Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• electrochemical biosensing of proteins. Covalent oriented immobilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was achieved through amide bond formation between terminal carboxylate moieties of mAbs and surface amine groups of the 4-ATP/AuNFs/CSPE. Using this strategy, the fragment crystallizable region of the mAbs is

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• carboxylate groups [33]. Other peaks corresponded to C–C stretching vibrations of pyranose rings (at 1021 cm−1) and C–O stretching vibrations of uronic acid residues (at 921 cm−1) [34]. For Eudragit RS30D polymer, the peak at 2947 cm−1 represents C–H stretching, and the peak at 1150 cm−1 corresponds to ester

A review of metal-organic frameworks and polymers in mixed matrix membranes for CO₂ capture

• Charlotte Skjold Qvist Christensen,
• Nicholas Hansen,
• Mahboubeh Motadayen,
• Nina Lock,
• Martin Lahn Henriksen and
• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 155–186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.14

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• . Results and Discussion Synthesis of the nanocarrier p(Hist-CA) For the development of the Atr nanocarrier, two resorcinarenes were selected, namely, one with carboxylate groups (CA-RA, Scheme 1) and the other with hydroxy and imidazole groups (Hist-RA, Scheme 1). CA-RA was obtained according to [29]. Hist

Facile synthesis of size-tunable L-carnosine-capped silver nanoparticles and their role in metal ion sensing and catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol

• Akash Kumar,
• Ridhima Chadha,
• Abhishek Das,
• Nandita Maiti and
• Rayavarapu Raja Gopal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1576–1592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.124

• stretching frequency at ca. 3243 cm−1 overlaps with the broad OH peak of H2O. The imidazole (C=C) stretching and carboxylate (COO−) asymmetric stretching frequencies are observed at 1568 and 1404 cm−1, respectively [7]. However, in the case of ʟ-car-AgNPs, the peak at 3243 cm−1 disappeared, which might be

• due to the interaction of the NH2 groups with silver nanoparticles or their proximity to the nanoparticles’ surface. Several prominent overlapping peaks were observed at 1576 cm−1 (imidazole C=C stretching), 1404 cm−1 (carboxylate, COO− asymmetric stretching), and 878 cm−1 (asymmetric NH2 wagging) in

• alkaline pH, the anionic form of ʟ-carnosine is bound to the AgNPs surface through the carboxylate group and the imidazole as well as amino groups remain close to the silver nanoparticles’ surface. The optimized structure of the ʟ-carnosine–(Ag)4 complex (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4c) supports

Direct electron beam writing of silver using a β-diketonate precursor: first insights

• Katja Höflich,
• Krzysztof Maćkosz,
• Chinmai S. Jureddy,
• Aleksei Tsarapkin and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1117–1124, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.90

• strongly increasing silver content in the halo. This is very similar to observations for carboxylate silver precursors [27][28][29][30], where the reduced electron flux in the halo region together with the substantial substrate temperature (above 100 °C) allowed for efficient desorption of the cleaved

• the wires can be achieved. Conclusion In conclusion, we studied the compound (hfac)AgPMe3 as a novel precursor for focused electron beam-induced deposition. In contrast to the currently available carboxylate precursors, (hfac)AgPMe3 is the first silver precursor that is compatible with commercial gas

• a layer of silver crystals using the same precursor. Finally, future research needs to identify other promising precursor candidates, ideally of the carboxylate type with long aliphatic side chains [31], to combine both stable chemistry leading to high silver contents and usability at low

Unveiling the potential of alginate-based nanomaterials in sensing technology and smart delivery applications

• Shakhzodjon Uzokboev,
• Khojimukhammad Akhmadbekov,
• Ra’no Nuritdinova,
• Salah M. Tawfik and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1077–1104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.88

• . Current biomedical and pharmaceutical science has one focus on developing nanoparticle-based sensors, especially biopolymeric nanoparticles. Alginate is a widely used biopolymer in a variety of applications. The hydrogel-forming characteristic, the chemical structure with hydroxy and carboxylate moieties

• absorbed DOX-loaded UCNP-Al-NH-PEG-NH-FA by FR-mediated endocytosis, which resulted in intracellular pH-triggered DOX release and consequent apoptosis (Figure 3B) [19][47]. Chemically modified derivatives of alginate for DDS Sodium alginate has many carboxylate groups and can be used as a reactive polymer

• . In the preparation of chemically modified alginate nanoparticles, the dehydration condensation reaction between carboxylate (–COO–) and other chemical groups, such as amino groups, plays a crucial role in forming the cross-links that stabilize the nanoparticles. The procedure generally includes

