siu-Loong Robles-Hernández,
• Dora Iliana Medina,
• Katerin Aguirre-Hurtado,
• Marlene Bosquez,
• Roberto Salcedo and
• Alan Miralrio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1170–1188, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.95

• relationship (QSAR)/ quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models, this study explores the application of fullerene derivatives as nanocarriers for breast cancer chemotherapy drugs. Isolated drugs and two drug–fullerene complexes (i.e., drug–pristine C60 fullerene and drug–carboxyfullerene C60

• to compare results obtained by DFTB3 with a conventional density functional theory approach. These findings promise to enhance breast cancer chemotherapy by leveraging fullerene-based drug nanocarriers. Keywords: breast cancer; CXCR7; drug nanocarriers; QSAR; Introduction Breast cancer is the most

• diagnosed cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women [1][2]. Heritage is the most critical risk factor, and 15 to 20% of breast cancer is familiar [3]. One of the characteristics of breast cancer is that it can be wholly cured given an early diagnosis [4]. The

Recent updates in applications of nanomedicine for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis

• Damai Ria Setyawati,
• Fransiska Christydira Sekaringtyas,
• Riyona Desvy Pratiwi,
• A’liyatur Rosyidah,
• Rohimmahtunnissa Azhar,
• Nunik Gustini,
• Gita Syahputra,
• Idah Rosidah,
• Etik Mardliyati,
• Tarwadi and
• Sjaikhurrizal El Muttaqien

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1105–1116, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.89

• ingredients. Cancer nanomedicine represents the most extensively studied nanotechnology application in the field of pharmaceutics and pharmacology since the first nanodrug for cancer treatment, liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil®), has been approved by the FDA. The advancement of cancer nanomedicine and its

• regenerative medicine. Aiming to improve the treatment outcomes, new nanomedicinal drugs and formulations have been reported on an almost daily basis for targeting various diseases. Until now, most nanomedicine applications have focused primarily on drug delivery and theranostic nanoplatforms for cancer

• ]. The EPR effect has been a cornerstone for cancer nanomedicine development, and various types of nanocarrier drug delivery systems have been developed to take advantage of this passively targeted strategy. Moreover, active targeting strategies have been developed to further improve the drug

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• discussed, including drug delivery and environmental sensing applications for humidity, heavy metals, and hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, biomedical sensing applications of alginate-based nanoparticles regarding various analytes such as glucose, cancer cells, pharmaceutical drugs, and human motion will also be

• contamination with heavy metals are good examples of the need for sensors [23]. In addition, incurable diseases such as cancer can be detected by biosensors, and the application of biosensors is also very important for medicine and pharmaceuticals [18][24][25]. Natural biopolymers are abundant and exhibit

• example, it is possible to deliver medications to cancer cells with little side effects and minimum damage to healthy cells. As a result, DDSs can improve patient compliance and adherence to medications [39]. Furthermore, smart drug delivery can also increase the bioavailability of drugs, which refers to

Entry of nanoparticles into cells and tissues: status and challenges

• Kirsten Sandvig,
• Tore Geir Iversen and
• Tore Skotland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1017–1029, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.83

• Kirsten Sandvig Tore Geir Iversen Tore Skotland Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, University of Oslo, 0379 Oslo, Norway Department of Biosciences

• cancer treatment, the goal being to increase the fraction of injected drug delivered to the tumor and thereby improve the therapeutic effect and decrease side effects. Thus, we discuss how NPs are delivered to tumors and some challenges related to investigations of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and

• intravenous (i.v.) injection is required to benefit from NPs as therapeutics or imaging agents in an optimal way. Many different types of NPs have been made; for an overview, see [1]. Doxorubicin encapsulated in liposomes (Doxil®/Caelyx®) was the first NP-based drug approved for cancer treatment by the US

Recent progress on field-effect transistor-based biosensors: device perspective

• Billel Smaani,
• Fares Nafa,
• Mohamed Salah Benlatrech,
• Ismahan Mahdi,
• Hamza Akroum,
• Mohamed walid Azizi,
• Khaled Harrar and
• Sayan Kanungo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 977–994, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.80

• , biosensors have been extensively utilized in the field of medical sciences and clinical diagnostics [14]. They have been employed in cancer diagnosis [15], cardiovascular studies [16], and diabetes monitoring [17]. The application of biosensors in cancer diagnosis and therapy is very important due to the

• widespread frequency of the disease, high mortality rate, and recurrence after treatment. In addition, biosensors are applied to monitor blood glucose levels in diabetics, identify infections, and track cancer growth [14]. The development of biosensor technologies for cancer screening is crucial and

• biosensors for accurate detection of viruses [25], cancer [15], proteins [36], DNA, glucose [17], and nucleic acids has been strongly developed [37]. On the other hand, specific biomolecule classifications by microbiologists has led to the realization and development of different biosensors, significantly

Therapeutic effect of F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles on folate receptor-expressing cancer cells

• Thi Ngoc Han Pham,
• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan Thang Cao,
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen,
• Vy Tran Anh and
• Hieu Vu_Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 954–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.78

• chemotherapeutic agent chlorambucil (CHL) and the imaging agent IR780. The approach in this study incorporates Pluronic F127-folate onto the PLGA nanoparticles, which enables targeted delivery to folate receptor-expressing cancer cells. The F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles were formulated using a

• nanoprecipitation technique, resulting in small size, high homogeneity, and negative surface charge. Importantly, the folate-targeted nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced uptake and cytotoxicity in folate receptor-positive cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and HepG-2) compared to folate receptor-negative cells (HEK 293

• ). Additionally, the F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles exhibited a lower IC50 value against cancer cells than non-targeted F127@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles. These findings suggest that the developed F127-folate@PLGA/CHL/IR780 nanoparticles hold promise as a theragnostic system for targeted cancer therapy

Electrospun nanofibers: building blocks for the repair of bone tissue

• Tuğrul Mert Serim,
• Gülin Amasya,
• Tuğba Eren-Böncü,
• Ceyda Tuba Şengel-Türk and
• Ayşe Nurten Özdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 941–953, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.77

• the surface of the nanofibrous scaffolds increases the therapeutic response to the drugs by a controlled and sustained release in the targeted tissue [35]. (v) Their ability to carry different drugs in their structure reduces the risk of multidrug resistance in cancer treatment with dose-specific or

Identification of structural features of surface modifiers in engineered nanostructured metal oxides regarding cell uptake through ML-based classification

• Indrasis Dasgupta,
• Totan Das,
• Biplab Das and
• Shovanlal Gayen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 909–924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.75

• significantly contribute to the cellular uptake of ENMOs in multiple cell types, including pancreatic cancer cells (PaCa2), human endothelial cells (HUVEC), and human macrophage cells (U937). The best models have been identified for each cell type and analyzed to detect the structural fingerprints/features

• . Ultimately, this cascade leads to damage to cellular organelles and the demise of the cell [13][14][15]. ENMOs have also been explored for potential diagnostic applications, particularly in targeting cancer cells [16][17]. To create target-specific NPs, researchers synthesized magnetofluorescent NPs with an

• (HUVEC), and the human monocyte lymphoma cell line U937 [34]. PaCa2 cells are derived from a human pancreatic tumor and are adherent and epithelial in nature, providing insights into the uptake and behavior of nanoparticles in pancreatic cancer. HUVEC cells are endothelial cells derived from the vein of