Carboxylic acids and light interact to affect nanoceria stability and dissolution in acidic aqueous environments

• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Eric A. Grulke and
• Robert A. Yokel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 762–780, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.63

• , or precipitates, as suggested by the cerium carboxylate complexes in groups three to five above. Experimental Materials The following chemicals, including their sources, purity, and CAS numbers, were used: citric acid monohydrate, Fisher, ACS grade, 5949-29-1; ᴅʟ-malic acid, Alfa Aesar, 98%, 6915-15

Metal-organic framework-based nanomaterials as opto-electrochemical sensors for the detection of antibiotics and hormones: A review

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo,
• Saba Derakhshan Oskouei and
• Mustafa Gazi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 631–673, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.52

• crystallisation of the first MOF in which metal ions are connected by carboxylate linkers (ligands) [67], as shown in Figure 11. The metal ions act as nodes, connecting the ligands’ arms to create a repetitive, cage-like structure. The internal surface area of MOFs is incredibly vast because of their hollow

• linkers have been used, many of which contain rigid backbones that have been substituted with multiple carboxylate groups for metal coordination. As linkers in MOFs, organic compounds with fused π rings and strong conjugation are frequently used. Due to their stiffness, they are frequently both very

Evaluation of electrosynthesized reduced graphene oxide–Ni/Fe/Co-based (oxy)hydroxide catalysts towards the oxygen evolution reaction

• Karolina Cysewska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Marcin Zając,
• Jakub Karczewski,
• Piotr Jasiński and
• Sebastian Molin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 420–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.34

• oxidation with four different components corresponding to carbon atoms in different functional groups, that is, non-oxygenated ring C–C (284.9 eV), the C in C–O (286.6 eV) and C=O (288.5 eV) bonds, and carboxylate carbon O–C=O (290.0 eV), which agrees with the XAS analysis (Figure 3) [35]. The analysis

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• efficacy of chlorambucil was greatly increased since it remained in the cell for a long time. Furthermore, an anticancer drug and a resistance-suppressing gene were simultaneously delivered for cooperation [91]. For delayed drug release, anionic β-CyD polymers bearing carboxylate residues are useful [92

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• , oleic acid, and undecylenic acid pure substances agree with those described in the literature [28][29]. At the beginning of the first stage (S0 Stage1 for each of the acids), one can observe peaks of iron(III) acetylacetonate in the spectra. The vibration bands of the carboxylate group νa (COO–) are

• –) (∆ = COasym − COsym) in the region 1300–1650 cm−1 can be used to determine the carboxylate coordination mode. For ∆ > 200 cm−1, a monodentate ligand is expected, whereas for ∆ < 110 cm−1, a bidentate ligand is expected. For a bridging ligand, ∆ is between 110 and 200 cm−1 [31]. Spectra of the complexes (see

• undecylenic complexes at 1600 and 1552 cm−1. The zone of symmetric vibrations of the carboxylate group νs(COO–) of both oleate and undecylate complexes cannot be precisely determined because of the overlapping of different type absorption bands in 1-octadecene. However, according to the literature, it can be

Rapid and sensitive detection of box turtles using an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on a gold/graphene nanocomposite

• Abu Hashem,
• M. A. Motalib Hossain,
• Ab Rahman Marlinda,
• Mohammad Al Mamun,
• Khanom Simarani and
• Mohd Rafie Johan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1458–1472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.120

• hydrochloride (EDC) were used to covalently link DNA and oligonucleotides to a carboxylate-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) performed on a gold electrode (AuE) [70]. The Lisdat group described a label-free impedimetric sensor for the detection of hybridisation events which is based on short

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• of chiral MOF-based films by layer-by-layer (LBL) liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) growth of [{Zn2((+)cam)2(dabco)}n] ((+)cam = (1R,3S)-(+)-camphoric acid, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) [104]. Through using SAMs with carboxylate and pyridyl groups, composite films (SURMOFs) with the enantiopure

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• functional groups such as amino, carboxylate, carbonyl, and hydroxy groups. The cytotoxicity study showed good biocompatibility and applicability in both in vitro and in vivo imaging [116]. Recently, milk was used by Al-Hashimi et al. as a natural precursor to synthesize N-CDs via a solvothermal method

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• surprising considering that protonation of Caspar carboxylate pairs around pH 6.5 reduces repulsion between disks, allowing for larger assemblies [41][42]. At higher pH of 6.8 and 7.5, the increased repulsion between subunits may discourage formation of stacked disks. In contrast, at pH 5.0, stacked disks

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• pH values, which leads to inactive carboxylate forms [91][92]. Guo et al. [93] obtained water-soluble spiral nanofibers by coupling hydrophilic arginine and camptothecin. Self-assembly behavior is achieved by intermolecular π–π stacking and hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions. The conjugates are

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• ]. Furthermore, their interaction with IONPs may be via carboxylate groups, amine groups or by neither [27]. pH variations thus can play a key role in promoting interactions between amino acids and metal oxide surfaces [29]. NOR has also been reported to form stable complexes with Fe2+/3+ [22]. It was also

• of piperazinyl and O–H lie within the same wavenumber range, thus, the peak observed at 3422.9 cm−1 could be attributed to both NH from NOR and OH from the surface Fe–OH groups present in the sample. Fluoroquinolones are believed to chelate Fe ions through their carboxylate and amine groups [22]. The

• interaction would occur between IONP and the negatively charged carboxylate group of NOR, as carboxylate would be present on the zwitterionic NOR± molecule at this acidic pH. The percentage of zwitterionic NOR± form, estimated through the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is only 5.9% (Supporting Information

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO₃ nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

• Thomas Cadenbach,
• Maria J. Benitez,
• A. Lucia Morales,
• Cesar Costa Vera,
• Luis Lascano,
• Francisco Quiroz,
• Alexis Debut and
• Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

• synthesis of pure-phase BiFeO3 is the in situ formation of Fe/Bi mixed metal complexes by using different complexing agents such as carboxylic acids. During the calcination process the carboxylate ligands in the Fe/Bi complexes decompose to CO2 and BiFeO3 is formed [29]. This synthetic technique requires

• ]. However, significant amounts of impurities could be identified in the samples, which can be assigned to Bi2O3 (approx. 33%) and Bi2O2.7 (16.5%). It should be noted that the Bi/Fe carboxylate intermediates resulting from the mixing of the corresponding metal nitrate precursors and tartaric acid are mostly

• catalyst surfaces are negatively charged, which leads to a repulsion of the negatively charged carboxylate functional groups of the dye molecule [51][54][59]. In addition, due to electrostatic interactions, RhB dimers are formed, which affects the charge density throughout the molecule and possibly leads

Transient coating of γ-Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles with glutamate for its delivery to and removal from brain nerve terminals

• Konstantin Paliienko,
• Artem Pastukhov,
• Michal Babič,
• Daniel Horák,
• Olga Vasylchenko and
• Tatiana Borisova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1381–1393, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.122

• ]glutamate adsorption. However, uptake and ambient level results were not adequate. Based on the literature data that carboxylic acids adsorbed on the oxide surface form a chelate-type bonds involving Fe(III) surface species and a carboxylate group [24], it was suggested that certain components of the

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• application of gold-nanoparticle-coated surfaces and nanocomposite materials for antibacterial treatments. Gold nanoshells functionalized with carboxylate-terminated organosulfur ligands were attached to the surface of a model catheter and their effectiveness in eliminating adhering E. faecalis bacteria was

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• partitioned into lipid phases from the aqueous phase in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol, a behavior of arginine often referred to as “arginine magic”. The guanidine group found on arginine has proven to form bidentate hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction with sulfate, phosphate and carboxylate

Charge-transfer interactions between fullerenes and a mesoporous tetrathiafulvalene-based metal–organic framework

• Manuel Souto,
• Joaquín Calbo,
• Samuel Mañas-Valero,
• Aron Walsh and
• Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.183

• in the terminal carboxylate groups for charge neutrality. Interaction energies were calculated for the previously PBC-optimized crystal structures as the energy difference between the dimer and the constituting monomers. The hybrid B3LYP [67] with the Grimme’s D3 dispersion correction [68] (B3LYP-D3

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• cm−1 (symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration of ionized COO− groups) [39] as the carboxylic group should be present as carboxylate. In fact, the spectra show a large band in the range of 1630–1600 cm−1 due to the overlap of such bands with the one ascribed to δHOH vibration modes of water

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• ., crystallinity controlled two-dimensional patterns based on guanidinium/carboxylate molecular recognition [196] and the two-dimensional assembly of one-dimensional supramolecular polymers formed between alkylated melamine and aqueous barbiturate [197] have been also accomplished. Oishi and co-workers utilized

• the balance between two competitive interactions, the phase separation of fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons and the attractive interaction between guanidiuium and carboxylate, to fabricate nanoscopic domains within a two-dimensional mixture of hydrocarbon guanidinium and fluorocarbon carboxylic acid [198